TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Elayanithottathil, Jubin Sebastian A1 - Sikora, Axel A1 - Schappacher, Manuel A1 - Amjad, Zubair T1 - Test and Measurement of LPWAN and Cellular IoT Networks in a Unified Testbed T2 - 2019 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) : Proceedings KW - cellular radio KW - computer network management KW - Internet of Things KW - Long Term Evolution KW - machine-to-machine communication KW - radio networks KW - telecommunication equipment testing KW - wide area networks Y1 - 2019 SN - 2378-363X SS - 2378-363X SN - 978-1-7281-2927-3 SB - 978-1-7281-2927-3 U6 - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INDIN41052.2019.8972256 DO - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INDIN41052.2019.8972256 N1 - INDIN IEEE International Conference special session on 5G for Vertical Industry Service, 22-25 July 2019, Helsinki-Espoo, Finland SP - 1521 EP - 1527 S1 - 7 ER - TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Nsiah, Kofi Atta A1 - Amjad, Zubair A1 - Sikora, Axel T1 - Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Low Latency Wireless Communication in Industrial Automation T2 - Proceedings of embedded world Conference 2019, Nuremberg, Germany, 26.-28.02.2019 Y1 - 2019 UR - https://www.elektroniknet.de/international/proceedings-provides-nearly-1-000-pages-and-more-than-175-papers-164279.html SP - 174 EP - 179 S1 - 6 PB - WEKA FACHMEDIEN GmbH CY - Haar ER - TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Nsiah, Kofi Atta A1 - Amjad, Zubair A1 - Sikora, Axel A1 - Hilt, Benoît T1 - Performance Evaluation of Latency for NB-LTE Networks in Industrial Automation T2 - 2019 IEEE 30th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) 8-11 Sept. 2019 Istanbul, Turkey Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-1-5386-8111-4 SB - 978-1-5386-8111-4 U6 - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2019.8904407 DO - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2019.8904407 SP - 1 EP - 7 S1 - 7 PB - IEEE ER - TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Amjad, Zubair A1 - Sikora, Axel A1 - Hilt, Benoit A1 - Lauffenburger, Jean-Philippe T1 - Low Latency V2X Applications and Network Requirements: Performance Evaluation T2 - 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 26-30 June 2018, Changshu, China N2 - Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication promises improvements in road safety and efficiency by enabling low-latency and reliable communication services for vehicles. Besides using Mobile Broadband (MBB), there is a need to develop Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) applications with cellular networks especially when safety-related driving applications are concerned. Future cellular networks are expected to support novel latencysensitive use cases. Many applications of V2X communication, like collaborative autonomous driving requires very low latency and high reliability in order to support real-time communication between vehicles and other network elements. In this paper, we classify V2X use-cases and their requirements in order to identify cellular network technologies able to support them. The bottleneck problem of the medium access in 4G Long Term Evolution(LTE) networks is random access procedure. It is evaluated through simulations to further detail the future limitations and requirements. Limitations and improvement possibilities for next generation of cellular networks are finally detailed. Moreover, the results presented in this paper provide the limits of different parameter sets with regard to the requirements of V2X-based applications. In doing this, a starting point to migrate to Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) or 5G - solutions is given. Y1 - 2018 SN - 1931-0587 SS - 1931-0587 SN - 978-1-5386-4452-2 (digital) SB - 978-1-5386-4452-2 (digital) SN - 978-1-5386-4451-5 (USB) SB - 978-1-5386-4451-5 (USB) SN - 978-1-5386-4453-9 (Print on Demand) SB - 978-1-5386-4453-9 (Print on Demand) U6 - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2018.8500531 DO - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2018.8500531 SP - 220 EP - 225 S1 - 6 ER - TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Nsiah, Kofi Atta A1 - Amjad, Zubair A1 - Sikora, Axel A1 - Hilt, Benoît A1 - Lauffenburger, Jean-Philippe T1 - Latency Reduction Techniques for NB-IoT Networks T2 - Proceedings of the 2019 10th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS) N2 - Enabling ultra-low latency is one of the major drivers for the development of future cellular networks to support delay sensitive applications including factory automation, autonomous vehicles and tactile internet. