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In contrast to their traditional, non-interactive counterparts, interactive dynamic visualisations allow users to adapt their form and content to their individual cognitive skills and needs. Provided that the interactive features allow for intuitive use without increasing cognitive load, interactive videos should therefore lead to more efficient forms of learning. This notion was tested in an experimental study, where participants learned to tie four nautical knots of different complexity by watching either non-interactive or interactive videos. The results show that in the interactive condition, participants used the interactive features like stopping, replaying, reversing or changing speed to adapt the pace of the video demonstration. This led to an uneven distribution of their attention and cognitive resources across the videos, which was more pronounced for the difficult knots. Consequently users of non-interactive video presentations, needed substantially more time than users of the interactive videos to acquire the necessary skills for tying the knots.
Diode-array planar chromatography is a versatile tool for identification of pharmaceutical substances In this paper thirty-three compounds with benzodiazepine properties were investigated and the separating conditions for silica gel HPTLC plates and three mobile phases were optimized. Diode-array HPTLC makes it possible to identify all the compounds with high certainty down to a level of 20 ng. An algorithm for spectral recognition which is combined with R F values from the three separation steps into one fit factor is presented. This set of data is unique for each of the compounds investigated and enables unequivocal identification. The method is rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive down to a level of 20 ng mL −1.
Specific prototypes of sedimentation field flow fractionation devices (SdFFF) have been developed with relative success for cell sorting. However, no data are available to compare these apparatus with commercial ones. In order to compare with other devices mainly used for non-biological species, biocompatible systems were used for standard particle (latex: 3–10 μm of different size dispersities) separation development. In order to enhance size dependent separations, channels of reduced thickness were used (80 and 100 μm) and channel/carrier-phase equilibration procedures were necessary. For sample injection, the use of inlet tubing linked to the FFF accumulation wall, common for cell sorting, can be extended to latex species when they are eluted in the Steric Hyperlayer elution mode. It avoids any primary relaxation steps (stop flow injection procedure) simplifying series of elution processing. Mixtures composed of four different monodispersed latex beads can be eluted in 6 min with 100 μm channel thickness.
The three wavelength extinction method (3-WEM) was applied for the on-line particle analysisof suspensions of monodisperse latex beads and polydisperse metal oxide particles of industrialinterest. Comparative measurements were performed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Thedata of latex particles obtained by 3-WEM and PCS are in good agreement with the manufacture’svalues. Also, the values of oxide particles measured by means of the two techniques are in reasonableagreement despite of the irregular particle shape.Discrepancies are observed by comparing the oxideparticle size results with those of scanning electron microscopy, which is due to the broad sampledistributions and shape irregularities.
In thin-layer chromatography the development step distributes the sample throughout the layer, a process which strongly affects the reflection signals. The essential requirement for quantitative thinlayer chromatography is not a constant sample concentration but constant sample distribution in each sample spot. This makes evaporation of the mobile phase extremely important, because all tracks of a TLC plate must be dried uniformly. This paper shows that quantitative TLC is possible even if the concentration of the sample is not constant throughout the layer or if the distribution of the sample is not known. With uniform sample distribution, classical Kubelka-Munk theory is valid for isotropic scattering only. In the absence of this constraint classical Kubelka-Munk theory must be extended to situations where scattering is asymmetric. This can be achieved by modification of the original Kubelka-Munk equation. Extended theory is presented which is not only capable of describing asymmetrical scattering in TLC layers but also includes a formula for absorption and fluorescence in diode-array TLC. With this new theory all different formulas for diode-array thin-layer chromatographic evaluation are combined in one expression.
This paper focuses on the effects of differential mode delay (DMD) on the bandwidth of multimode optical fibres. First an analytical solution for the computation of the differential mode time delay is presented. The electrical field of each mode is calculated by the numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation. Based on this solution the modal power distribution as well as the fibre's impulse response under different launching conditions can be obtained.
Next, the refractive-index profile of two fibres is modelled on the basis of DMD measurements. It is shown that these measurements provide enough information to predict the fibre's propagation characteristics under different launch conditions (excitation conditions).