Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Conference Proceeding (1184)
- Article (reviewed) (678)
- Article (unreviewed) (566)
- Part of a Book (459)
- Contribution to a Periodical (287)
- Book (227)
- Other (139)
- Working Paper (104)
- Patent (98)
- Report (76)
Conference Type
- Konferenzartikel (945)
- Konferenz-Abstract (156)
- Sonstiges (42)
- Konferenz-Poster (32)
- Konferenzband (13)
Language
- German (2070)
- English (1855)
- Other language (5)
- Russian (3)
- Multiple languages (2)
- French (1)
- Spanish (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (3937) (remove)
Keywords
- Digitalisierung (41)
- RoboCup (32)
- Dünnschichtchromatographie (28)
- COVID-19 (23)
- Kommunikation (23)
- Social Media (23)
- Arbeitszeugnis (22)
- Energieversorgung (22)
- E-Learning (21)
- Gamification (21)
Institute
- Fakultät Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (M+V) (945)
- Fakultät Medien und Informationswesen (M+I) (bis 21.04.2021) (808)
- Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (E+I) (bis 03/2019) (779)
- Fakultät Wirtschaft (W) (615)
- Fakultät Elektrotechnik, Medizintechnik und Informatik (EMI) (ab 04/2019) (464)
- INES - Institut für nachhaltige Energiesysteme (239)
- Fakultät Medien (M) (ab 22.04.2021) (218)
- ivESK - Institut für verlässliche Embedded Systems und Kommunikationselektronik (155)
- Zentrale Einrichtungen (81)
- IMLA - Institute for Machine Learning and Analytics (78)
Open Access
- Open Access (1462)
- Closed Access (1245)
- Closed (527)
- Bronze (284)
- Diamond (76)
- Gold (76)
- Hybrid (49)
- Grün (16)
The applicability of finite elements for molecular dynamic simulations depends on both the structure’s dimensions and the underlying force field type. Shell and continuum elements describe molecular structures only in an average sense, which is why they are not subject of this paper. In contrast, truss and beam elements are potentially attractive candidates when it comes to accurately reproducing the atomic interactions. However, special considerations are required for force fields that use not only two-body, but also multi-body potentials. For the example of bending and torsion energies it is shown how standard beam element models have to be extended to be equivalent to classical molecular dynamic simulations.
Rubber materials are characterized by a variety of inelasticities such as softening behavior, hysteresis loops and permanent set. In order to calculate the inelastic material behavior, constitutive models, that describe rubber as a homogeneous continuum, have to make use of damping or friction elements.
On the nanoscale, there is no need to adopt such rheological models. Inelastic material behavior can be explained and simulated by a continuous rearrangement of bonds, in particular, the van der Waals interactions, and by the polymer chains transitioning between cis and trans equilibrium torsion angles. The discrete molecular dynamics simulations presented in this paper are performed in an explicit FEM environment using nonlinear but elastic force field potentials. From a structural mechanics point of view, topological changes of the polymer network can be interpreted as a sequence of local material instability problems due to negative tangential bond stiffnesses.
In order to obtain representative results within reasonable computational time, the model is optimized with respect to the number of atoms and the loading velocity. It is shown that by increasing the model size, the stress–strain curves become independent of both the atoms initial state and the strain amplitudes.
Instabilities of the interface between two thin liquid films under DC electroosmotic flow are investigated using linear stability analysis followed by an asymptotic analysis in the long-wave limit. The two-liquid system is bounded by two rigid plates which act as substrates. The Boltzmann charge distribution is considered for the two electrolyte solutions and gives rise to a potential distribution in these liquids. The effect of van der Waals interactions in these thin films is incorporated in the momentum equations through the disjoining pressure. Marginal stability and growth rate curves are plotted in order to identify the thresholds for the control parameters when instabilities set in. If the upper liquid is a dielectric, the applied electric field can have stabilizing or destabilizing effects depending on the viscosity ratio due to the competition between viscous and electric forces. For viscosity ratio equal to unity, the stability of the system gets disconnected from the electric parameters like interface zeta potential and electric double-layer thickness. As expected, disjoining pressure has a destabilizing effect, and capillary forces have stabilizing effect. The overall stability trend depends on the complex contest between all the above-mentioned parameters. The present study can be used to tune these parameters according to the stability requirement.
This paper evaluates the implementation of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols suitable for massive access connectivity in 5G multi-service networks. The access protocol extends multi-packet detection receivers based on Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC) decoding and Coded Random Access protocols considering practical aspects to implement one-stage MAC protocols for short packet communications in mMTC services. Extensions to enhance data delivery phase in two- stage protocols are also proposed. The assessment of the access protocols is extended under system level simulations where a suitable link to system interface characterization has been taken into account.
Acoustic waves are investigated which are guided at the edge (apex line) of a wedge-shaped elastic body or at the edge of an elastic plate. The edges contain a periodic sequence of modifications, consisting either of indentations or inclusions with a different elastic material which gives rise to high acoustic mismatch. Dispersion relations are computed with the help of the finite element method. They exhibit zero-group velocity points on the dispersion branches of edge-localized acoustic modes. These special points also occur at Bloch-Floquet wavenumbers away from the Brillouin zone boundary. Deep indentations lead to flat branches corresponding to largely non-interacting, Einstein-oscillator like vibrations of the tongues between the grooves of the periodic structure. Due to the nonlinearity of the elastic media, quantified by their third-order elastic constants, an acoustic mode localized at a periodically modified edge generates a second harmonic which partly consists of surface and plate modes propagating into the elastic medium in the direction vertical to the edge. This acoustic radiation at the second-harmonic frequency is investigated for an elastic plate and a truncated sharp-angle wedge with periodic inclusions at their edges. Unlike nonlinear bulk wave generation by surface acoustic waves in an interdigital structure, surface and plate mode radiation by edge-localized modes can be visualized directly in laser-ultrasound experiments.
Oxidation of the nickel electrode is a severe aging mechanism of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOEC). This work presents a modeling study of safe operating conditions with respect to nickel oxide formation. Microkinetic reaction mechanisms for thermochemical and electrochemical nickel oxidation are integrated into a 2D multiphase model of an anode‐supported solid oxide cell. Local oxidation propensity can be separated into four regimes. Simulations show that the thermochemical pathway generally dominates the electrochemical pathway. As a consequence, as long as fuel utilization is low, cell operation considerably below electrochemical oxidation limit of 0.704 V is possible without the risk of reoxidation.
Multi-phase management is crucial for performance and durability of electrochemical cells such as batteries and fuel cells. In this paper we present a generic framework for describing the two-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution of gaseous, liquid and solid phases, as well as their interdependence with interfacial (electro-)chemistry and microstructure in a continuum description. The modeling domain consists of up to seven layers (current collectors, channels, electrodes, separator/membrane), each of which can consist of an arbitrary number of bulk phases (gas, liquid, solid) and connecting interfaces (two-phase or multi-phase boundaries). Bulk and interfacial chemistry is described using global or elementary kinetic reactions. Multi-phase management is coupled to chemistry and to mass and charge transport within bulk phases. The functionality and flexibility of this framework is demonstrated using four application areas in the context of post-lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells, that is, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) cells, lithium-oxygen (Li-O) cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFC). The results are compared to models available in literature and properties of the generic framework are discussed.
The lifetime and performance of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and electrolyzer cells (SOEC) can be significantly degraded by oxidation of nickel within the electrode and support structures. This paper documents a detailed computational model describing nickel oxide (NiO) formation as a growing film layer on top of the nickel phase in Ni/YSZ composite electrodes. The model assumes that the oxidation rate is controlled by transport of ions across the film (Wagner's theory). The computational model, which is implemented in a two-dimensional continuum framework, facilitates the investigation of alternative chemical reaction and transport mechanisms. Model predictions agree well with a literature experimental measurement of oxidation-layer growth. In addition to providing insight in interpreting experimental observations, the model provides a quantitative predictive capability for improving electrode design and controlling operating conditions.
The formation of secondary phases in the porous electrodes is a severe mechanism affecting the lifetime of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). It can occur via various chemical mechanisms and it has a significant influence on cell performance due to pore clogging and deactivation of active surfaces and triple-phase boundary (TPB). We present a modeling and simulation study of nickel oxide formation (reoxidation) and carbon formation (coking) within the SOFC anode. We use a 2D continuum model based on a multi-phase framework [Neidhardt et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, 9 (2012)] that allows the introduction of arbitrary solid phases (here: Ni, YSZ, NiO, Carbon) plus gas phase. Reactions between the bulk phases are modeled via interface-adsorbed species and are described by an elementary kinetic approach. Published experimental data are used for parameterization and validation. Simulations allow the prediction of cell performance under critical operation conditions, like (i) a non-fuel operation test, where NiO formation is taking place (Figure 1a), or (ii) an open circuit voltage (OCV) stability test under hydrocarbon atmosphere, where solid carbon is formed (Figure 1b). Results are applied for enhanced interpretation of experimental data and for prediction of safe operation conditions.
