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본 발명은 기판들을 금속화하기 위한 디바이스에 관한 것이다. 특별히, 본 발명은 습식-화학물질 연속 (인-라인) 처리 시스템 환경에서 솔라 셀들을 전기도금하기 위해 사용되는 컨택 엘리먼트(contact element)들의 분야에 관한 것이다. 코팅 재료로 평평한 기판들(1)들을 전기화학적으로 코팅하기 위한 본 발명에 따른 습식-화학물질 처리 시스템은 전해질 용액, 이송 수단들 - 이송 수단들을 이용하여 평평한 기판(1)이 전해질 용액을 통과하여 수평으로 이송될 수 있는 - 을 수용하는 용기(basin), 및 회전축(5)을 갖는 샤프트(4) 및 기판(1) 위에서 구르기에 적합한 원통형의 원주 표면을 포함하는 적어도 하나의 컨택 엘리먼트(2)를 가지며, 원주 표면은 극성이 역전될 수 있는 방식으로 전류 소스 (6)에 연결될 수 있는 적어도 하나의 전기적으로 전도성인 세그먼트 (3A) 및 적어도 하나의 전기적으로 절연된 세그먼트 (3B)를 포함하고, 컨택 엘리먼트 (2)의 회전축 (5)은 전해질 용액의 표면 위에 위치되고, 컨택 엘리먼트 (2)는 소모 전극(consumable electrode)으로 디자인된다.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Pulverlackieren eines Glasgegenstandes, umfassend die Schritte des Ausbildens einer polaren Beschichtung auf dem Glasgegenstand, umfassend den Teilschritt des Aufbringens einer Beschichtungszusammensetzung auf den Glasgegenstand, wobei die Beschichtungszusammensetzung ein Organosiloxan, das mindestens zwei Si-O-Bindungen aufweist, Wasser, ein organisches Lösemittel und ein pH-regulierendes Mittel enthält, mit der Maßgabe, dass die Beschichtungszusammensetzung keinen elektrisch leitfähigen Zusatz enthält, sowie die Schritte des Aufbringens eines Pulverlacks auf den derartig beschichteten Glasgegenstand und des Erwärmens des Pulverlacks.
A 2D-separation of 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) according to the Environmental Protecting Agency (EPA) standard was introduced. Separation took place on a TLC RP-18 plate (Merck, 1.05559). In the first direction, the plate was developed twice using n-pentane at −20°C as the mobile phase. The mixture acetonitrile-methanol-acetone-water (12:8:3:3, v/v) was used for developing the plate in the second direction. Both developments were carried out over a distance of 43 mm. Further on in this publication, a specific and very sensitive indication method for benzo[a]pyrene and perylene was presented. The method can detect these hazardous compounds even in complicated PAH mixtures. These compounds can be quantified by a simple chemiluminescent reaction with a limit of detection (LOD) of 48 pg per band for perylene and 95 pg per band for benzo[a]pyrene. Although these compounds were separated from all other PAHs in the standard, a separation of both compounds was not possible from one another. The method is suitable for tracing benzo[a]pyrene and/or perylene. The proposed chemiluminescence screening test on PAHs is extremely sensitive but may indicate a false positive result for benzo[a]pyrene.
The state-of-the-art electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) calculations have not yet started from fully multi-dimensional modeling. For a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with long flow channel, the impedance plot shows a multi-arc characteristic and some impedance arcs could merge. By using a step excitation/Fourier transform algorithm, an EIS simulation is implemented for the first time based on the full 2D PEMFC model presented in the first part of this work. All the dominant transient behaviors are able to be captured. A novel methodology called ‘configuration of system dynamics’, which is suitable for any electrochemical system, is then developed to resolve the physical meaning of the impedance spectra. In addition to the high-frequency arc due to charge transfer, the Nyquist plots contain additional medium/low-frequency arcs due to mass transfer in the diffusion layers and along the channel, as well as a low-frequency arc resulting from water transport in the membrane. In some case, the impedance spectra appear partly inductive due to water transport, which demonstrates the complexity of the water management of PEMFCs and the necessity of physics-based calculations.
A two-dimensional single-phase model is developed for the steady-state and transient analysis of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Based on diluted and concentrated solution theories, viscous flow is introduced into a phenomenological multi-component modeling framework in the membrane. Characteristic variables related to the water uptake are discussed. A Butler–Volmer formulation of the current-overpotential relationship is developed based on an elementary mechanism of electrochemical oxygen reduction. Validated by using published V–I experiments, the model is then used to analyze the effects of operating conditions on current output and water management, especially net water transport coefficient along the channel. For a power PEMFC, the long-channel configuration is helpful for internal humidification and anode water removal, operating in counterflow mode with proper gas flow rate and humidity. In time domain, a typical transient process with closed anode is also investigated.
The main focus of this chapter is the theoretical and instrumental processes that underpin densitometric methods widely used in thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Densitometric methods include UV–vis, luminescence and fluorescence optical measurements as well as infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The chapter is divided in two general parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. The systems for direct radioactivity measurements and the combination of TLC with mass spectrometry are also discussed. All these systems allow measuring an intensity distribution directly on a TLC plate. We call this “in situ detection” because no analyte is removed from the plate.
Systemic Constellations are a phenomenological approach to resolving personal, professional and organizational issues. They offer a way of mapping a present reality, working at the source of the hidden dynamics and moving to a resolution. This systemic approach often delivers surprising and unexpected insights while also offering the possibility to analyze and solve organizational problems. Rational analysis provides the whole picture of the problem which often turns out to be too complex for a decision making. Systemic constellations can help to simplify and clarify the situation and inform what has to happen next [8], [17]. The outcomes of systemic constellations as an additional resource for solving comprehensive technical problems have not yet been sufficiently investigated. In structural constellation work dealing with technical problems, the individuals who are involved in the problem situation are used to represent different system components, substances or fields. A moderator voices the feedback from the representatives concerning their feelings or intuitive movements, and points to possible solutions. For example, a moderator places the representatives somewhere in the room, develops a three-dimensional picture of the constellation of the analyzed situation and tries to expose the factors empowering or blocking the way towards constructive solutions [13]. This paper explores the theoretical background and practical outcomes of the systemic constellation method for technical problem solving. It presents some case study work which has been conducted in recent years, and then discusses its findings and implications. The research outlined in this paper demonstrates that the noteworthy contribution of structural constellation work for problem solving is typically the result of a combination of functional analysis and the feeling-as-information principle. The constellation work helps, at first, to reveal the subjective experiences, such as feelings, moods, emotions, and bodily sensations, and then to accept them as a source of objective information relevant to the decision making process. In accordance with the latest research [19], the use of feelings as a source of information follows the same principles as the use of any other information. This paper provides the structures of some standard templates and types of constellation work for technical problems, and discusses the preconditions for their application.