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All you need is sleep
(2016)
In 21st century, the century when the humanity hopes to embark on interplanetary travel, we are yet to fully reach an understanding of our very own idiosyncratic terra incognita – the human sleep. Sleep is a highly conserved evolutionary process that constitutes approximately one third of our life, and the lack or inadequate sleep may lead to impairment across multiple cognitive domains (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014; Lim and Dinges, 2010). Sleep deprivation also leads to aberrant brain functioning, immunological and metabolic collapse, and if it is sufficiently prolonged it will ultimately lead to death (Tononi and Cirelli, 2014).
There is increasing evidence of central hyperexcitability in chronic whiplash-associated disorders (cWAD). However, little is known about how an apparently simple cervical spine injury can induce changes in cerebral processes. The present study was designed (1) to validate previous results showing alterations of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in cWAD, (2) to test if central hyperexcitability reflects changes in rCBF upon non-painful stimulation of the neck, and (3) to verify our hypothesis that the missing link in understanding the underlying pathophysiology could be the close interaction between the neck and midbrain structures. For this purpose, alterations of rCBF were explored in a case-control study using H215O positron emission tomography, where each group was exposed to four different conditions, including rest and different levels of non-painful electrical stimulation of the neck. rCBF was found to be elevated in patients with cWAD in the posterior cingulate and precuneus, and decreased in the superior temporal, parahippocampal, and inferior frontal gyri, the thalamus and the insular cortex when compared with rCBF in healthy controls. No differences in rCBF were observed between different levels of electrical stimulation. The alterations in regions directly involved with pain perception and interoceptive processing indicate that cWAD symptoms might be the consequence of a mismatch during the integration of information in brain regions involved in pain processing.
Kommentar zu "Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex" von Sharlene N. Flesher et al., veröffentlicht in Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 361, Seite 361ra141 (DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8083)
eLetter zum Artikel "How hair can reveal a history" von Hanae Armitage & Nala Rogers, veröffentlicht in Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6278, Seite 1134 (doi.org/10.1126/science.351.6278.1134)
This is a commentary note on the situation of functional neuroimaging in psychiatry. With this we would like to encourage psychiatrists and the journal editors of psychiatric and related journals to at least rethink the role of functional neuroimaging in this discipline and use these imaging techniques in their various aspects of clinical diagnosis and therapy regimens,respectively.
Die Namen Cormack und Hounsfield sind für den Radiologen zu einem wichtigen Synonym für die Computertomographie (CT) geworden. Der mathematische Wegbereiter für die CT, Johann Radon, kommt in der radiologischen Diskussion und den historischen Rückblicken hingegen oft zu Unrecht zu kurz. Die folgende Kurzübersicht möchte daher dem interessierten Leser die wichtigsten historischen Eckdaten zu dem in vielerlei Hinsicht bewegenden Leben und Wirken dieses großen Mathematikers näherbringen.