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In a randomized controlled cross-over study ten male runners (26.7 ± 4.9 years; recent 5-km time: 18:37 ± 1:07 min:s) performed an incremental treadmill test (ITT) and a 3-km time trial (3-km TT) on a treadmill while wearing either carbon fiber insoles with downwards curvature or insoles made of butyl rubber (control condition) in light road racing shoes (Saucony Fastwitch 9). Oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, stride frequency, stride length and time to exhaustion were assessed during ITT. After ITT, all runners rated their perceived exertion, perceived shoe comfort and perceived shoe performance. Running time, heart rate, blood lactate levels, stride frequency and stride length were recorded during, and shoe comfort and shoe performance after, the 3-km TT. All parameters obtained during or after the ITT did not differ between the two conditions [range: p = 0.188 to 0.948 (alpha value: 0.05); Cohen's d = 0.021 to 0.479] despite the rating of shoe comfort showing better scores for the control insoles (p = 0.001; d = −1.646). All parameters during and after the 3-km TT showed no differences (p = 0.200 to 1.000; d = 0.000 to 0.501) between both conditions except for shoe comfort showing better scores for control insoles (p = 0.017; d = −0.919). Running with carbon fiber insoles with downwards curvature did not change running performance or any submaximal or maximal physiological or biomechanical parameter and perceived exertion compared to control condition. Shoe comfort is impaired while running with carbon fiber insoles. Wearing carbon fiber insoles with downwards curvature during treadmill running is not beneficial when compared to running with control insoles.
Batteries typically consist of multiple individual cells connected in series. Here we demonstrate single-cell state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) diagnosis in a 24 V class lithium-ion battery. To this goal, we introduce and apply a novel, highly efficient algorithm based on a voltage-controlled model (VCM). The battery, consisting of eight single cells, is cycled over a duration of five months under a simple cycling protocol between 20 % and 100 % SOC. The cell-to-cell standard deviations obtained with the novel algorithm were 1.25 SOC-% and 1.07 SOH-% at beginning of cycling. A cell-averaged capacity loss of 9.9 % after five months cycling was observed. While the accuracy of single-cell SOC estimation was limited (probably owed to the flat voltage characteristics of the lithium iron phosphate, LFP, chemistry investigated here), single-cell SOH estimation showed a high accuracy (2.09 SOH-% mean absolute error compared to laboratory reference tests). Because the algorithm does not require observers, filters, or neural networks, it is computationally very efficient (three seconds analysis time for the complete data set consisting of eight cells with approx. 780.000 measurement points per cell).
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and variable air volume (VAV) systems are considered among the best heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC) thanks to their ability to provide cooling and heating in different thermal zones of the same building. As well as their ability to recover the heat rejected from spaces requiring cooling and reuse it to heat another space. Nevertheless, at the same time, these systems are considered one of the most energy-consuming systems in the building. So, it is crucial to well size the system according to the building’s cooling and heating needs and the indoor temperature fluctuations. This study aims to compare these two energy systems by conducting an energy model simulation of a real building under a semi-arid climate for cooling and heating periods. The developed building energy model (BEM) was validated and calibrated using measured and simulated indoor air temperature and energy consumption data. The study aims to evaluate the effect of these HVAC systems on energy consumption and the indoor thermal comfort of the building. The numerical model was based on the Energy Plus simulation engine. The approach used in this paper has allowed us to reach significant quantitative energy saving along with a high level of indoor thermal comfort by using the VRF system compared to the VAV system. The findings prove that the VRF system provides 46.18% of the annual total heating energy savings and 6.14% of the annual cooling and ventilation energy savings compared to the VAV system.
Recently, photovoltaic (PV) with energy storage systems (ESS) have been widely adopted in buildings to overcome growing power demands and earn financial benefits. The overall energy cost can be optimized by combining a well-sized hybrid PV/ESS system with an efficient energy management system (EMS). Generally, EMS is implemented within the overall functions of the Building Automation System (BAS). However, due to its limited computing resources, BAS cannot handle complex algorithms that aim to optimize energy use in real-time under different operating conditions. Furthermore, islanding the building's local network to maximize the PV energy share represents a challenging task due to the potential technical risks. In this context, this article addresses an improved approach based on upgrading the BAS data analytics capability by means of an edge computing technology. The edge communicates with the BAS low-level controller using a serial communication protocol. Taking advantage of the high computing ability of the edge device, an optimization-based EMS of the PV/ESS hybrid system is implemented. Different testing scenarios have been carried out on a real prototype with different weather conditions, and the results show the implementation feasibility and technical performance of such advanced EMS for the management of building energy resources. It has also been proven to be feasible and advantageous to operate the local energy network in island mode while ensuring system safety. Additionally, an estimated energy saving improvement of 6.23 % has been achieved using optimization-based EMS compared to the classical rule-based EMS, with better ESS constraints fulfillment.