Beschrieben wird die Kombination Gold/Titan als Edelmetall-Legierung die sich durch die hohe Biokompatibilität im Vergleich zu anderen Legierungsmetallen bei der Implantatprothetik auszeichnet. Motiviert wird die Anwendung durch die Tatsache, daß einzelne der in aufbrennfähigen Edelmetallegierungen vorhandenen Komponenten vermehrt zu Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen bei Patienten Anlaß gaben. Ziel ist mit möglichst nur einer Legierung einen möglichst breiten Indikationsbereich abzudecken. Dies läßt die Verwendung von Titan als Bestandteil hochgoldhaltiger Legierungen erstrebenswert erscheinen. Anhand eines Patientenfalles wird der Einsatz der Goldbasislegierung 'Esteticor Vision' der Firma Cendres & Metaux dargestellt. Die Legierung setzt sich zusammen aus 98.2 % Gold, 1,7 % Titan, 0,1 % Iridium. Die technischen Daten erlauben eine universelle Einsetzbarkeit. Präpariert wurde ein Langzeitprovisorium nach Knochenaufbau im Bereich der atrophierten Alveolarfortsätze. Das Aufschmelzen der Legierung erfolgt unter Schutzgas in Graphittiegeln um Oxidbildung zu vermeiden. Die guten Fließeigenschaften ermöglichen die Ausbildung selbst filigranster Bereiche der Restauration was zu einem in Form und Funktion gelungenen Ergebnis führt. Biokompatibilität, Sicherheit, Kosten/Nutzen-Verhältnis und der Wunsch nach einer einzigen goldfarbenen Legierung für möglichst viele Indikationen werden nach Meinung des Autors durch die beschriebene Legierung erfüllt.
Im Rahmen dieser Studie sollen Struktur und der Ablauf internationaler Carve-Out-Transaktionen dargestellt werden. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf den rechtlichen Aspekten solcher Transaktionen. Nichtsdestotrotz, da internationale Carve-Out-Transaktionen gerade eine sehr enge und komplexe Verflechtung rechtlicher, organisatorischer und strategischer Aspekte ausmacht, soll die internationale Carve-Out-Transaktion als Ganzes beleuchtet werden.
In this report, we have studied field-effect transistors (FETs) using low-density alumina for electrolytic gating. Device layers have been prepared starting from the structured ITO glasses by printing the In 2 O 3 channels, low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), and printing graphene top gates. The transistor performance could be deliberately changed by alternating the ambient humidity; furthermore, ID,ON/ID,OFF-ratios of up to seven orders of magnitude and threshold voltages between 0.66 and 0.43 V, decreasing with an increasing relative humidity between 40% and 90%, could be achieved. In contrast to the common usage of Al 2 O 3 as the dielectric in the FETs, our devices show electrolyte-typegating behavior. This is a result from the formation of protons on the Al 2 O 3 surfaces at higher humidities. Due to the very high local capacitances of the Helmholtz double layers at the channel surfaces, the operation voltage can be as low as 1 V. At low humidities (≤30%), the solid electrolyte dries out and the performance breaks down; however, it can fully reversibly be regained upon a humidity increase. Using ALD-derived alumina as solid electrolyte gating material, thus, allows low-voltage operation and provides a chemically stable gating material while maintaining low process temperatures. However, it has proven to be highly humidity-dependent in its performance.
Printed systems spark immense interest in industry, and for several parts such as solar cells or radio frequency identification antennas, printed products are already available on the market. This has led to intense research; however, printed field-effect transistors (FETs) and logics derived thereof still have not been sufficiently developed to be adapted by industry. Among others, one of the reasons for this is the lack of control of the threshold voltage during production. In this work, we show an approach to adjust the threshold voltage (Vth) in printed electrolyte-gated FETs (EGFETs) with high accuracy by doping indium-oxide semiconducting channels with chromium. Despite high doping concentrations achieved by a wet chemical process during precursor ink preparation, good on/off-ratios of more than five orders of magnitude could be demonstrated. The synthesis process is simple, inexpensive, and easily scalable and leads to depletion-mode EGFETs, which are fully functional at operation potentials below 2 V and allows us to increase Vth by approximately 0.5 V.
Wireless sensor networks have recently found their way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring system has attracted increasing interests of researchers. Such monitoring applications, in general, don way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring system has attracted increasing interests of researc latency requirements regarding to the energy efficiency. Also a challenge of this application is the network topology as the application should be able to be deployed in very large scale. Nevertheless low power consumption of the devices making up the network must be on focus in order to maximize the lifetime of the whole system. These devices are usually battery-powered and spend most of their energy budget on radio transceiver module. A so-called Wake-On-Radio (WoR) technology can be used to achieve a reasonable balance among power consumption, range, complexity and response time. In this paper, some designs for integration of WOR into IEEE 802.1.5.4 are to be discussed, providing an overview of trade-offs in energy consumption while deploying the WoR schemes in a monitoring system.
Environmental Monitoring is an attractive application field for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Water Level Monitoring helps to increase the efficiency of water distribution and management. In Pakistan, the world’s largest irrigation system covers 90.000 km of channels which needs to be monitored and managed on different levels. Especially the sensor systems for the small distribution channels need to be low energy and low cost. The distribution presents a technical solution for a communication system which is developed in a research project being co-funded by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The communication module is based on IEEE-802.15.4 transceivers which are enhanced through Wake-On-Radio (WOR) to combine low-energy and real-time behavior. On higher layers, IPv6 (6LoWPAN) and corresponding routing protocols like Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) can extend range of the network. The data are stored in a database and can be viewed online via a web interface. Of course, also automatic data analysis can be performed.
Wireless sensor networks have found their way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring systems have attracted increasing interests of researchers. The main challenges for the applications are scalability of the network size and energy efficiency of the spatially distributed motes. These devices are mostly battery-powered and spend most of their energy budget on the radio transceiver module. A so-called Wake-On-Radio (WOR) technology can be used to achieve a reasonable balance among power consumption, range, complexity and response time. In this paper, a novel design for integration of WOR into IEEE802.1.5.4 is presented, which flexibly allows trade-offs in energy consumption between sender and receiver station, between real-time capability and energy consumption. For identical behavior, the proposed scheme is significantly more efficient than other schemes, which were proposed in recent publications, while preserving backward compatibility with standard IEEE802.15.4 transceivers.
„Was ich in der deutschen Debatte nie verstehen werde, ist, warum am Ende so viel mehr Bereitschaft da ist, Apple, Google, Facebook oder auch Alibaba die eigenen persönlichen Daten jeden Tag zur Verfügung zu stellen, als dann, wenn der eigene Staat einen Rahmen dafür setzt, Daten zum Wohle des Einzelnen - anonymisiert oder pseudonymisiert - zur Forschung und zum Mehrwert für alle Patientinnen und Patienten zu nutzen. Dann gibt es so ein Grundmisstrauen. Solange das so ist und es ein Grundvertrauen in amerikanische Großkonzerne und ein Grundmisstrauen in den eigenen Staat gibt, werden wir in der Digitalisierung nicht vorankommen.“ Mit diesem Appell warnte der Bundesgesundheitsminister Jens Spahn am 3. Juli 2020 vor dem Setzen falscher Prioritäten beim Datenschutz, im Rahmen der von ihm forcierten Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen. Diese von ihm kritisierte Inkonsequenz betrifft in Teilen auch den Autor dieser Arbeit. So hat dieser bei seinem letzten Arztbesuch die ausgehändigte „Patienteninformation zum Datenschutz“ erstmals kritisch beäugt und sich Gedanken darüber gemacht, ob der Arzt den alten Praxiscomputer ausreichend vor unberechtigtem Zugriff auf seine Daten schützt. Weniger Bedenken hingegen hat er, während er im Wartezimmer am Smartphone durch die sozialen Netzwerke stöbert und hierbei seine persönlichen Daten in sozialen Netzwerken preisgibt, deren Firmensitze teilweise sogar im Ausland liegen. Dass nicht nur der Autor von der Datenverarbeitung im digitalen Zeitalter betroffen ist, zeigt die „ARD/ZDF-Onlinestudie 2020“, nach der mittlerweile über 90% der deutschen Bevölkerung online sind und ein Viertel der Gesamtbevölkerung regelmäßig soziale Netzwerke nutzt. Doch nicht nur beim Arztbesuch, sondern auch im alltäglichen Leben gewinnt das Thema Datenschutz im E-Health-Bereich eine immer bedeutender werdende Rolle. Im pandemiegeprägten Jahr 2020 wurde zur Einführung der Corona-Warn-App über die digitale Datenverarbeitung im Gesundheitswesen kontrovers diskutiert. Kritiker bemängelten die staatliche Kontrolle, während Befürworter die Effektivität der App zur Pandemiebekämpfung mittels Nachverfolgung sowie die hohen Datenschutzstandards hervorheben.
