TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, nicht wissenschaftlich
A1  - da Costa Fernandes, Jesus Salazar
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - PHOTOPUR- Photokatalytische Reinigung für pestizidbelastete Wasser im Weinbau
JF  - Forschung im Fokus
N2  - PHOTOPUR hat die Entwicklung eines photokatalytischen Prozesses zur Beseitigung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln (PSM) aus dem Reinigungswasser von Spritzgeräten zum Ziel. Am INES wurde eine Energieversorgung für die photokatalytische Reinigung in zwei Bachelorarbeiten entwickelt und als Demosystem aufgebaut. Das Gesamtsystem ist nun als mobile Einheit verfügbar und wurde zuletzt um das Reaktormodul für den photokatalytischen Prozeß erweitert und den Partnern für intensive Tests übergeben.
N2  - PHOTOPUR aims to develop a photocatalytic process for the elimination of plant protection products (PPP) in the cleaning water of sprayers. At INES an energy supply for the photocatalytic cleaning system was developed in two Bachelor theses and built up as a demonstration unit. The complete system is now available assembled on a mobile lab table and recently extended by a photocatalytic reactor module designed and built up as a prototype. The system is actually undergoing an intensive testing phase at the project partners.
KW  - Umweltwissenschaften
KW  - PV-Anwendungen
KW  - Umwelttechnik mit Photovoltaik
KW  - Fotovoltaik
KW  - Smart PV
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bsz:ofb1-opus4-46632
UN  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bsz:ofb1-opus4-46632
UR  - https://www.hs-offenburg.de/fileadmin/Einrichtungen/iaf/file/FBericht/FIF_2020_WEB.pdf
SN  - 1866-9352
SS  - 1866-9352
IS  - 23
SP  - 124
EP  - 128
PB  - Hochschule Offenburg
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Buchbeitrag
A1  - Dongol, Deepranjan
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
T1  - Battery Management Based on Predictive Control and Demand-Side Management: Smart Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
T2  - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies
KW  - Renewable enrgy sources
KW  - Electric power distribution
KW  - Electric utilities
KW  - Energy conservation
KW  - Cost effectiveness
Y1  - 2016
SN  - 978-1-5225-0072-8
SB  - 978-1-5225-0072-8
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0072-8
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0072-8
SP  - 149
EP  - 180
PB  - IGI Global
CY  - Hershey
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Konferenzveröffentlichung
A1  - da Costa Fernandes, Jesus Salazar
A1  - García-Munoz, Patricia
A1  - Sarigul, Gamze
A1  - Robert, Didier
A1  - Keller, Nicolas
A1  - Schmidt, Michael
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - PHOTOPUR – PV Powered Process Automation of an AOP Based Water Decontamination
T2  - 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 7.-11. September 2020, Lissabon, Portugal : Proceedings
N2  - The PHOTOPUR project aims to develop a photocatalytic process as a type of AOPs (Advanced Oxidation Processes) for the elimination of plant protection products (PPP) of the cleaning water used to wash sprayers. At INES a PV based energy supply for the photocatalytic cleaning system was developed within the framework of two bachelor theses and assembled as a demonstration unit. Then the system was step by step extended with further process automation features and pushed to a remote operating device. The final system is now available as a mobile unit mounted on a lab table. The latest step was the photocatalytic reactor module which completed the first PHOTOPUR prototype. The system is actually undergoing an intensive testing phase with performance checks at the consortium partners. First results give an overview about the successful operation.
KW  - PV Applications
KW  - Processing
KW  - Smart PV
KW  - Eco Sciences
Y1  - 2020
UR  - https://www.eupvsec-proceedings.com/proceedings?top100&paper=49091
SN  - 3-936338-73-6
SB  - 3-936338-73-6
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6EO.1.4
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6EO.1.4
SP  - 1791
EP  - 1795
PB  - WIP Renewables
CY  - München
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
U1  - Buch
A1  - Zahoransky, Richard A.
A1  - Allelein, Hans-Josef
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Schelling, Udo
A1  - Schwarz, Harald
A1  - Wörsdörfer, Dominik
ED  - Zahoransky, Richard A.