For the treatment of bone defects, biodegradable, compressive biomaterials are needed as replacements that degrade as the bone regenerates. The problem with existing materials has either been their insufficient mechanical strength or the excessive differences in their elastic modulus, leading to stress shielding and eventual failure. In this study, the compressive strength of CPC ceramics (with a layer thickness of more than 12 layers) was compared with sintered β-TCP ceramics. It was assumed that as the number of layers increased, the mechanical strength of 3D-printed scaffolds would increase toward the value of sintered ceramics. In addition, the influence of the needle inner diameter on the mechanical strength was investigated. Circular scaffolds with 20, 25, 30, and 45 layers were 3D printed using a 3D bioplotter, solidified in a water-saturated atmosphere for 3 days, and then tested for compressive strength together with a β-TCP sintered ceramic using a Zwick universal testing machine. The 3D-printed scaffolds had a compressive strength of 41.56 ± 7.12 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of the sintered ceramic (24.16 ± 4.44 MPa). The 3D-printed scaffolds with round geometry reached or exceeded the upper limit of the compressive strength of cancellous bone toward substantia compacta. In addition, CPC scaffolds exhibited more bone-like compressibility than the comparable β-TCP sintered ceramic, demonstrating that the mechanical properties of CPC scaffolds are more similar to bone than sintered β-TCP ceramics.
Background/Purpose
Several methods are used to evaluate the outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA), however, their relationship at different time points after surgery is unclear. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate correlations between self-report function, performance-based tests (PBTs) and biomechanical parameters in patients 12 months after THA.
Methods
Eleven patients were included in this preliminary cross-sectional study. Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) was completed for self-reported function. As PBTs, the Timed-up-and-Go test (TUG) and 30-Second-Chair-Stand test (30CST) were used. Biomechanical parameters were derived from analyses of hip strength, gait and balance. Potential correlations were calculated using Spearman correlation coefficient r.
Results
HOOS scores and parameters of PBTs showed moderate to strong correlations (0.3 < r < 0.7). Correlation analysis between HOOS scores and biomechanical parameters revealed moderate to strong correlations for hip strength whereas correlations with gait parameters and balance were rather weak (r < 0.3). Moderate to strong correlations were also found between parameters of hip strength and 30CST.
Conclusion
For THA outcome assessment 12 months after surgery, our first results indicate that self-report measures or PBTs could be used. Analysis of hip strength also appears to be reflected in HOOS and PBT parameters and may be considered as an adjunct. Given the weak correlations with gait and balance parameters, we suggest that gait analysis and balance testing should be performed in addition to PROMs and PBTs as they may provide supplementary information, especially for THA patients that are at risk for falls.
The increasing diffusion of rapidly developing AI technologies led to the idea of the experiment to combine TRIZ-based automated idea generation with the natural language processing tool ChatGPT, using the chatbot to interpret the automatically generated elementary solution principles. The article explores the opportunities and benefits of a novel AI-enhanced approach to teaching systematic innovation, analyses the learning experience, identifies the factors that affect students' innovation and problem-solving performance, and highlights the main difficulties students face, especially in interdisciplinary problems.
Im Zuge der Machbarkeitsstudie „BubbleMeth“ (FKZ BWFE310091) wurde die Machbarkeit der biologischen Methanisierung in einem neukonzipierten innovativen Pilot-Reaktor, basierend auf einer Gegenstromblasensäule mit separatem Entgasungs-Reaktor, sowohl für den Betrieb in der biologischen in-situ als auch der ex-situ Methanisierung demonstriert.
Die Pilot-Anlage besteht aus einer Gegenstromblasensäule und einem separaten Entgasungs-Reaktor und wurde an der Hochschule Offenburg geplant und gebaut. Die beiden Reaktor-Säulen haben jeweils eine Höhe von 10 m, einen Säulendurchmesser von 0,3 m und ein Gesamtreaktionsvolumen von etwa 1,1 m3. Der Gaseintrag erfolgt über Sinterplatten am Boden der Gegenstromblasensäule. In dieser Begasungssäule strömt die Flüssigkeit in entgegengesetzter Richtung zu den aufsteigenden Gasblasen und reichert sich durch den am Säulenfuß vorliegenden hydraulischen Druck zunehmend mit gelöstem Gas an. Die Säule, in die das Eduktgas am Säulenboden eingetragen wird, ist in Abbildung 1 auf der rechten Seite dargestellt und befindet sich auf der Saugseite einer Pumpe. Bei einer etwa 9,5 m hohen Wassersäule erhöht sich der Absolutdruck am Säulenboden auf etwa 1,95 bar, womit sich die Löslichkeit einer beliebigen Gaskomponente im Vergleich zum Atmosphärendruck bei konstanter Temperatur im Gleichgewicht gemäß dem Henry’schen Gesetz näherungsweise verdoppelt. Dieser Effekt wird genutzt, um die Verfügbarkeit von gelöstem Wasserstoff für die bei der biologischen Methanisierung katalytisch wirkenden hydrogenothrophen Archaeen zu erhöhen. Durch die Zirkulation der Flüssigkeit und den damit erreichten Druckwechsel wird auf der Seite des Entgasungs-Reaktors ein Ausgasen der relativ zum Atmosphärendruck übersättigten Gaskomponente ermöglicht. Durch die Zirkulation der Flüssigkeit über zwei Säulen wird außerdem die räumliche Trennung des Eduktgaseintrages und der Produktgasabtrennung erreicht.