Das Projekt Yaffa "Yeast Analysis by Field Flow Fractionation" ist ein Verbundprojekt der Hochschule Offenburg und der Hochschule Wiesbaden in Kooperation mit der Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim, der Université Limoges, mehreren Industriepartnern der Weinbaubranche sowie der Postnova Analytics GmbH. Ziel ist es, für die Weinherstellung ein praxistaugliches und wirtschafltiches Analyseverfahren mit Feldflussfraktionierung zu entwickeln. Das Analyseverfahren soll zur Qualitätsüberwachung des Weinfermetationsprozesses eingesetzt werden, wodurch z. B. Gärstörungen rechtzeitig erkannt und geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen eingeleitet werden können.
An international study summarizes the threat situation in the OT environment under the heading "Growing security threats" [1]. According to this study, attacks on automation systems are likely to increase in the future. Accordingly, an automation system must be able to protect the integrity of the transmitted information in the future. This requirement is motivated, among other things, by the fact that the network-side isolation of industrial communication systems is no longer considered sufficient as the sole protective measure. This paper uses the example of PROFINET to show how the future requirements for a real-time communication protocol can be met and how they can be derived from the IEC 62443 standard.
We have developed a methodology for the systematic generation of a large image dataset of macerated wood references, which we used to generate image data for nine hardwood genera. This is the basis for a substantial approach to automate, for the first time, the identification of hardwood species in microscopic images of fibrous materials by deep learning. Our methodology includes a flexible pipeline for easy annotation of vessel elements. We compare the performance of different neural network architectures and hyperparameters. Our proposed method performs similarly well to human experts. In the future, this will improve controls on global wood fiber product flows to protect forests.
A prototype multiwavelength sensor able to characterise soot emissions in Diesel exhaust in terms of size and concentration has been tested against other methods for diesel particle measurements like electrical mobility sizing (SMPS) and raw exhaust gravimetric sampling (RES). Measurements carried out with the prototype sensor were correlated with the SMPS by assuming spherical and/or fractal aggregate morphology of the particles. Correlation of RES gravimetric data against the sensor and the SMPS led to the calculation of the solid density for soot particles to be 2.3 gr/cm3.
We propose secure multi-party computation techniques for the distributed computation of the average using a privacy-preserving extension of gossip algorithms. While recently there has been mainly research on the side of gossip algorithms (GA) for data aggregation itself, to the best of our knowledge, the aforementioned research line does not take into consideration the privacy of the entities involved. More concretely, it is our objective to not reveal a node's private input value to any other node in the network, while still computing the average in a fully-decentralized fashion. Not revealing in our setting means that an attacker gains only minor advantage when guessing a node's private input value. We precisely quantify an attacker's advantage when guessing - as a mean for the level of data privacy leakage of a node's contribution. Our results show that by perturbing the input values of each participating node with pseudo-random noise with appropriate statistical properties (i) only a minor and configurable leakage of private information is revealed, by at the same time (ii) providing a good average approximation at each node. Our approach can be applied to a decentralized prosumer market, in which participants act as energy consumers or producers or both, referred to as prosumers.
In this study, a high-performance controller is proposed for single-phase grid-tied energy storage systems (ESSs). To control power factor and current harmonics and manage time-shifting of energy, the ESS is required to have low steady-state error and fast transient response. It is well known that fast controllers often lack the required steady-state accuracy and trade-off is inevitable. A hybrid control system is therefore presented that combines a simple yet fast proportional derivative controller with a repetitive controller which is a type of learning controller with small steady-state error, suitable for applications with periodic grid current harmonic waveforms. This results in an improved system with distortion-free, high power factor grid current. The proposed controller model is developed and design parameters are presented. The stability analysis for the proposed system is provided and the theoretical analysis is verified through stability, transient and steady-state simulations.
Die Auswirkungen der Entlüftung auf den Spritzgießablauf, das Formteil sowie das Verhalten bei teilevakuierter Kavität wurden im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit untersucht. Die negativen Folgen für Formteil, Werkzeug und Spritzgießablauf, die aus einer ungenügenden Werkzeugentlüftung resultieren, werden aufgezeigt. Die grundsätzlichen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Werkzeugentlüftungen sind zusammengestellt. In Versuchsreihen wurde das Entlüftungsverhalten bei teilevakuierter Kavität bei konstantem Einspritzdruck untersucht sowie der Einfluß der Werkzeugentlüftung bei unterschiedlichen Spalttiefen des Entlüftungskanals ermittelt. Die wichtigsten Resultate und konstruktiven Auslegungskriterien bezüglich der Entlüftungselemente, des Einspritzens unter teilevakuierter Kavität und des Einflusses der Werkzeugentlüftung, welche aus den Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Diplomarbeit hervorgehen, sind zusammengefaßt.
Die Folgen ungenügender Entlüftung wurden durch Umfragen bei Konstrukteuren und Werkzeugmachern aus sechs Betrieben ermittelt und sind für Formteil, Werkzeug, Spritzgießprozeß ebenso tabellarisch wie die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Entlüftungen (in der Trennebene und Kavität) dargestellt. Im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit wurden mit Hilfe eines speziellen Versuchswerkzeuges die Auswirkungen der Entlüftung auf den Spritzgießablauf, das Formteil und das Verhalten bei teilevakuierter Kavität (der Einfluß des Evakuierungsgrades auf die gemittelte Füllhöhe wird anhand einer Kurve erläutert) untersucht. Die Konstanz der Werkzeuginnendrücke, die Berechenbarkeit der Druckabfälle (Tabelle mit Druckabfällen in Abhängigkeit der Entlüftungsspaltgeometrie), die Entlüftungselemente (bewegliche haben den Vorzug der Selbstreinigung) und das Einspritzen unter teilevakuierter Kavität werden beschrieben. Der Einfluß der Werkzeugentlüftung umfaßt die Spalttiefe des Entlüftungskanals, die Größe des Expansionsraumes und den Anschluß an die Dichtkante des Expansionsraumes.
Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) provides mechanisms to enable deterministic and real-time networking in industrial networks. Configuration of these mechanisms is key to fully deploy and integrate TSN in the networks. The IEEE 802.1 Qcc standard has proposed different configuration models to implement a TSN configuration. Up until now, TSN and its configuration have been explored mostly for Ethernet-based industrial networks. However, they are still considered “work-in-progress” for wireless networks. This work focuses on the fully centralized model and describes a generic concept to enable the configuration of TSN mechanisms in wireless industrial networks. To this end, a configuration entity is implemented to conFigure the wireless end stations to satisfy their requirements. The proposed solution is then validated with the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication ultra-low energy (DECT ULE) wireless communication protocol.
Low latency communication is essential to enable mission-critical machine-type communication (mMTC) use cases in cellular networks. Factory and process automation are major areas that require such low latency communication. In this paper, we investigate the potential of adopting the semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) latency reduction technique in narrowband LTE (NB-LTE) networks and provide a comprehensive performance evaluation. First, we investigate and implement SPS in an open-source network simulator (NS3). We perform simulations with a focus on LTE-M and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) systems and evaluate the impact of the SPS technique on the uplink latency of these narrowband systems in real industrial automation scenarios. The performance gain of adopting SPS is analyzed and the results is compared with the legacy dynamic scheduling. Our results show that SPS has the potential to reduce the latency of cellular Internet of Things (cIoT) networks. We believe that SPS can be integrated into LTE-M and NB-IoT systems to support low-latency industrial applications.