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 13 standardized cellular network currently optimized for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). To reduce the latency in cellular networks, 3GPP has proposed some latency reduction techniques that include Semi Persistent Scheduling (SPS) and short Transmission Time Interval (sTTI). In this paper, we investigate the potential of adopting both techniques in NB-IoT networks and provide a comprehensive performance evaluation. We firstly analyze these techniques and then implement them in an open-source network simulator (NS3). Simulations are performed with a focus on Cat-NB1 User Equipment (UE) category to evaluate the uplink user-plane latency. Our results show that SPS and sTTI have the potential to greatly reduce the latency in NB-IoT systems. We believe that both techniques can be integrated into NB-IoT systems to position NB-IoT as a preferred technology for low data rate Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) applications before 5G has been fully rolled out. Y1 - 2019 SN - 978-1-7281-4069-8 (digital) SB - 978-1-7281-4069-8 (digital) SN - 978-1-7281-4068-1 (USB) SB - 978-1-7281-4068-1 (USB) SN - 978-1-7281-4070-4 (Print on Demand) SB - 978-1-7281-4070-4 (Print on Demand) U6 - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS.2019.8924238 DO - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS.2019.8924238 N1 - Konferenz: 10th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications (IDAACS), 18-21 Sept. 2019, Metz, France SP - 478 EP - 483 S1 - 6 ER - TY - THES U1 - Dissertation / Habilitation A1 - Amjad, Zubair T1 - Latency Reduction in Narrowband Cellular Networks: Applications to IoT and V2X N2 - The evolution of cellular networks from its first generation (1G) to its fourth generation (4G) was driven by the demand of user-centric downlink capacity also technically called Mobile Broad-Band (MBB). With its fifth generation (5G), Machine Type Communication (MTC) has been added into the target use cases and the upcoming generation of cellular networks is expected to support them. However, such support requires improvements in the existing technologies in terms of latency, reliability, energy efficiency, data rate, scalability, and capacity. Originally, MTC was designed for low-bandwidth high-latency applications such as, environmental sensing, smart dustbin, etc. Nowadays there is an additional demand around applications with low-latency requirements. Among other well-known challenges for recent cellular networks such as data rate energy efficiency, reliability etc., latency is also not suitable for mission-critical applications such as real-time control of machines, autonomous driving, tactile Internet etc. Therefore, in the currently deployed cellular networks, there is a necessity to reduce the latency and increase the reliability offered by the networks to support use cases such as, cooperative autonomous driving or factory automation, that are grouped under the denomination Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC). This thesis is primarily concerned with the latency into the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) of cellular networks. The overall work is divided into five parts. The first part presents the state of the art for cellular networks. The second part contains a detailed overview of URLLC use cases and the requirements that must be fulfilled by the cellular networks to support them. The work in this thesis is done as part of a collaboration project between IRIMAS lab in Université de Haute-Alsace, France and Institute for Reliable Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics (ivESK) in Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany. The selected use cases of URLLC are part of the research interests of both partner institutes. The third part presents a detailed study and evaluation of user- and control-plane latency mechanisms in current generation of cellular networks. The evaluation and analysis of these latencies, performed with the open-source ns-3 simulator, were conducted by exploring a broad range of parameters that include among others, traffic models, channel access parameters, realistic propagation models, and a broad set of cellular network protocol stack parameters. These simulations were performed with low-power, low-cost, and wide-range devices, commonly called IoT devices, and standardized for cellular networks. These devices use either LTE-M or Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) technologies that are designed for connected things. They differ mainly by the provided bandwidth and other additional characteristics such as coding scheme, device complexity, and so on. The fourth part of this thesis shows a study, an implementation, and an evaluation of latency reduction techniques that target the different layers of the currently used Long Term Evolution (LTE) network protocol stack. These techniques based on Transmission Time Interval (TTI) reduction and Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) methods