@article{MayerMayerMayeretal.2023,
  author    = {Andreas Mayer and Elena Mayer and Markus Mayer and Werner Ruile and Vikrant Chauhan and Thomas Forster and Karl C. Wagner},
  title     = {FEM Modeling of Electro-Acoustic Nonlinearities in Surface Acoustic Wave Devices: A Methodological Review},
  series   = {Acoustics},
  volume    = {5},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  issn      = {2624-599X},
  doi       = {10.3390/acoustics5030045},
  url       = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ofb1-opus4-82707},
  pages     = {759 -- 787},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {In the framework of electro-elasticity theory and the finite element method (FEM), a model is set up for the computation of quantities in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices accounting for nonlinear effects. These include second-order and third-order intermodulations, second and third harmonic generation and the influence of electro-acoustic nonlinearity on the frequency characteristics of SAW resonators. The model is based on perturbation theory, and requires input material constants, e.g., the elastic moduli up to fourth order for all materials involved. The model is two-dimensional, corresponding to an infinite aperture, but all three Cartesian components of the displacement and electrical fields are accounted for. The first version of the model pertains to an infinite periodic arrangement of electrodes. It is subsequently generalized to systems with a finite number of electrodes. For the latter version, a recursive algorithm is presented which is related to the cascading scheme of Plessky and Koskela and strongly reduces computation time and memory requirements. The model is applied to TC-SAW systems with copper electrodes buried in an oxide film on a LiNbO3 substrate. Results of computations are presented for the electrical current due to third-order intermodulations and the displacement field associated with the second harmonic and second-order intermodulations, generated by monochromatic input tones. The scope of this review is limited to methodological aspects with the goal to enable calculations of nonlinear quantities in SAW devices on inexpensive and easily accessible computing platforms.},
  language  = {en}
}