Enabling ultra-low latency is one of the major drivers for the development of future cellular networks to support delay sensitive applications including factory automation, autonomous vehicles and tactile internet. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 13 standardized cellular network currently optimized for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). To reduce the latency in cellular networks, 3GPP has proposed some latency reduction techniques that include Semi Persistent Scheduling (SPS) and short Transmission Time Interval (sTTI). In this paper, we investigate the potential of adopting both techniques in NB-IoT networks and provide a comprehensive performance evaluation. We firstly analyze these techniques and then implement them in an open-source network simulator (NS3). Simulations are performed with a focus on Cat-NB1 User Equipment (UE) category to evaluate the uplink user-plane latency. Our results show that SPS and sTTI have the potential to greatly reduce the latency in NB-IoT systems. We believe that both techniques can be integrated into NB-IoT systems to position NB-IoT as a preferred technology for low data rate Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) applications before 5G has been fully rolled out.
Digital networked communications are the key to all Internet-of-Things applications, especially to smart metering systems and the smart grid. In order to ensure a safe operation of systems and the privacy of users, the transport layer security (TLS) protocol, a mature and well standardized solution for secure communications, may be used. We implemented the TLS protocol in its latest version in a way suitable for embedded and resource-constrained systems. This paper outlines the challenges and opportunities of deploying TLS in smart metering and smart grid applications and presents performance results of our TLS implementation. Our analysis shows that given an appropriate implementation and configuration, deploying TLS in constrained smart metering systems is possible with acceptable overhead.
We consider the local group of agents for exchanging the time-series data value and computing the approximation of the mean value of all agents. An agent represented by a node knows all local neighbor nodes in the same group. The node has the contact information of other nodes in other groups. The nodes interact with each other in synchronous rounds to exchange the updated time-series data value using the random call communication model. The amount of data exchanged between agent-based sensors in the local group network affects the accuracy of the aggregation function results. At each time step, the agent-based sensor can update the input data value and send the updated data value to the group head node. The group head node sends the updated data value to all group members in the same group. Grouping nodes in peer-to-peer networks show an improvement in Mean Squared Error (MSE).
We consider large scale Peer-to-Peer Sensor Networks, which try to calculate and distribute the mean value of all sensor inputs. For this we design, simulate and evaluate distributed approximation algorithms which reduce the number of messages. The main difference of these algorithms is the underlying communication protocol which all use the random call model, where in discrete round model each node can call a random sensor node with uniform probability.The amount of data exchanged between sensor nodes and used in the calculation process affects the accuracy of the aggregation results leading to a trade-off situation. The key idea of our algorithms is to limit the sample size using the Finite Population Correction (FPC) method and collect the data using a distribution aggregation using Push-Pull Sampling, Pull Sampling, and Push Sampling communication protocols. It turns out that all methods show exponential improvement of Mean Squared Error (MSE) with the number of messages and rounds.
The interaction between agents in multiagent-based control systems requires peer to peer communication between agents avoiding central control. The sensor nodes represent agents and produce measurement data every time step. The nodes exchange time series data by using the peer to peer network in order to calculate an aggregation function for solving a problem cooperatively. We investigate the aggregation process of averaging data for time series data of nodes in a peer to peer network by using the grouping algorithm of Cichon et al. 2018. Nodes communicate whether data is new and map data values according to their sizes into a histogram. This map message consists of the subintervals and vectors for estimating the node joining and leaving the subinterval. At each time step, the nodes communicate with each other in synchronous rounds to exchange map messages until the network converges to a common map message. The node calculates the average value of time series data produced by all nodes in the network by using the histogram algorithm. The relative error for comparing the output of averaging time series data, and the ground truth of the average value in the network will decrease as the size of the network increases. We perform simulations which show that the approximate histograms method provides a reasonable approximation of time series data.
Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie sich die Ackermann’sche Formel zur Polvorgabe bei zeitkontinuierlichen
Ein- und Mehrgrößenzustandsregelungen in einfacher
Weise auf nicht vollständig steuerbare Regelstrecken
erweitern lässt. Das vorgestellte Verfahren basiert
auf einer teilsystemorientierten Zustandstransformation
in Verbindung mit der Einführung zusätzlicher fiktiver Stellgrößen, über die nichtsteuerbare Streckeneigenwerte
formal beeinflusst werden könnten, aber durch Nullsetzen
dieser Stellgrößen nicht beeinflusst werden. Dem
Reglerentwurf vorausgehende Maßnahmen zur Elimination
von nicht steuerbaren Anteilen aus dem Streckenmodell
sind daher nicht erforderlich. Im Vergleich zum Fall
einer vollständig steuerbaren Regelstrecke erfordert die
Anwendung des vorgestellten Verfahrens kaum Mehraufwand,
was am Beispiel eines Eingrößen- und eines Mehrgrößensystems
illustriert wird.
In this paper, the performance of different continuous-time and discrete-time models of the electrical subsystem of induction machines and permanent-magnet synchronous machines as well as methods based on them for decoupling the direct and
quadrature axis components of the stator current are investigated and compared. The focus here is on inverter-fed, pulse width modulated drives when operated with a relatively large product of stator frequency and sampling time, where significant
differences between the models and decoupling methods used come to light. Recommendations for a discrete-time model to be used uniformly in the future are made, as well as statements on whether feedforward or feedback decoupling structures are better suited and whether state controllers improve decoupling measures for very steep speed ramps. Simulation studies and measurement results support the statements made above.
The paper compares different anti-windup strategies for the current control of inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) controlled by pulse-width modulation. In this respect, the focus is on the drive behavior with a relatively large product of stator frequency and sampling time. A requirement for dynamically high-quality anti-windup measures is, among other things, a sufficiently accurate decoupling of the stator current direct axis and quadrature axis components even at high stator frequencies. Discrete-time models of the electrical subsystem of the PMSM are well suited for this purpose, of which the method found to be the most accurate in a preliminary investigation is used as the basis for all anti-windup methods examined. Simulation studies and measurement results document the performance of the compared methods.
Das fortwährende Streben nach Steigerung der Genauigkeit und Effizienz von industriellen Bearbeitungs- und Prüfprozessen führt bei elektrischen Antrieben zu immer höheren Forderungen an ihre dynamischen Eigenschaften. Hierbei kommt dem Stromregelkreis als dem am weitesten unterlagerten Regelkreis eines elektrischen Antriebs eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Mit zunehmender Dynamikerhöhung des Stromregelkreises treten jedoch aufgrund von Parameterunsicherheiten und von Messfehlem immer deutlicher Probleme der Regelkreisrobustheit und der Geräuschemission in den Vordergrund, die es oft nicht gestatten, die theoretisch erhaltenen Lösungen in vollem Umfang zu realisieren. Gegenüber der optimalen Lösung müssen dann Abstriche hinsichtlich der erreichbaren Dynamik gemacht werden. Wie diese Abstriche durch das Ausschöpfen verborgener Freiheitsgrade reduziert werden können, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag gezeigt. Als Lösungsansatz wird hierfür ein achsenunsymmetrischer Statorstromzustandsregler gewählt, der es erlaubt, in der d- und q-Achse eine unterschiedliche Dynamik einzustellen. Hierbei wird zunächst im Kapitel 2 ein kurzer Überblick über die Entwicklungsgeschichte und den Stand der Technik von pulsweitenmodulierten Stromregelverfahren für Drehstromantriebe in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten gegeben. Anschließend wird am Beispiel einer frequenzumrichtergespeisten Asynchronmaschine das zeitdiskrete Modell der Statorstromregelstrecke vorgestellt, das dem hier erläuterten Verfahren zugrunde liegt. Wegen des Zusammenhangs zwischen Dynamikerhöhung und Empfindlichkeitszunahme ist es naheliegend, die Dynamik des Statorstromregelkreises nur so weit zu steigern, wie es erforderlich ist. Diesbezüglich ist insbesondere zu gewährleisten, dass ein angefordertes Drehmoment möglichst schnellst eingeprägt wird. Die Änderungsgeschwindigkeit des Flusses spielt hingegen eine untergeordnetere Rolle. Demzufolge sollte die drehmomentbildende Statorstrom-q-Komponente in der Praxis eine höhere Dynamik aufweisen als die flussbildende Statorstrom-d-Komponente. Um hierbei die aufwändige reelle Rechnung so weit wie möglich zu vermeiden, wird der Reglerentwurf in zwei Schritten durchgeführt. Im ersten Schritt wird ein schiefsymmetrisches, komplex beschreibbares Regelgesetz entworfen, das zwar zu einer möglichst einfachen Darstellbarkeit des geschlossenen Statorstromregelkreises führt, das jedoch noch nicht die endgültige Dynamik zur Folge haben muss. Insbesondere muss nach Abschluss dieses ZwischenSchritts bereits eine vollständige Entkopplung der d- und der q-Komponente des Statorstromraumzeigers vollzogen sein. Im zweiten Schritt wird dann ein weiterer Regler entworfen, der auf der Grundlage des im ersten Schritt erhaltenen entkoppelten Systems jeder Stromkomponente eine separate Dynamik zuweisen kann. Die Verkettung beider Teilregler führt schließlich zum gesuchten Statorstromregler, der zum einen relativ einfach berechenbar ist und der zum anderen alle an ihn gestellten Dynamikanforderungen erfüllt. Im vierten Kapitel wird schließlich der Entwurf des achsenunsymmetrischen Statorstromzustandsreglers skizziert und die daraus hervorgehenden Regelalgorithmen vorgestellt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des beschriebenen Zustandsreglers wird anhand von aufgenommenen Zeitverläufen eines Laborantriebs demonstriert, mit dem der Drehmomentverlauf von Verbrennungsmotoren nachgebildet wird.