T1  - Energietechnik
N2  - Kurz und prägant werden die Energieumwandlungsprozesse dargestellt. Die Schwerpunkte reichen von der kompletten Beschreibung der nachhaltigen, erneuerbaren Energietechniken, über Gas- und Dampfturbinen-Kraftwerke sowie Kraft-Wärme-Kälte-Kopplungsanlagen bis hin zur Energieverteilung und zum Kyoto-Protokoll. Zu allen Kapiteln gibt es Aufgaben mit vollständigen Lösungen im Anhang. In der aktuellen Auflage sind die Grundlagen der Energiewandlung deutlich um verfügbare Energiequellen, Energieträger und den globalen Energiebedarf erweitert. Das Kapitel 19 wurde von seinem neuen Autor grundlegend neu gefasst und heißt nun „Marktliberalisierung und Energiewende“. Alle Kapitel wurden aktualisiert und die Inhalte didaktisch noch verständlicher dargestellt.
Y1  - 2019
UR  - https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658218461
SN  - 978-3-658-21846-1 (Print)
SB  - 978-3-658-21846-1 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-658-21847-8 (e-Book)
SB  - 978-3-658-21847-8 (e-Book)
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21847-8
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21847-8
N1  - Vorauflage: 7. Auflage, 2015
SP  - XXXIII, 702
S1  - XXXIII, 702
PB  - Vieweg
CY  - Wiesbaden
ET  - 8., überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
U1  - Buch
A1  - Zahoransky, Richard A.
A1  - Allelein, Hans-Josef
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Rimmler, Michael
A1  - Schelling, Udo
A1  - Schwarz, Harald
ED  - Zahoransky, Richard A.
T1  - Energietechnik
BT  - Systeme zur Energieumwandlung. Kompaktwissen für Studium und Beruf
N2  - Kurz und prägant werden die Energieumwandlungsprozesse dargestellt. Die Schwerpunkte reichen von der kompletten Beschreibung der nachhaltigen, erneuerbaren Energietechniken, über Gas- und Dampfturbinen-Kraftwerke sowie Kraft-Wärme-Kälte-Kopplungsanlagen bis hin zur Energieverteilung und zum Kyoto-Protokoll. Zu allen Kapiteln gibt es Aufgaben mit vollständigen Lösungen im Anhang. In der aktuellen Auflage wurden in den Kapiteln 3 und 15 die Zahlenwerte aktualisiert. Kapitel 9 wurde entsprechend der neuen Anbieterstruktur überarbeitet und Kapitel 10 um die Adsorptionstechniken ergänzt. Die Kapitel 17-20 wurden vollständig überarbeitet und stellen den aktuellen Stand der globalen politischen Aspekte dar.
Y1  - 2015
UR  - https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658074548
SN  - 978-3-658-07453-1 (Print)
SB  - 978-3-658-07453-1 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-658-07454-8 (e-Book)
SB  - 978-3-658-07454-8 (e-Book)
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-07454-8
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-07454-8
N1  - Vorauflage: 6. Auflage, 2013
Nachauflage: 8. Auflage, 2019
SP  - XXXI, 664
S1  - XXXI, 664
PB  - Vieweg
CY  - Wiesbaden
ET  - 7., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Konferenzveröffentlichung
A1  - Dongol, Deepranjan
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Schmidt, Michael
T1  - A MPC Based Peak Shaving Application for a Household with Photovoltaic Battery System
T2  - Smart cities, green technologies and intelligent transport systems: 7th International Conference, SMARTGREENS, and 4th International Conference, VEHITS 2018, Funchal-Madeira, Portugal, March 16-18, 2018 : revised selected papers
N2  - This paper presents the use of model predictive control (MPC) based
approach for peak shaving application of a battery in a Photovoltaic (PV) battery
system connected to a rural low voltage gird. The goals of the MPC are to shave
the peaks in the PV feed-in and the grid power consumption and at the same
time maximize the use of the battery. The benefit to the prosumer is from the
maximum use of the self-produced electricity. The benefit to the grid is from the
reduced peaks in the PV feed-in and the grid power consumption. This would
allow an increase in the PV hosting and the load hosting capacity of the grid.