Die in-situ Methanisierung wurde in der Machbarkeitsstudie bis zu einer organischen Beladungsrate von 0,94 kg m-3 d-1 realisiert. Die erwartete Biogasbildungsrate (BGBR) bei vollständiger Umsetzung des Glucose/Fructose-Substrates zu Methan und CO2 lag bei ca. 0,686 m3 m-3 d-1. Die gemessene BGBR erreichte 0,61 ± 0,03 m3 m-3 d-1. Die geringe Abweichung kann auf eine zusätzliche Nutzung des Substrates für den Erhaltungsstoffwechsel des gesamten biologischen Systems zurückgeführt werden. Der maximale volumetrische H2-Eintrag betrug während der in-situ Methanisierung 0,785 m3 m-3 d-1 und ist dabei bezogen auf das gesamte Reaktionsvolumen von ca. 1,1 m3 in beiden Reaktorkolonnen. Das eingesetzte H2:CO2-Verhältnis lag bei 2,3, um einen vollständigen CO2-Umsatz und eine damit verbundene Verschiebung des pH-Wertes in den alkalischen Bereich bei der in-situ Methanisierung zu vermeiden. Die Produktgaszusammensetzung lag stabil bei ca. 80 Vol.% CH4, 18 Vol.% CO2 und geringen Mengen an Stickstoff, die im Wesentlichen aus der manuellen Entnahme der Gasproben resultieren, und entsprach der erwarteten Zusammensetzung bei dem vorgegebenen H2:CO2-Verhältnis.
Im Anschluss an die Untersuchungsphase der in-situ Methanisierung wurde der Prozess auf die ex-situ Methanisierung umgestellt. Dazu wurde die OLR schrittweise reduziert und gleichzeitig der Eintrag von CO2 aus einer Druckgasflasche erhöht. Die ex-situ Methanisierung wurde im Rahmen der Machbarkeitsstudie bis zu einem volumenspezifischen CO2-Eintrag bezogen auf das Gesamtreaktionsvolumen von 1,1 m3 von 0,563 m3 CO2 m-3 d-1 durchgeführt.
Der maximale volumetrische H2-Eintrag betrug während der ex-situ Methanisierung 2,168 m3 m-3 d-1. Das eingesetzte H2:CO2-Verhältnis lag bei 3,6 bis 3,9. Die Produktgaszusammensetzung lag stabil bei ca. 91 Vol.% CH4, 8 Vol.% CO2 und geringen Mengen an Stickstoff, und entsprach der erwarteten Zusammensetzung bei dem vorgegebenen H2:CO2-Verhältnis.
Besonders bemerkenswert war, dass sowohl bei der in-situ als auch der ex-situ Methanisierung und den jeweils in der Machbarkeitsstudie eingesetzten maximalen volumetrischen H2-Einträge weder im austretenden Produktgas am Entgasungsreaktor noch im rezirkulierten Gas am Kopf des Begasungsreaktors Wasserstoff nachzuweisen war. Damit besteht großes Potenzial für eine weitere Steigerung der Methanbildungsrate. Aus diesem Grund sollen die Arbeiten zur biologischen Methanisierung in einem Innovationsprojekt fortgeführt werden. Die Anlage soll hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung in einer relevanten Einsatzumgebung zur Methanisierung von in Biogas enthaltenem CO2-bewertet werden. Dazu soll die Anlage außerdem mit einem preiswerten alkalischen Elektrolyseur kombiniert werden, um das Verfahren so kostengünstig wie möglich zu gestalten. Dieser Elektrolyseur soll in Anlehnung an die fluktuierende Energiebereitstellung Erneuerbarer Energien zyklisch betrieben werden und dabei vor allem zu Zeiten günstiger Spotmarktpreise in Betrieb sein.
Enhancing engineering creativity with automated formulation of elementary solution principles
(2023)
The paper describes a method for the automated formulation of elementary creative stimuli for product or process design at different levels of abstraction and in different engineering domains. The experimental study evaluates the impact of structured automated idea generation on inventive thinking in engineering design and compares it with previous experimental studies in educational and industrial settings. The outlook highlights the benefits of using automated ideation in the context of AI-assisted invention and innovation.
Lithium-ion batteries exhibit slow voltage dynamics on the minute time scale that are usually associated with transport processes. We present a novel modelling approach toward these dynamics by combining physical and data-driven models into a Grey-box model. We use neural networks, in particular neural ordinary differential equations. The physical structure of the Grey-box model is borrowed from the Fickian diffusion law, where the transport domain is discretized using finite volumes. Within this physical structure, unknown parameters (diffusion coefficient, diffusion length, discretization) and dependencies (state of charge, lithium concentration) are replaced by neural networks and learnable parameters. We perform model-to-model comparisons, using as training data (a) a Fickian diffusion process, (b) a Warburg element, and (c) a resistor-capacitor circuit. Voltage dynamics during constant-current operation and pulse tests as well as electrochemical impedance spectra are simulated. The slow dynamics of all three physical models in the order of ten to 30 min are well captured by the Grey-box model, demonstrating the flexibility of the present approach.