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In diesem Beitrag werden die Bereitstellungskosten flexibler Systemkomponenten im deutschen Stromsystem analysiert, zu deren Quantifizierung eine einheitliche Methodik entwickelt wird. Dabei ist das Ziel des Beitrags, zeitlich differenzierte Kostenpotenzialkurven für die Jahre 2015 und 2030 zu erarbeiten, anhand derer die energiespezifischen Kosten der markt- und systemdienlichen Flexibilitätsbereitstellung verglichen und die einzelnen Flexibilitätsoptionen in einen Gesamtkontext eingeordnet werden können.
Der Einsatz flexibler Systemkomponenten wird hierzu in die drei Hauptphasen (1) Vorhaltung, (2) Abruf und (3) Einsatzfolgen unterteilt, woraus sich drei kongruente Kostengruppen ableiten lassen, nach denen die einzelnen Kostenbestandteile identifiziert und als Ergebnis die Bereitstellungskosten quantifiziert werden. Neben fossil-thermischen Kraftwerken werden dabei bspw. die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung, Biogasanlagen, Pumpspeicher- und Laufwasserkraftwerke sowie steuerbare Lasten untersucht.
Zur anschließenden Abbildung der teils negativen Bereitstellungskosten wird die herkömmliche Darstellungsform der Merit Order entlang der Ordinate um die Abbildung negative Werte erweitert und die Abszisse für die Abbildung negativer Flexibilität in umgekehrter Reihenfolge angeordnet. Das Ergebnis sind zwei zusammenhängende Graphen, mittels derer sich die Bereitstellungskosten verschiedener Flexibilitätsoptionen gegenüberstellen und anschaulich vergleichen lassen.
Durch die Festlegung eines Rahmenszenarios zur Entwicklung des deutschen Stromsystems bis zum Jahr 2030 wird anschließend auch die zukünftige Perspektive der Flexibilitätsbereitstellung in Deutschland analysiert. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich ableiten, dass der deutsche Kraftwerkspark mit einem fortschreitenden Rückbau der Kohlekraftwerke nur dann zunehmend flexibler wird und auf höhere Schwankungen im Stromnetz reagieren kann, wenn von einem gleichzeitigen Zubau moderner erdgasbetriebener Kraftwerke ausgegangen wird. In diesem Fall steigen die Bereitstellungskosten positiver Flexibilität, was sich beispielsweise durch zukünftig steigende Brennstoffpreise bergründen lässt. Jedoch kann bspw. durch die Transformation der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung hin zu einer grundsätzlich stromgeführten Fahrweise zukünftig eine vergleichsweise kostengünstige Flexibilitätsbereitstellung erschlossen und somit auch ein gleichbleibendes oder oftmals sogar höheres Flexibilitätsniveau am Markt erreicht werden.
Automatic Identification of Travel Locations in Rare Books - Object Oriented Information Management
(2017)
The digital content of the Internet is growing exponentially and mass digitization of printed media opens access to literature, in particular the genre of travel literature from the 18th and 19th century, which consists of diaries or travel books describing routes, observations or inspirations. The identification of described locations in the digital text is a long-standing challenge which requires information technology to supply dynamic links to sources by new forms of interaction and synthesis between humanistic texts and scientific observations.
Using object oriented information technology, a prototype of a software tool is developed which makes it possible to automatically identify geographic locations and travel routes mentioned in rare books. The information objects contain properties such as names and classification codes for populated places, streams, mountains and regions. Together, with the latitudes and longitudes of every single location, it is possible to geo-reference this information in order that all processed and filtered datasets can be displayed by a map application. This method has already been used in the Humboldt Digital Library to present Alexander von Humboldt’s maps and was tested in a case study to prove the correctness and reliability of the automatic identification of locations based on the work of Alexander von Humboldt and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
The results reveal numerous errors due to misspellings, change of location names, equality of terms and location names. But on the other hand it becomes very clear that results of the automatic object detection and recognition can be improved by error-free and comprehensive sources. As a result an increase in quality and usability of the service can be expected, accompanied by more options to detect unknown locations in the descriptions of rare books.
In this study, a high-performance controller is proposed for single-phase grid-tied energy storage systems (ESSs). To control power factor and current harmonics and manage time-shifting of energy, the ESS is required to have low steady-state error and fast transient response. It is well known that fast controllers often lack the required steady-state accuracy and trade-off is inevitable. A hybrid control system is therefore presented that combines a simple yet fast proportional derivative controller with a repetitive controller which is a type of learning controller with small steady-state error, suitable for applications with periodic grid current harmonic waveforms. This results in an improved system with distortion-free, high power factor grid current. The proposed controller model is developed and design parameters are presented. The stability analysis for the proposed system is provided and the theoretical analysis is verified through stability, transient and steady-state simulations.
