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Structures for interconnecting active microwave semiconductor-devices, e.g. FET's and MIC's, with the electrical surrounding or with each other have to be designed more and more carefully when increasing the desired upper frequency limit. Therefore, several connecting structures for device embedding have been examined. Mainly, their applicability for the frequency range from 10 GHz to 100 GHz was considered. Additionally, different equivalent circuits were developed to approximately describe their behaviour for CAD-applications.
Die Wichtigkeit des Faches FEM ist sicher unumstritten. Um in der gegebenen Zeit eine ausreichende Einarbeitung in die Methode und die Uebung am Rechner durchfuehren zu koennen, ist der Einsatz eines auf PC lauffaehigen FE-Lernprogramms eine gute Hilfe. Sind die Grundlagen da, weiss der Student, welche Eingaben bei einem FE-Programm zu machen sind. Fuer manche Fachgebiete genuegt schon die Arbeit mit einem solchen Programm. Sind entsprechende Uebungen mit dem Lernprogramm erfolgt, kann auf professionellen Programmen wie z.B. CAEDS das Zusammenspiel CAD/FEM ernsthaft betrieben werden. Es sollte ein Fachsemester ausgesucht werden, in dem CAD und FE angeboten wird. Dieses Fachsemester sollte, um den Nutzen der FEM in moeglichst vielen Fachgebieten zu haben, zum Ende des Grundstudiums, spaetestens aber zu Beginn des Hauptstudiums liegen.
The advantages of the coupling-of-modes (COM) formalism and the transmission-matrix approach are combined to create exact and computationally efficient analysis and synthesis CAD tools for the design of SAW-resonator filters. The models for the filter components, especially gratings, interdigital transducers (IDTs). and multistrip couplers (MSCs), are based on the COM approach, which delivers closed-form expressions. In order to determine the relevant COM parameters, the integrated COM differential equations are compared with analytically derived expressions from the transmission-matrix approach. The most important second-order effects such as energy storage, propagation loss and mechanical and electrical loading are fully taken into account. As an example, the authors investigate a two-pole, acoustically coupled resonator filter at 914.5 MHz on AT quartz. Excellent agreement between theory and measurement is found.
An investigation is underway regarding the usefulness of altazimuth-mounting telescopes' incorporation of laser gyros for pointing and fiber gyros with extremely small random-walk coefficient for telescope inertial stabilization during tracking. A star tracker is expected to help stabilize long-term gyro bias. Gyro and telescope specifications have been derived by means of computer simulations and systems analyses.
Bei thermischen Konvektionsströmungen ist der Einfluß von Geometrie und Randbedingungen für die Strömungsform und den konvektiven Wärmetransport von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Mit Hilfe der optischen Strömungsmeßtechnik (Differentialinterferometrie) wurde die freie Konvektion in einem quaderförmigen Behälter mit seitlicher Beheizung untersucht. Der Aufbau und die Experimente werden beschrieben. Die quantitative Auswertung von Dichte- und Temperaturfeldern aus den Differentialinterferogrammen wird aufgezeigt und der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Randbedingungen wie feste und freie Oberfläche auf die Strömungsform und den Wärmetransport dargelegt. Die eingesetzte Differentialinterferometrie zeigt aufgrund ihrer Anpassungsfähigkeit an die jeweiligen Versuchsbedingungen und durch den einfachen Aufbau spezifische Vorteile gegenüber dem Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.
Bei einem neuen Kühldeckensystem wird die Luft im Deckenhohlraum oberhalb der abgehängten Decke durch Konvektoren gekühlt, wobei die Wärmeübertragung ausschließlich durch freie Konvektion und Strahlung erfolgt. Die abgehängte Decke nimmt durch Strahlung und freie Konvektion Wärme aus dem darunterliegenden Büroraum auf und gibt sie über freie Konvektion an die Luft im Deckenhohlraum sowie durch Strahlung an die Begrenzungsflächen des Deckenhohlraumes ab. Die vom Kühlwasser durchströmten Rippenrohre nehmen ihrerseits Wärme aus der Luft im Hohlraum auf, die infolge der freien Konvektion durch die Rippenrohre strömt. Zur Aufnahme des bei starker Belastung und Dauerbetrieb anfallenden Kondensats ist unterhalb des Konvektors eine Kondensatauffangwanne angebracht. Mit dem von Rutsch erstellten Rechenprogramm ist es möglich, für verschiedenste Randbedingungen die Rippenrohre auf maximale Kühlleistung zu optimieren. Voraussetzung für die direkte Anwendung dieses Berechnungsverfahrens sind jedoch ungestörte An- und Abströmbedingungen der Luft am Konvektor. Neben der Optimierung der Rippenrohre auf Kühlleistung ist für den Aufbau der eigentlichen Decke die Luftströmung im Deckenhohlraum und die Austrittstemperatur aus den Konvektoren von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die maximale Kühlleistung der Rippenrohre kann nur erreicht werden, wenn alle Einzelrippenrohre nahezu gleichmäßig durchströmt werden und günstige Abströmverhältnisse vorhanden sind. Die Strömungsverhältnisse im Deckenhohlraum und innerhalb der Konvektoren wurden durch Rauch sichtbar gemacht und auf Video aufgezeichnet. Entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Temperaturverteilung an der Kühldecke haben die Breite des Konvektors, die Konstruktion der Kondensatauffangwanne, der Abstand der Konvektoren voneinander und der Konvektortyp. Direkt unterhalb der Kondensatauffangwanne beträgt die Temperaturdifferenz ca. 3 K. Der Temperaturgradient im Abströmbereich liegt bei ca. 0,2 bis 0,3 K/m.