Entwicklung eines Hybridantriebssystems für kommunale Spezialfahrzeuge in Off-Road-Anwendungen
(2010)
In [1] wurde bereits berichtet, dass im Labor für elektrische Antriebe und Leistungselektronik in Kooperation mit den Firmen Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG und LADOGFahrzeugbau und Vertriebs GmbH ein Wechselrichter zur Speisung eines Synchronmotors für einen Hybridantrieb eines kommunalen Spezialfahrzeugs entwickelt wird. Während in [1] wegen der damals erst kurzen Projektlaufzeit nur die ersten Projektschritte beschrieben werden konnten, wird in diesem Beitrag der derzeit erreichte Entwicklungsstand dargestellt.
In den letzten Jahren ist die Photovoltaik, beflügelt durch das Erneuerbare Energiengesetz – zumindest so lang es noch eine hinreichend lukrative Einspeisevergütung gab -, zu einem immer bedeutenderen Applikationsfeld der Leistungselektronik geworden. Im Fokus des Interesses steht dabei der Photovoltaik-Wechselrichter, der den in den Solarmodulen erzeugten Gleichstrom in Wechselstrom oder Drehstrom umwandelt und ins Netz einspeist.
The presented paper describes a development project for a formula 1 racing team which was performed at the laboratory for electrical drives and power electronics of the University of Applied Sciences in Offenburg. The kernel of that project was the simulation of an electrical machine with means of a load inverter and a passive filter, so that inverters from contractors could be tested easily without using a real test bench. The whole electrical drive, consisting of the real electrical machine and the inverter is part of a hybrid drive for a formula 1 racing car which is allowed to be used from the racing season 2009.
Dieses Buch beschreibt die regelungstechnische Modellbildung und die darauf basierende Regelung der gebräuchlichsten, in industriellen Anwendungen eingesetzten elektrischen Maschinen. Hinsichtlich des Reglerentwurfs wird eine sehr leistungsfähige Methodik angewendet, mit der alle analysierten Beispiele einheitlich behandelt werden können. Sie basiert auf der zeitdiskreten Zustandsraumbeschreibung stromrichtergespeister elektrischer Antriebe.
Durch die leicht verständliche einführende Beschreibung der Methodik wird es auch Lesern, denen die Zustandsraummethodik nicht geläufig ist, möglich, dynamisch sehr hochwertige Regelungen zu implementieren.
Eine weitere Besonderheit ist die Einbeziehung von rückspeisefähigen Netzstromrichtern in die Betrachtungen.
Nachweise für die Stabilität von Regelkreisen, deren Stellgrößen an ihre Begrenzungen gelangen können und bei denen die Regler Integratoren oder andere dynamische Glieder sowie Anti-Windup-Maßnahmen enthalten, sind gewöhnlich sehr aufwändig zu führen. Bei PI-Zustandsreglern, die mittels der in [1] vorgestellten Methode in einem mehrstufigen Verfahren für Regelstrecken entworfen wurden, die bis auf die Stellgrößenbegrenzungen linear sind, lassen sich jedoch äußerst hilfreiche allgemeine Stabilitätsaussagen treffen, die den konkreten Stabilitätsnachweis für das Gesamtsystem– selbst unter Einbeziehung von Beobachtern – erheblich vereinfachen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die diesbezüglichen, auf Steuerbarkeitsbetrachtungen beruhenden, Zusammenhänge für zeitdiskrete Regelkreise aufgezeigt sowie daraus exemplarisch mittels Ljapunow-Funktionen eine einfache Reglerformel für Zustandsregler abgeleitet, die auch im Begrenzungsfall stabil arbeiten. Ein Beispielaus der elektrischen Antriebstechnik illustriert die Anwendbarkeit der vorgestellten Methode.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird beschrieben, wie bereits entworfene Zustandsregler für proportional geregelte Systeme ohne Rechentotzeit auf einfache Art und Weise für Systeme mit Reglerintegratoren bzw. mit Rechentotzeit erweitert werden können. Das Ziel ist hierbei, den Aufwand zur Ermittlung der Reglermatrix zu reduzieren. Hierbei soll die bereits vorhandene, optimierte Regelkreisdynamik so wenig wie möglich verändert werden, wodurch bei Mehrgrößensystemen hinzukommende Freiheitsgrade sinnvoll festgelegt werden. Die Betrachtungen erfolgen für lineare zeitdiskrete Systeme und werden anhand eines Beispiels aus der elektrischen Antriebstechnik veranschaulicht.
Stromzustandsregelung
(2015)
Im Beitrag wird ein zweistufiges Verfahren für den Entwurf eines Störgrößenbeobachters für lineare, zeitinvariante Systeme vorgestellt. Hierbei wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Beobachterrückführung für den Beobachter ohne Störmodell bereits vorliegt. Es wird dargestellt, wie darauf basierend mit einfachen formelmäßigen Zusammenhängen die Rückführkoeffizienten für den Störgrößenbeobachter ermittelt werden können. Die beschriebene Methode erhöht die Übersichtlichkeit hinsichtlich des Einflusses des Störmodells auf die Beobachterrückführkoeffizienten und ist außerdem für Modelle mit geringer Systemordnung rechenzeitsparender.
Drehzahlzustandsregelung
(2016)
Erweiterung der Ackermann-Formel für Mehrgrößensysteme um Freiheitsgrade zur Führungsentkopplung
(2019)
Der Beitrag zeigt bisher nicht genutzte Freiheitsgrade beim Entwurf eines linearen, zeitinvarianten Zustandsreglers für steuerbare Mehrgrößensysteme auf, wenn dieser auf der Basis der Ackermann´schen Formel durchgeführt wird. Darüber hinaus wird dargelegt, wie diese Freiheitsgrade zur Führungsentkopplung gezielt eingesetzt werden können. Damit dies gelingt, wird wie in der einschlägigen Literatur eine Transformation der Zustandsgleichungen in eine teilsystemorientierte Struktur vorgenommen. Jedoch werden modifizierte Transformationsbeziehungen verwendet, die die benötigten Freiheitsgrade hervorbringen. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich hierbei auf zeitdiskrete Systeme, wenngleich die geschilderte Vorgehensweise grundsätzlich auch bei zeitkontinuierlichen Systemen anwendbar ist. Angesichts der gewählten Methodik, die Regelungseigenwerte vorzugeben und die verbleibenden Freiheitsgrade zur Erfüllung weiterer Forderungen an den Regler heranzuziehen, ist das vorgestellte Verfahren eine unmittelbare Alternative zu anderen Polvorgabeverfahren wie z. B. zur Vollständigen Modalen Synthese. Im Fall einer nicht realisierbaren vollständigen Führungsentkopplung bietet die vorgestellte Methode die Möglichkeit einer Lösungsfindung, bei der die verbleibenden Verkopplungen im Sinne eines quadratischen Gütemaßes minimiert werden.