The paper presents the mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem
along with the cost benefit analysis. The MPC implementation scheme in the
laboratory and experiment results have also been presented. The results show
that the MPC is able to track the deviation in the weather forecast and operate
the battery by solving the optimal control problem to handle this deviation.
KW  - Energiemanagement
KW  - Model Predictive Control
KW  - Peak shaving
KW  - Battery storage
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 978-3-030-26632-5
SB  - 978-3-030-26632-5
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26633-2_3
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26633-2_3
SP  - 44
EP  - 66
PB  - Springer
CY  - Cham, Switzerland
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Niroomand, Mehdi
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - High-performance control system for grid-tied ESSs
JF  - IET Generation Transmission & Distribution
N2  - In this study, a high-performance controller is proposed for single-phase grid-tied energy storage systems (ESSs). To control power factor and current harmonics and manage time-shifting of energy, the ESS is required to have low steady-state error and fast transient response. It is well known that fast controllers often lack the required steady-state accuracy and trade-off is inevitable. A hybrid control system is therefore presented that combines a simple yet fast proportional derivative controller with a repetitive controller which is a type of learning controller with small steady-state error, suitable for applications with periodic grid current harmonic waveforms. This results in an improved system with distortion-free, high power factor grid current. The proposed controller model is developed and design parameters are presented. The stability analysis for the proposed system is provided and the theoretical analysis is verified through stability, transient and steady-state simulations.
KW  - Netzwerk
KW  - Controlling
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 1751-8687
SS  - 1751-8687
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1637
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1637
VL  - 11
IS  - 8
SP  - 2138
EP  - 2145
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Konferenzveröffentlichung
A1  - Dongol, Deepranjan
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - A Model Predictive Control based Peak Shaving Application for a Grid Connected Household with Photovoltaic and Battery Storage
T2  - Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems - Volume 1: SMARTGREENS
N2  - The increase in households with grid connected Photovoltaic (PV) battery system poses challenge for the grid due to high PV feed-in as a result of mismatch in energy production and load demand. The purpose of this paper is to show how a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy could be applied to an existing grid connected household with PV battery system such that the use of battery is maximized and at the same time peaks in PV energy and load demand are reduced. The benefits of this strategy are to allow increase in PV hosting capacity and load hosting capacity of the grid without the need for external signals from the grid operator. The paper includes the optimal control problem formulation to achieve the peak shaving goals along with the experiment set up and preliminary experiment results. The goals of the experiment were to verify the hardware and software interface to implement the MPC and as well to verify the ability of the MPC to deal with the weather forecast deviation. A prediction correction has also been introduced for a short time horizon of one hour within this MPC strategy to estimate the PV output power behavior.
KW  - MPC
KW  - Smart Grid
KW  - Photovoltaic
KW  - Batteries
Y1  - 2018
SN  - 978-989-758-292-9
SB  - 978-989-758-292-9
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006685300540063
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006685300540063
N1  - Beitrag wurde peer-reviewed
SP  - 54
EP  - 63
S1  - 10
PB  - Science and Technology Publications
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Dongol, Deepranjan
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Schmidt, Michael
T1  - A model predictive control based peak shaving application of battery for a household with photovoltaic system in a rural distribution grid.
JF  - Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks
N2  - In rural low voltage grid networks, the use of battery in the households with a grid connected Photovoltaic (PV) system is a popular solution to shave the peak PV feed-in to the grid. For a single electricity price scenario, the existing forecast based control approaches together with a decision based control layer uses weather and load forecast data for the on–off schedule of the battery operation. These approaches do bring cost benefit from the battery usage. In this paper, the focus is to develop a Model Predictive Control (MPC) to maximize the use of the battery and shave the peaks in the PV feed-in and the load demand. The solution of the MPC allows to keep the PV feed-in and the grid consumption profile as low and as smooth as possible. The paper presents the mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem along with the cost benefit analysis . The MPC implementation scheme in the laboratory and experiment results have also been presented. The results show that the MPC is able to track the deviation in the weather forecast and operate the battery by solving the optimal control problem to handle this deviation.
