@article{HallWusslerBuqaetal.2016,
  author    = {Florian Hall and Sabine Wu{\"s}ler and Hilmi Buqa and Wolfgang G. Bessler},
  title     = {Asymmetry of Discharge/Charge Curves of Lithium-Ion Battery Intercalation Electrodes},
  series   = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry C},
  volume    = {120},
  number    = {41},
  issn      = {1932-7455 (Online)},
  doi       = {10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07949},
  pages     = {23407 -- 23414},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) based lithium-ion battery electrodes exhibit a distinct asymmetry in discharge/charge behavior towards high bulk stoichiometry (low state of charge). We show that basic electrochemical relationships, that is, the Nernst equation and the Butler-Volmer equation, are able to reproduce this behavior when a two-step reaction mechanism is assumed. The two-step mechanism consists of (1) lithium-ion adsorption from the electrolyte onto the active material particle surface under electron transfer, and (2) intercalation of surface-adsorbed lithium atoms into the bulk material. The asymmetry of experimental half-cell data of an NCA electrode cycled at 0.1 C-rate can be quantitatively reproduced with this simple model. The model parameters show two alternative solutions, predicting either a saturated (highly-covered) or a depleted surface for high bulk lithiation.},
  language  = {en}
}