are implemented into the ns-3 simulator and are evaluated through realistic simulations performed for a variety of low-latency use cases focused on industry automation and vehicular networking. For testing the proposed latency reduction techniques in cellular networks, since ns-3 does not support NB-IoT in its current release, an NB-IoT extension for LTE module was developed. This makes it possible to explore deployment limitations and issues. In the last part of this thesis, a flexible deployment framework called Hybrid Scheduling and Flexible TTI for the proposed latency reduction techniques is presented, implemented and evaluated through realistic simulations. With help of the simulation evaluation, it is shown that the improved LTE network proposed and implemented in the simulator can support low-latency applications with low cost, higher range, and narrow bandwidth devices. The work in this thesis points out the potential improvement techniques, their deployment issues and paves the way towards the support for URLLC applications with upcoming cellular networks. KW - Internet der Dinge Y2 - 2020 SP - xvii, 129 S1 - xvii, 129 ER - TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Amjad, Zubair A1 - Sikora, Axel A1 - Lauffenburger, Jean-Philippe T1 - Latency Reduction in Narrowband 4G LTE Networks T2 - Proceedings of the 15th International IEEE Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), 28-31 August 2018, Lisbon, Portugal N2 - The next generation cellular networks are expected to improve reliability, energy efficiency, data rate, capacity and latency. Originally, Machine Type Communication (MTC) was designed for low-bandwidth high-latency applications such as, environmental sensing, smart dustbin, etc., but there is additional demand around applications with low latency requirements, like industrial automation, driver-less cars, and so on. Improvements are required in 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks towards the development of next generation cellular networks for providing very low latency and high reliability. To this end, we present an in-depth analysis of parameters that contribute to the latency in 4G networks along with a description of latency reduction techniques. We implement and validate these latency reduction techniques in the open-source network simulator (NS3) for narrowband user equipment category Cat-Ml (LTE-M) to analyze the improvements. The results presented are a step towards enabling narrowband Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) networks. Y1 - 2018 SN - 2154-0225 (digital) SS - 2154-0225 (digital) SN - 2154-0217 (Print on Demand) SS - 2154-0217 (Print on Demand) SN - 978-1-5386-5005-9 (digital) SB - 978-1-5386-5005-9 (digital) SN - 978-1-5386-5004-2 (USB) SB - 978-1-5386-5004-2 (USB) SN - 978-1-5386-5006-6 (Print on Demand) SB - 978-1-5386-5006-6 (Print on Demand) U6 - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISWCS.2018.8491085 DO - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISWCS.2018.8491085 SP - 5 S1 - 5 ER - TY - CHAP U1 - Konferenzveröffentlichung A1 - Amjad, Zubair A1 - Sikora, Axel A1 - Hilt, Benoit A1 - Lauffenburger, Jean-Philippe T1 - Latency Reduction for Narrowband LTE with Semi-Persistent Scheduling T2 - Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on Wireless Systems within the International Conferences on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems (IDAACS-SWS), 20-21 September 2018, Lviv, Ukraine N2 - The excessive control signaling in Long Term Evolution networks required for dynamic scheduling impedes the deployment of ultra-reliable low latency applications. Semi-persistent scheduling was originally designed for constant bit-rate voice applications, however, very low control overhead makes it a potential latency reduction technique in Long Term Evolution. In this paper, we investigate resource scheduling in narrowband fourth generation Long Term Evolution networks through Network Simulator (NS3) simulations. The current release of NS3 does not include a semi-persistent scheduler for Long Term Evolution module. Therefore, we developed the semi-persistent scheduling feature in NS3 to evaluate and compare the performance in terms of uplink latency. We evaluate dynamic scheduling and semi-persistent scheduling in order to analyze the impact of resource scheduling methods on up-link latency. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-7587-8 (digital) SB - 978-1-5386-7587-8 (digital) SN - 978-1-5386-9339-1 (Print) SB - 978-1-5386-9339-1 (Print) SN - 978-1-5386-7586-1 (USB) SB - 978-1-5386-7586-1 (USB) SN - 978-1-5386-7588-5 (Print on Demand) SB - 978-1-5386-7588-5 (Print on Demand) U6 - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS-SWS.2018.8525713 DO - https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IDAACS-SWS.2018.8525713 SP - 196 EP - 198 S1 - 3 ER -