KW  - rural distribution grid
KW  - Photovoltaic
KW  - MPC
Y1  - 2018
SN  - 2352-4677
SS  - 2352-4677
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2018.05.001
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2018.05.001
VL  - 16
SP  - 1
EP  - 13
PB  - Elsevier
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Habib, Mustapha
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Schmidt, Michael
A1  - Ladjici, Ahmed Amine
T1  - One-day ahead predictive management of building hybrid power system improving energy cost and batteries lifetime
JF  - IET Renewable Power Generation
N2  - In recent times, the energy consumed by buildings facilities became considerable. Efficient local energy management is vital to deal with building power demand penalties. This operation becomes complex when a hybrid energy system is included in the power system. This study proposes new energy management between photovoltaic (PV) system, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and the power network in a building by controlling the PV/BESS inverter. The strategy is based on explicit model predictive control (MPC) to find an optimal power flow in the building for one-day ahead. The control algorithm is based on a simple power flow equation and weather forecast. Then, a cost function is formulated and optimised using genetic algorithms-based solver. The objective is reducing the imported energy from the grid preventing the saturation and emptiness of BESS. Including other targets to the control policy as energy price dynamic and BESS degradation, MPC can optimise dramatically the efficacy of the global building power system. The strategy is implemented and tested successfully using MATLAB/SimPowerSystems software, compared to classical hysteresis management, MPC has given 10% in energy cost economy and 25% improvement in BESS lifetime.
KW  - MPC
KW  - Predictive Management
KW  - MPC
Y1  - 2019
SN  - 1752-1416
SS  - 1752-1416
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5454
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5454
VL  - 13
IS  - 3
SP  - 482
EP  - 490
PB  - Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Konferenzveröffentlichung
A1  - Yagci, Mehmet C.
A1  - Bessler, Wolfgang G.
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Cell lifetime diagnostics and system be-havior of stationary LFP/graphite lithium-ion batteries
T2  - The 19th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB 2018), 7-22 June, Kyoto, Japan
Y1  - 2018
UR  - http://www.imlb2018.org/04.html
SP  - 1
S1  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
A1  - Höll, Julien
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Demand Side Management for Thermally Activated Building Systems based on Multiple Linear Regression
JF  - Journal of Electronic Science and Technology
KW  - Haustechnik
KW  - Lineare Regression
KW  - Demand Side Management
KW  - Smart Grid
KW  - Thermal Storage
KW  - thermally activated building systems
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 1674-862X
SS  - 1674-862X
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.11989/JEST.1674-862X.505251
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.11989/JEST.1674-862X.505251
VL  - 13
IS  - 4
SP  - 355
EP  - 360
CY  - Chengdu
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Adaptive predictive control of thermo-active building systems (TABS) based on a multiple regression algorithm
JF  - Energy and Buildings
KW  - Haustechnik
KW  - Rückfluss
KW  - Algorithmus
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 0378-7788
SS  - 0378-7788
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.012
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.012
VL  - 103
SP  - 14
EP  - 28
PB  - Elsevier
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, nicht wissenschaftlich
A1  - Gücker, Robert
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
T1  - Netz-TABS: erfolgreiche Weiterentwicklung und Erprobung eines prädiktiven Steuerungsalgorithmus zur Gebäudeklimatisierung
JF  - Forschung im Fokus
Y1  - 2018
UR  - https://iaf.hs-offenburg.de/fileadmin/Einrichtungen/iaf/file/FBericht/fif2018_Web.pdf
SN  - 1866-9352
SS  - 1866-9352
IS  - 21
SP  - 78
EP  - 82
CY  - Offenburg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed)
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - da Costa Fernandes, Jesus Salazar