Exploiting Dissent: Towards Fuzzing-based Differential Black Box Testing of TLS Implementations
(2017)
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is one of the most widely used security protocols on the internet. Yet do implementations of TLS keep on suffering from bugs and security vulnerabilities. In large part is this due to the protocol's complexity which makes implementing and testing TLS notoriously difficult. In this paper, we present our work on using differential testing as effective means to detect issues in black-box implementations of the TLS handshake protocol. We introduce a novel fuzzing algorithm for generating large and diverse corpuses of mostly-valid TLS handshake messages. Stimulating TLS servers when expecting a ClientHello message, we find messages generated with our algorithm to induce more response discrepancies and to achieve a higher code coverage than those generated with American Fuzzy Lop, TLS-Attacker, or NEZHA. In particular, we apply our approach to OpenssL, BoringSSL, WolfSSL, mbedTLS, and MatrixSSL, and find several real implementation bugs; among them a serious vulnerability in MatrixSSL 3.8.4. Besides do our findings point to imprecision in the TLS specification. We see our approach as present in this paper as the first step towards fully interactive differential testing of black-box TLS protocol implementations. Our software tools are publicly available as open source projects.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising technologies for sustainable energy production due to the high power density, low operative temperature and more convenient use for several applications. Nevertheless, the high generated current that characterizes PEMFC requires a specific power conditioning. In addition, specific controller must be designed to fit with system operative points changing associated with the variation of this high current. To deal with this challenge, in this paper, an electrochemical system composed of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) feeding via two phases IBC has been proposed and investigated. For robustness, the used IBC for fuel cell voltage regulation is controlled by linear quadratic regulator (LQR). Then, genetic algorithms technique is applied to optimize the LQR controller parameters giving optimal control coefficients and can if necessary be adjusted according to each working situation change. The model of the entire system is studied using Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation’s comparative standard and robustness results both demonstrate that the proposed GA-based LQR controller outperforms the conventional PI in terms of performance metrics (overshoot reduction: between 58.93% and 97.09%; response time reduction: between 56.40% and 77.00% and ripple reduction: between 84.00% and 94.86%).
In der Planungs- und Betriebspraxis herrscht im Bereich der Betriebsführung von thermisch aktivierten Bauteilsystemen und insbesondere der thermisch trägen Bauteilaktivierung noch große Unsicherheit. Trotz einer weiten Verbreitung dieser Systeme im Neubau von Nichtwohngebäuden hat sich bis heute keine einheitliche Betriebsführungsstrategie durchgesetzt. Vielmehr kritisieren Bauherren und Nutzer regelmäßig zu hohe bzw. niedrige Raumtemperaturen in den Übergangsjahreszeiten und bei Wetterwechsel sowie generell eine mangelhafte Regelbarkeit. Demgegenüber weisen Monitoringprojekte immer wieder einen hohen thermischen Komfort in diesen Gebäuden nach. Offensichtlich unterscheiden sich hier subjektiv empfundene Behaglichkeit und objektiv gemessener Komfort. Gleichzeitig sind Heiz- und Kühlkonzepte mit Flächentemperierung dann besonders energieeffizient, wenn das Regelkonzept auf deren thermische Trägheit angepasst ist. Eine gute Regelung gewährleistet also einen hohen thermischen Komfort und sorgt für einen möglichst niedrigen Energieeinsatz. Das Rechenverfahren mit Anlagenaufwandszahlen (in Anlehnung an DIN V 18599) bietet eine gute Möglichkeit, Anlagenkonzepte inklusive deren Betriebsführungsstrategie zu bewerten. Damit ist es möglich, eine auf das Gebäude angepasste Betriebsführungsstrategie für die Bauteilaktivierung zu finden und einheitlich zu bewerten.
Background: R-wave synchronised atrial pacing is an effective temporary pacing
therapy in infants with postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. In the technique
currently used, adverse short or long intervals between atrial pacing and ventricular
sensing (AP–VS) may be observed during routine clinical practice.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyse outcomes of R-wave synchronised
atrial pacing and the relationship between maximum tracking rates and AP–VS
intervals.
Methods: Calculated AP–VS intervals were compared with those predicted by experienced
pediatric cardiologist.
Results: A maximum tracking rate (MTR) set 10 bpm higher than the heart rate (HR)
may result in undesirable short AP–VS intervals (minimum 83 ms). A MTR set 20 bpm
above the HR is the hemodynamically better choice (minimum 96 ms). Effects of either
setting on the AP–VS interval could not be predicted by experienced observers. In our
newly proposed technique the AP–VS interval approaches 95 ms for HR > 210 bpm
and 130 ms for HR < 130 bpm. The progression is linear and decreases strictly
(− 0.4 ms/bpm) between the two extreme levels.
Conclusions: Adjusting the AP–VS interval in the currently used technique is complex
and may imply unfavorable pacemaker settings. A new pacemaker design is advisable
to allow direct control of the AP–VS interval.
We present a two-dimensional (2D) planar chromatographic separation method for phytoestrogenic active compounds on RP-18 W (Merck, 1.14296) phase. It could be shown that an ethanolic extract of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) roots contains four phytoestrogenic active compounds. As solvent, in the first direction, the mix of hexane, ethyl acetate, and acetone (45:15:10, v/v) was used, and, in the second direction, that of acetone and water (15:10, v/v) was used. After separation, a modified yeast estrogen screen (YES) test was applied, using the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ3505. The test strain (according to McDonnell) contains the estrogen receptor. Its activation by estrogen active compounds is measured by inducing the reporter gene lacZ which encodes the enzyme β-galactosidase. This enzyme activity is determined on plate by using the fluorescent substrate MUG (4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-galactopyranoside). The enzyme can also hydrolyse X-β-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-β-d-galactopyranosid) into β-galactose and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl. The indoxyl compound is oxidized by oxygen forming the deep-blue dye 5,5β-dibromo-4,4β-dichloro-indigo which allows to detect phytoestrogenic activity more specific in the presence of native fluorescing compounds.