Im Beitrag wird für lineare, zeitinvariante, zeitdiskrete und stabile Regelstrecken beschrieben, wie zwei bekannte Zustandsraumverfahren zur Windup-Vermeidung so miteinander kombiniert werden können, dass dadurch für sämtliche PI-Zustandsregler Strecken- und Regler-Windup verhindert wird, sofern diese Regler im unbegrenzten Fall stabil sind. Zurückgegriffen wird hierbei auf das „Additional Dynamic Element“ (ADE) von Hippe zur Vermeidung von Strecken-Windup [Hippe, P.: Windup in control – Its effects and their prevention, 2006; at – Automatisierungstechnik, 2007], dessen Übertragung auf zeitdiskrete Systeme im Beitrag kurz skizziert wird, sowie auf das Verfahren der Führungsgrößenkorrektur [Nuß, U.: at – Automatisierungstechnik, 2017] zur Vermeidung von Regler-Windup. Das vorgestellte Kombinationsverfahren setzt für die jeweilige Regelstrecke lediglich die Einbeziehung eines bereits existierenden P-Zustandsreglers voraus, der Strecken-Windup vermeidet. Die Bereitstellung eines möglichst einfachen und dennoch nicht allzu einschränkenden Kriteriums zur Überprüfung, ob ein P-Zustandsregler diese Eigenschaft besitzt, ist ebenfalls ein Anliegen des Beitrags. Diesbezüglich wird auf der Basis einer geeigneten Ljapunow-Funktion ein hinreichendes Kriterium angegeben, das umfassender ist als das in [Nuß, U.: at – Automatisierungstechnik, 2017] verwendete. Ein Beispiel aus der elektrischen Antriebstechnik demonstriert die Leistungsfähigkeit der vorgestellten Methode.
Message co chairmen
(2017)
Dieses Buch beschreibt die regelungstechnische Modellbildung und die darauf basierende Regelung der gebräuchlichsten, in industriellen Anwendungen eingesetzten elektrischen Maschinen.
Hinsichtlich des Reglerentwurfs wird eine sehr leistungsfähige Methodik angewendet, mit der alle analysierten Beispiele einheitlich behandelt werden können. Sie basiert auf der zeitdiskreten Zustandsraumbeschreibung stromrichtergespeister elektrischer Antriebe. Durch die leicht verständliche einführende Beschreibung der Methodik wird es auch Lesern, denen die Zustandsraummethodik nicht geläufig ist, möglich, dynamisch sehr hochwertige Regelungen zu implementieren.
Eine weitere Besonderheit ist die Einbeziehung von rückspeisefähigen Netzstromrichtern in die Betrachtungen.
Neben einigen Umgestaltungen und Erweiterungen wurden für die Neuauflage auch zahlreiche interessante Ergänzungen vorgenommen, etwa hinsichtlich Rückschlussmöglichkeiten aus Typenschildangaben einer Drehstrommaschine auf die in den zugehörigen Differentialgleichungen verwendeten Maschinenparameter sowie auf Möglichkeiten zu deren Identifikation im Betrieb.
Das vorliegende Buch behandelt lineare zeitdiskrete Regelverfahren und gliedert sich in zwei Teile mit ganz unterschiedlichen thematischen Schwerpunkten. In den ersten sechs Kapiteln steht die Analyse und Synthese von zeitdiskreten Regelungen im Bildbereich im Vordergrund. Im zweiten Teil des Buchs werden im Zeitbereich angesiedelte zeitdiskrete Reglerentwurfsverfahren behandelt. Dort dominieren Zustandsraumverfahren die Erläuterungen.
Elektrische Antriebe sind ein innovationstreibender Kernbestandteil vieler industrieller Anlagen und Einrichtungen. Damit sie diese herausragende Rolle mit den daran geknüpften Erwartungen erfüllen können, ist neben optimierten Elektromotoren und sie speisenden, schnell schaltenden Stromrichterstellgliedern auch eine hochdynamische Regelung erforderlich. Diesem Umstand wird mit der angebotenen Veranstaltung in Form einer detaillierten Einführung in die Thematik der Regelung elektrischer Antriebe Rechnung getragen.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden verschiedene Methoden für den Entwurf eines Stromreglers für pulsweitenmoduliert betriebene Drehstromantriebe beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. In den Vergleich eingeschlossen sind sowohl zeitkontinuierlich entworfene PI-Regler mit klassischer Entkopplung als auch zeitdiskret entworfene PI-Regler mit weiterentwickelter Entkopplung und zeitdiskret entworfene Zustandsregler. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Entkopplung der d- und q-Komponente des Statorstromraumzeigers, auch bei hoher Statorfrequenz oder geringer Schaltfrequenz. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Heranziehung von zeitdiskreten Motormodellen und ein darauf basierender Reglerentwurf mit größer werdendem Quotient aus Statorfrequenz und Schaltfrequenz zunehmend Vorteile bietet.
Aktiver RFID-Sensor
(2008)
Das in Schramberg ansässige Unternehmen Schweizer Electronic, einer der großen europäischen Leiterplattenhersteller, hat sich ein neues Geschäftsfeld als Systemlieferant für mikroelektronische Geräte erschlossen. Gemeinsam mit dem Institut für Angewandte Forschung der Hochschule Offenburg und Siemens hat das Unternehmen einen Datenlogger mit einer ISO 15693 kompatiblen 13,56 MHz RFID-Luftschnittstelle zur Serienreife entwickelt. Die SEAGsens Temperaturmessgeräte aus der Vorserienproduktion haben die ersten Feldtests erfolgreich bestanden. Die Großserienproduktion wird noch in diesem Jahr anlaufen.
Artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular machine learning algorithms, are of increasing importance in many application areas but interpretability and understandability as well as responsibility, accountability, and fairness of the algorithms' results, all crucial for increasing the humans' trust into the systems, are still largely missing. Big industrial players, including Google, Microsoft, and Apple, have become aware of this gap and recently published their own guidelines for the use of AI in order to promote fairness, trust, interpretability, and other goals. Interactive visualization is one of the technologies that may help to increase trust in AI systems. During the seminar, we discussed the requirements for trustworthy AI systems as well as the technological possibilities provided by interactive visualizations to increase human trust in AI.
A novel method for quasi-continuous tar monitoring in hot syngas from biomass gasification is reported. A very small syngas stream is extracted from the gasifier output, and the oxygen demand for tar combustion is determined by a well-defined dosage of synthetic air. Assuming the total oxidation of all of the combustible components at the Pt-electrode of a lambda-probe, the difference of the residual oxygen concentrations from successive operations with and without tar condensation represents the oxygen demand. From experiments in the laboratory with H2/N2/naphthalene model syngas, the linear sensitivity and a lower detection limit of about 70 ± 5 mg/m3 was estimated, and a very good long-term stability can be expected. This extremely sensitive and robust monitoring concept was evaluated further by the extraction of a small, constant flow of hot syngas as a sample (9 L/h) using a Laval nozzle combined with a metallic filter (a sintered metal plate (pore diameter 10 µm)) and a gas pump (in the cold zone). The first tests in the laboratory of this setup—which is appropriate for field applications—confirmed the excellent analysis results. However, the field tests concerning the monitoring of the tar in syngas from a woodchip-fueled gasifier demonstrated that the determination of the oxygen demand by the successive estimation of the oxygen concentration with/without tar trapping is not possible with enough accuracy due to continuous variation of the syngas composition. A method is proposed for how this constraint can be overcome.
Uphill training is applied to induce specific overload on the musculoskeletal system to improve sprinting mechanics. This study aimed to identify unique kinematic features of uphill sprinting at different slopes and to suggest practical implications based on comparisons we early stance phase. At take-off, steeper slopes induced significantly more extended joint angles and higher ROMs during the late stance phase. Compared with moderate slopes, more anti-phase coordination patterns were detected at steeper slopes. Thus, uphill sprinting at steeper slopes shares essential kinematic features with the early acceleration phase of level sprinting. Moderate inclinations induce biomechanical adaptations similar to those in the late acceleration phase of level sprinting. Hence, the specific transfer of uphill sprinting to acceleration depends on the slope inclinations.
The utilisation of artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively emerging as a significant mechanism for innovation in human resource management (HRM). The capacity to facilitate the transformation of employee performance across numerous responsibilities. AI development, there remains a dearth of comprehensive exploration into the potential opportunities it presents for enhancing workplace performance among employees. To bridge this gap in knowledge, the present work carried out a survey with 300 participants, utilises a fuzzy set-theoretic method that is grounded on the conceptualisation of AI, KS, and HRM. The findings of our study indicate that the exclusive adoption of AI technologies does not adequately enhance HRM engagements. In contrast, the integration of AI and KS offers a more viable HRM approach for achieving optimal performance in a dynamic digital society. This approach has the potential to enhance employees’ proficiency in executing their responsibilities and cultivate a culture of creativity inside the firm.
Lattice vibrations and electronic transitions in the rare-earth metals: Praseodymium under pressure
(2004)
Praseodymium was investigated by Raman spectroscopy under pressure. A negative pressure shift of the E2g mode is observed in the dhcp phase, which indicates that the initial structural sequence hcp→Sm−type→dhcp→fcc as a whole in the regular lanthanides is associated with a softening of this mode. The pressure response of the phonon modes, observed in the monoclinic and α-uranium phases, where 4f bonding becomes important, is characteristic for anisotropic bonding properties.
