@article{BesslerLeible2021,
  author    = {Wolfgang G. Bessler and Valentin Leible},
  title     = {Passive hybridization of photovoltaic cells with a lithium-ion battery cell: An experimental proof of concept},
  series   = {Journal of Power Sources},
  volume    = {482},
  publisher = {Elsevier Limited},
  issn      = {1873-2755 (Online)},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229050},
  pages     = {1 -- 9},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Passive hybridization refers to a parallel connection of photovoltaic and battery cells on the direct current level without any active controllers or inverters. We present the first study of a lithium-ion battery cell connected in parallel to a string of four or five serially-connected photovoltaic cells. Experimental investigations were performed using a modified commercial photovoltaic module and a lithium titanate battery pouch cell, representing an overall 41.7 W-peak (photovoltaic)/36.8 W-hour (battery) passive hybrid system. Systematic and detailed monitoring of this system over periods of several days with different load scenarios was carried out. A scaled dynamic synthetic load representing a typical profile of a single-family house was successfully supplied with 100 \% self-sufficiency over a period of two days. The system shows dynamic, fully passive self-regulation without maximum power point tracking and without battery management system. The feasibility of a photovoltaic/lithium-ion battery passive hybrid system could therefore be demonstrated.},
  language  = {en}
}