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Photovoltaics Energy Prediction Under Complex Conditions for a Predictive Energy Management System
JF  - Journal of solar energy engineering
KW  - Energieversorgung
KW  - Fotovoltaik
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029378. ISSN: 0199-6231
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029378. ISSN: 0199-6231
VL  - 137
IS  - 3
SP  - 031015-1
EP  - 031015-10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - nicht begutachtet (unreviewed)
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Energiepakete bedarfsgerecht liefern : Prädiktive Steuerung von Betonkernaktivierungssystemen ermöglicht Komfort- und Effizienzverbesserung
T2  - IKZ-Fachplaner
KW  - Bauteil
KW  - Aktivierung
KW  - Energieversorgung
Y1  - 2015
SN  - 0177-3054
SS  - 0177-3054
IS  - 5
SP  - 12
EP  - 18
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Konferenzveröffentlichung
A1  - da Costa Fernandes, Jesus Salazar
A1  - Schmidt, Michael
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
A1  - Ziebold, Florian
A1  - Lapp, Simone
T1  - PHOTOPUR - PV Powered Water Decontamination for Wine Growers
T2  - 35th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition
N2  - An energy oriented design concept was developed within the research project PHOTOPUR which has the development of a PV powered water cleaning system as main focus. During a wine season Plant Protection Products (PPP) are several times sprayed on plants to protect them of undesired insects and herbs or avoid hazardous fungus
types. A work package of the project partner INES in Offenburg led to a design introducing energy profiling already in the early beginning of a product design. The concept is based on three pillars respecting first the
requirements of the core process making up filtering and cleaning and secondary aspects which run, support, maintain and monitor the system to secure availability and product reliability.
The presented paper shows that the results of the design tools guided the developers to assemble a functional model of the water decontamination unit which was manually tested with its concatenated steps of the water cleaning process.
KW  - PV Applications, Smart PV, PV Battery Systems, PV Power Supplies
Y1  - 2018
UR  - www.eupvsec-proceedings.com
SN  - 2196-100X
SS  - 2196-100X
SN  - 3-936338-50-7
SB  - 3-936338-50-7
U6  - https://dx.doi.org/10.4229/35thEUPVSEC20182018-6CV.2.28
DO  - https://dx.doi.org/10.4229/35thEUPVSEC20182018-6CV.2.28
SP  - 1957
EP  - 1963
S1  - 7
CY  - Munich/Germany
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
U1  - Konferenzveröffentlichung
A1  - da Costa Fernandes, Jesus Salazar
A1  - Feldmann, Thomas
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - IDB - Simulation and automation assisted information and control tool for sustainable building operation
T2  - Technical Sessions - Clima 2005, 8th REHVA World Congress, 9.-12. October 2005, Lausanne-CH
N2  - Sustainable Aspects force a building manager to continuous observation of actual states and developments concerning building use, energy and media flows.In the presented approach a communication structure was built up to use different software applications and tools in order to optimize the operation of the building.
KW  - Intelligent Buildings
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bsz:ofb1-opus4-29747
UN  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bsz:ofb1-opus4-29747
UR  - http://fgnet.hs-offenburg.de/uploads/tx_mflitlist/2005_Paper_daCosta_Clima2005.pdf
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
S1  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - nicht begutachtet (unreviewed)
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Prädiktives Steuern von TABS auf Basis von Energiepaketen. Teil 2
T2  - HLH (Lüftung/Klima, Heizung/Sanitär, Gebäudetechnik)
KW  - Energieversorgung
Y1  - 2014
SN  - 1436-5103
SS  - 1436-5103
VL  - 65
IS  - 09/2014
SP  - 54
EP  - 56
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
U1  - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - nicht begutachtet (unreviewed)
A1  - Schmelas, Martin
A1  - Bollin, Elmar
T1  - Prädiktives Steuern von TABS auf Basis von Energiepaketen. Teil 1
T2  - HLH (Lüftung/Klima, Heizung/Sanitär, Gebäudetechnik)
KW  - Energieversorgung
Y1  - 2014
SN  - 1436-5103
SS  - 1436-5103
VL  - 65
IS  - 07-08/2014
SP  - 18
EP  - 20
ER  -