To provide proper solutions to the problem of device dependant content delivery, a fine categorization of the application target devices is needed. Earlier attempts provided two different presentations for desktop and mobile platforms. The mobile platform presentation was divided into three categories, based on a general classification (PDA, Smartphone or mobile phone). In order to improve the on mobile device presentation a finer categorization is introduced. In this paper, our focus is to clarify the concept of this more flexible presentation module, in which the delivered content depends on the efficiency of the device based on a selected set of capabilities.
Purpose
Although recent literature has examined diverse measures adopted by SMEs to navigate the COVID-19 turbulence, there is a shortage of evidence on how crisis-time strategy creation behaviour and digitalization activities increase (1) sales and (2) cash flow. Thus, predicated on a novel strategy creation perspective, this inquiry aims to investigate the crisis behaviour, sales and cash flow performance of 528 SMEs in Morocco.
Design/methodology/approach
Novel links between (1) aggregate wage cuts, (2) variable operating hours, (3) deferred payment to suppliers, (4) deferred payment to tax authorities and (5) sales performance are developed and tested. A further link between sales performance and cash flow is also examined and the analysis is conducted using a non-linear structural equation modelling technique.
Findings
While there is a significant association between strategy creation behaviours and sales performance, only variable operating hours have a positive effect. Also, sales performance increases cash flow and this relationship is substantially strengthened by e-commerce digitalization and innovation.
Originality/value
Theoretically, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first inquiries to espouse the strategy creation view to explain SMEs' crisis-time behaviour and digitalization. For practical purposes, to supplement Moroccan SMEs' propensity to seek tax deferrals, it is argued that debt and equity support measures are also needed to boost sales performance and cash flow.
Packed beds serve as thermal energy storages (TES) and heat exchangers (HEX) in different technological applications. In this paper, a general heterogeneous model of heat transfer in packed beds is developed. It is implemented by lumped element formulation in object-oriented modeling language Modelica and is successful validated with data sets taken from two different experiments reported in literature.
The main advantages of the introduced model are the general, theory-based approach and the lumped element formulation in Modelica. The first point mentioned above should allow to simulate a packed bed TES/HEX without the necessity applying measured data for model calibration or to apply specific heat transfer correlations with restricted application. The second point establishes the possibility to integrate the TES/HEX model within plant models of larger scale without increasing the simulation time drastically.
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are complex industrial plants whose actual behavior depends upon numerous factors. Due to its energy intensive operation, the EAF process has always been subject to optimization efforts. For these reasons, several models have been proposed in literature to analyze and predict different modes of operation. Most of these models focused on the processes inside the vessel itself. The present paper introduces a dynamic, physics-based model of a complete EAF plant which consists of the four subsystems vessel, electric system, electrode regulation, and off-gas system. Furthermore the solid phase is not treated to be homogenous but a simple spatial discretization is employed. Hence it is possible to simulate the energy input by electric arcs and fossil fuel burners depending on the state of the melting progress. The model is implemented in object-oriented, equation-based language Modelica. The simulation results are compared to literature data.
Physics-based Modeling of the Electric Arc furnace Process using Object-Oriented Language Modelica
(2016)
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are complex industrial plants whose actual behavior depends upon numerous factors. Due to its energy intensive operation, the EAF process has always been subject to optimization efforts. For these reasons, several models have been proposed in literature to analyze and predict different modes of operation. Most of these models focused on the processes inside the vessel itself. The present paper introduces a dynamic, physics-based model of a complete EAF plant which consists of the four subsystems vessel, electric system, electrode regulation, and off-gas system. Furthermore the solid phase is not treated to be homogenous but a simple spatial discretization is employed. Hence it is possible to simulate the energy input by electric arcs and fossil fuel burners depending on the state of the melting progress. The model is implemented in object-oriented, equation-based language Modelica. The simulation results are compared to literature data.
Radiation is an important means of heat transfer inside an electric arc furnace (EAF).
To gain insight into the complex processes of heat transfer inside the EAF vessel, not only radiation from the surfaces but also emission and absorption of the gas phase and the dust cloud need to be considered.
Furthermore, the radiative heat exchange depends on the geometrical configuration which is continuously changing throughout the process.
The present paper introduces a system model of the EAF which takes into account the radiative heat transfer between the surfaces
and the participating medium. This is attained by the development of a simplified geometrical model,
the use of a weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model, and a simplified consideration of dust radiation.
The simulation results were compared with the data of real EAF plants available in literature.
Africa was the last region to witness significant spread of the COVID-19. Nonetheless, it was expected that the continent would be hardest hit due to the fragility of its health and social infrastructure as well as the vulnerability of its economies. While the rates of infection and death were initially relatively low and contained economically, the continent was hard hit early on. Cuts in credit and trade services by international banks, along with a decline in export earnings, tourism receipts, and inward remittances, have severely constrained the ability of African countries to finance imports of essential goods and to service maturing debt obligations.
However, Africa has over time created mechanisms and institutions to help cushion its economies from the adverse consequences of global shocks. Among these institutions is Afreximbank, which emerged out of the debt crisis of the 1980s. This paper presents an overview of the Bank’s support to African countries in dealing with two major derivatives of the COVID-19 pandemic: the trade finance challenges resulting from cuts in international financial flows to the continent, and the health consequences of the pandemic.
The Raman spectra from the chemical compounds toluene and cyclohexane obtained using a Fourier Transform (FT)-Raman spectrometer prototype have been contrasted with the Raman spectra of these same materials collected with two different commercial FT-Raman devices. The FT-Raman spectrometer consist of a Michelson interferometer, a self-designed photon counter and a reference photo-detector. The evaluation methodology of the spectral information, contrary to the commercial devices that commonly use the zero-crossing method, is carried out by re-sampling the Raman scattering and by accurately extracting the optical path information of the Michelson interferometer. The FTRaman arrangement has been built using conventional parts without disregarding the spectral frequency precision that usually such a FTRaman instruments deliver. No additional complex hardware components or costly software modules have been included in this FT-Raman device. The main Raman lines from the spectra obtained with the three FT-Raman devices have been compared with the Raman lines from the standard Raman spectra of these two materials. The values obtained using the FT-Raman spectrometer prototype have shown a frequency accuracy comparable to that obtained with the commercial devices without facing the need for a large investment. Although the proposed FT-Raman prototype cannot be directly compared to the last generation of FT-Raman spectrometers from the commercial manufacturers, such a device could give an opportunity to users that require high frequency precision in their spectral analysis and are provided with rather scarce resources.
La industria del bacanora en Sonora, México, enfrenta la influencia de una compleja red de factores culturales, tecnológicos, económicos y legales que inhiben su desarrollo. Ello ocurre pese al esfuerzo institucional por radicar un marco normativo que elimine la práctica de los métodos informales de elaboración que derivan en calidades heterogéneas de licor. El conseguirlo se complica ante la dificultad que enfrentan los actores de esta industria para implementar prácticas efectivas de verificación de las normas vigentes en los confines de la geografía de la Denominación de Origen. En este documento se describe el uso de un prototipo de espectrómetro Raman por transformada de Fourier para analizar cualitativamente muestras desconocidas de bacanora. Este dispositivo se construyó con el uso de un interferómetro Michelson convencional, un contador de fotones de diseño propio y un foto-detector de referencia. Los resultados del trabajo confirman que dada su naturaleza de diseño y construcción, este instrumento de medición y su efectiva técnica de operación a bajo costo, constituye una alternativa viable, adaptable fácilmente a las necesidades de los actores productivos e institucionales, para asistirlos en la elaboración de bacanora y a la verificación de su calidad conforme a los criterios de la normatividad.
A simple measuring method for acquiring the radiation pattern of an ultrawide band Vivaldi antenna is presented. The measuring is performed by combining two identical Vivaldi antennas and some of the intrinsic properties of a stepped-frequency continue wave radar (SFCW radar) in the
range from 1.0 GHz to 6.0 GHz. A stepper-motor provided the azimuthal rotation for one of the antennas from 0 ◦ to 360 ◦. The tests have been performed within the conventional environment (laboratory / office) without using an anechoic chamber or absorbing materials. Special measuring devices have not been used either. This method has been tested with different pairs of Vivaldi antennas and it can be also used for different ones (with little or no change in the system), as long as their operational
bandwidth is within the frequency range of the SFCW radar.
