@inproceedings{HeinkeIsmerHeinkeetal.2010,
  author    = {Matthias Heinke and Bruno Ismer and Tobias Heinke and Helmut K{\"u}hnert and Ralf Surber and Dirk Prochnau and Anna Haltenberger and Gudrun Dannberg and Hans Reiner Figulla},
  title     = {Bipolar Transesophageal Left Atrial Electrocardiography and Rapid Left Atrial Pacing with Hemispherical Directed Electrical Pacing Field for Evaluation and Termination of Atrial Flutter},
  series = {Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik},
  volume    = {55},
  publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
  address   = {Berlin, Boston},
  issn      = {0013-5585 (Print)},
  doi       = {10.1515/bmt.2010.705},
  pages     = {142 -- 145},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Termination of atrial flutter (AFL) is not possible in all AFL patients (P) with transesophageal left atrial pacing (TLAP) with undirected electrical pacing field (EPF) and high atrial pacing threshold. Purpose of the study was to evaluate bipo-lar transesophageal left atrial electrocardiography (TLAE) and TLAP with directed EPF for evaluation and termination of AFL with and without simultaneous transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods: AFL P were analysed using either a TO electrode with one cylindrical (CE) and three or seven hemispherical electrodes (HE) or TEE electrode with four HE (Osypka, Rheinfelden, Germany). Burst TLAP cycle length was between 200msand 50ms. Results: AFL cycle length was 233±30 ms with mean ventricular cycle length of 540±149 ms. AFL could be terminated by rapid bipolar TLAP with directed EPF using HE-HE and CE-HE with induction of atrial fibrillation (AF), induction of AF and spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm and direct conversion to sinus rhythm. Directed EPF was simulated with finite element method. Conclusions: AFL can be evaluated by bipolar TLAE. AFL can be terminated with rapid TLAP with directed EPF with and without simultaneous TEE. Bipolar TLAE with rapid TLAP is a safe, simple and useful method for evaluation and termination of AFL.},
  language  = {en}
}