Keywords — SFCW Radar, Antenna Gain Characterization,
Azimuthal Radiation Pattern
We report the use of the Raman spectral information of the chemical compound toluene C7H8 as a reference on the analysis of laboratory-prepared and commercially acquired gasoline-ethanol blends. The rate behavior of the characteristic Raman lines of toluene and gasoline has enabled the approximated quantification of this additive in commercial gasoline-ethanol mixtures. This rate behavior has been obtained from the Raman spectra of gasoline-ethanol blends with different proportions of toluene.
All these Raman spectra have been collected by using a self-designed, frequency precise and low-cost Fourier-transform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman spectrometer) prototype. This FT-Raman prototype has helped to accurately confirm the frequency position of the main characteristic Raman lines of toluene present on the different gasoline-ethanol samples analyzed at smaller proportions than those commonly found in commercial gasoline-ethanol blends. The frequency accuracy validation has been performed by analyzing the same set of toluene samples with two additional state-of-the-art commercial FT-Raman devices. Additionally, the spectral information has been contrasted, with highly-correlated coefficients as a result, with the values of the standard Raman spectrum of toluene.
Monitoring of the molecular structure of lubricant oil using a FT-Raman spectrometer prototype
(2014)
The determination of the physical state of the lubricant materials in complex mechanical systems is highly critical from different points of view: operative, economical, environmental, etc. Furthermore, there are several parameters that a lubricant oil must meet for a proper performance inside a machine. The monitoring of these lubricants can represent a serious issue depending on the analytical approach applied. The molecular change of aging lubricant oils have been analyzed using an all-standard-components and self-designed FT-Raman spectrometer. This analytical tool allows the direct and clean study of the vibrational changes in the molecular structure of the oils without having direct contact with the samples and without extracting the sample from the machine in operation. The FT-Raman spectrometer prototype used in the analysis of the oil samples consist of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter cooled down on a Peltier element arrangement. The light coupling has been accomplished by using a conventional 62.5/125μm multi-mode fiber coupler. The FT-Raman arrangement has been able to extract high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra, comparable to those obtained with commercial FT-Raman systems, from the lubricant oil samples analyzed. The spectral information has helped to determine certain molecular changes in the initial phases of wearing of the oil samples. The proposed instrument prototype has no additional complex hardware components or costly software modules. The mechanical and thermal irregularities influencing the FT-Raman spectrometer have been removed mathematically by accurately evaluating the optical path difference of the Michelson interferometer. This has been achieved by producing an additional interference pattern signal with a λ= 632.8 nm helium-neon laser, which differs from the conventional zero-crossing sampling (also known as Connes advantage) commonly used by FT-devices. It enables the FT-Raman system to perform reliable and clean spectral measurements from the analyzed oil samples.
The combination of fossil-derived fuels with ethanol and methanol has acquired relevance and attention in several countries in recent years. This trend is strongly affected by market prices, constant geopolitical events, new sustainability policies, new laws and regulations, etc. Besides bio-fuels these materials also include different additives as anti-shock agents and as octane enhancer. Some of the chemical compounds in these additives may have harmful properties for both environment and public health (besides the inherent properties, like volatility). We present detailed Raman spectral information from toluene (C7H8) and ethanol (C2H6O) contained in samples of ElO gasoline-ethanol blends. The spectral information has been extracted by using a robust, high resolution Fourier-Transform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman) prototype. This spectral information has been also compared with Raman spectra from pure additives and with standard Raman lines in order to validate its accuracy in frequency. The spectral information is presented in the range of 0 cm-1 to 3500 cm-1 with a resolution of 1.66cm-1. This allows resolving tight adjacent Raman lines like the ones observed around 1003cm-1 and 1030cm-1 (characteristic lines of toluene). The Raman spectra obtained show a reduced frequency deviation when compared to standard Raman spectra from different calibration materials. The FT-Raman spectrometer prototype used for the analysis consist basically of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter cooled down on a Peltier element arrangement. The light coupling is achieved with conventional62.5/125μm multi-mode fibers. This FT-Raman setup is able to extract high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra from the additives in the fuels analyzed. The proposed prototype has no additional complex hardware components or costly software modules. The mechanical and thermal disturbances affecting the FT-Raman system are mathematically compensated by accurately extracting the optical path information of the Michelson interferometer. This is accomplished by generating an additional interference pattern with a λ = 632.8 nm Helium-Neon laser (HeNe laser). It enables the FT-Raman system to perform reliable and clean spectral measurements from the materials under observation.
Raman spectra from three different binary gasoline-ethanol blends (with ratios 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15) have been obtained by using a low-cost, frequency precise Fourier-transform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman) prototype. The spectral information is presented in the range of 0 to 3500 cm-1 with a resolution of 1.66 cm-1, which is greater than the required for most liquid and solid chemical samples. This set-up delivers spectral information about the sample with a reduced spectral deviation compared to theoretical values (less than 0.4 cm-1 without compensation for instrumental response). The robust and highly fexible FT-Raman prototype presented for the spectral analysis, consisting mainly of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter, is able to deliver high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra from the gasoline-ethanol blends comparable to the obtained by using commercial devices. This FT-Raman set-up does not need additional complex hardware or software control and relies on re-sampling and interpolation algorithms. The qualitative spectral information obtained has been used to calculate the proportion of gasoline and ethanol present in the used chemical samples without using extra calibrations methods or chemical markers.
The industry of the agave-derived bacanora, in the northern Mexican state of Sonora, has been growing substantially in recent years. However, this higher demand still lies under the influences of a variety of social, legal, cultural, ecological and economic elements. The governmental institutions of the state have tried to encourage a sustainable development and certain levels of standardization in the production of bacanora by applying different economical and legal strategies. However, a large portion of this alcoholic beverage is still produced in a traditional and rudimentary fashion. Beyond the quality of the beverage, the lack of proper control, by using adequate instrumental methods, might represent a health risk, as in several cases traditional-distilled beverages can contain elevated levels of harmful materials. The present article describes the qualitative spectral analysis of samples of the traditional-produced distilled beverage bacanora in the range from 0 cm−1 to 3500 cm−1 by using a Fourier Transform Raman spectrometer. This particular technique has not been previously explored for the analysis of bacanora, as in the case of other beverages, including tequila. The proposed instrumental arrangement for the spectral analysis has been built by combining conventional hardware parts (Michelson interferometer, photo-diodes, visible laser, etc.) and a set of self-developed evaluation algorithms. The resulting spectral information has been compared to those of pure samples of ethanol and to the spectra from different samples of the alcoholic beverage tequila. The proposed instrumental arrangement can be used the analysis of bacanora.
Um eine gleichbleibende Mahrspalthoehe und gleichmaessige Lastverteilung waehrend des Betriebes zu erreichen, werden Mahlwalzen bombiert hergestellt. Das theoretische Bombierungsprofil wird aus der elastischen Walzenverformung bei gegebener Belastung abgeleitet. Die Verformung kann mit Finiten Elementen berechnet werden. Werden zwei Walzen mit zylindrischer Oberflaeche gegeneinander gedrueckt, so ergibt sich ein nichtlinearer Kontakt. Die Druckverteilung laengs der Walze laesst sich unter Hinzunahme von Einflusszahlen mit Hilfe eines linearen Gleichungssystems ermitteln. Die Autoren untersuchen mit diesem Berechnungsverfahren die Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Bombierungen und den Einfluss von veraenderter Anpresskraft. (Rohlf)
Knight Götz von Berlichingen (1480–1562) lost his right hand distal to the wrist due to a cannon ball splinter injury in 1504 in the Landshut War of Succession at the age of 24. Early on, Götz commissioned a gunsmith to build the first “Iron Hand,” in which the artificial thumb and two finger blocks could be moved in their basic joints by a spring mechanism and released by a push button. Some years later, probably around 1530, a second “Iron Hand” was built, in which the fingers could be moved passively in all joints. In this review, the 3D computer-aided design (CAD) reconstructions and 3D multi-material polymer replica printings of the first “Iron hand“, which were developed in the last few years at Offenburg University, are presented. Even by today’s standards, the first “Iron Hand”—as could be shown in the replicas—demonstrates sophisticated mechanics and well thought-out functionality and still offers inspiration and food for discussion when it comes to the question of an artificial prosthetic replacement for a hand. It is also outlined how some of the ideas of this mechanical passive prosthesis can be translated into a modern motorized active prosthetic hand by using simple, commercially available electronic components.
Kommentar zu "Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex" von Sharlene N. Flesher et al., veröffentlicht in Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 361, Seite 361ra141 (DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8083)