A polarization mode dispersion measurement set-up based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer was realized. Measurements were carried out on short high-birefringent fibers and on long standard telecommunication single-mode fibers. In order to ensure high accurate results, special emphasis was placed on the evaluation of the interference pattern. The procedure will be described in detail and practical measurement results will be presented.
The prototype of an optical gyro encoder (OGE) has been successfully tested on the NTT telescope in September '93. The OGE consists of a ring laser gyro and a fiber optic gyro with their input axis parallel. The gyro outptu signals are compensated for earth rotation and misalignment and are subsequently integrated to get the angles. An adaptive digital control loop locks the fiber optic gyro to the laser gyro data. Thus the combined output has the precision of the laser gyro and the low noise of the fiber optic gyro. Specifically, the bias stability is better than 2 X 10-3 deg/h, the scale factor accuracy better than 1 ppm, the random walk coefficient better than 5 X 10-4 deg/(root)h and the resolution better than 3 X 10-4 arcsec. The OGE has been mounted in the altitude and in the azimuthy axis of the telescope. The data were compared with the telescope disk encoder data. The test data show that the pointing accuracy is about 1 arcsec and the tracking accuracy 0.1 arcsec over a time of 30 seconds. This accuracy is sufficient for the very large telescope, for instance.
This paper treats the Brillouin backscattering in a single mode optical fiber and its implications on the Brillouin Ring Laser Gyroscope (BRLG). The BRLG consists of a fiber ring cavity in which stimulated Brillouin scattering is induced and provides two resonant counterpropagating backscattered waves. If this cavity is rotating around its axis, the backscattered waves get different resonant frequencies because of the Sagnac effect. The frequency difference is proportional to the rotation rate (Omega) by inducing a frequency offset between the counterpropagating waves. Some reported Brillouin spectra exhibit several peaks, which means that one pump wave provides at least two backscattered waves with distinguishable frequencies. In order to understand this multi-backscattering and to take advantage of it for the BRLG, we present results of a simulation of the Brillouin backscattering in a single mode optical fiber.
Massiv- Heiz-/Kühldecken bestehen im wesentlichen aus in der tragenden Deckenkonstruktion eingegossenen Kunststoffrohren, die je nach Jahreszeit von Heiz- bzw. Kühlwasser durchströmt verden. Das instationäre Verhalten wurde mit dem Anlagen und Simulationsprogramm TRNSYS untersucht. Anhand ausgesuchter Ergebnisse können die Anforderungen an die notwendigen Regelkonzepte abgeleitet werden. Es eignen sich für derartige Systeme, insbesondere wegen ihrer großen Speicherfähigkeit und damit Trägheit, modifizierende selbstadaptierende Regler. Aufgrund der großen Trägheit der Massivdecke ist eine direkte außentemperaturgeführte Vorlauftemperaturregelung des Wasserstromes nicht sinnvoll. Es sollte ein selbstadaptierendes Regelsystem verwendet werden, das anhand der vorangegangenen Lastverläufe die Gebäudekonstante und damit das Speicherverhalten der Räume ermittelt. Damit der Regelaufwand reduziert werden kann, sollen mehrere Räume als Gruppe zusammengefaßt werden. Als weitere Größe für das Regelkonzept ist die Speichertemperatur am Ende der Ladezeit zu messen und in das Programm mit einzubinden.
Die Untersuchungen wurden im Raumlufttechnischen Labor der Fachhochschule Offenburg zur Beurteilung der Effizienz der Schadstoffabfuhr unter Einhaltung der thermischen Behaglichkeit beim Einsatz verschiedener Luftführungssysteme- Quellauslaß, Deckendrallauslaß und Fußbodenauslaß- in Verbindung mit einer Kühldecke durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß keine signifikanten Vorteile für ein bestimmtes RLT-Konzept bestehen. Je nach Wahl der Randbedingungen der Untersuchungen liegen die erreichbaren Kühlleistungen innerhalb einer Systemkombination weiter auseinander als im Verhältnis zu den Vergleichssystemen. Insgesamt ist hinsichtlich der von beiden Systemen zusammen abgebbaren, maximalen Kühlleistung die Kombination Kühldecke mit Deckendralluftauslaß vorteilhaft.
Vortex breakdown phenomena in rotating fluids are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The fluid is contained in a cone between two spherical surfaces. The primary swirling motion is induced ba the rotating lower boundary. The upper surface can be fixed with non-slip condition or can be a stress-free surface. Depending on these boundary conditions and on the Reynolds number, novel structures of recirculation zones are realized. The axisymmetric flow patterns are simulated numerically by a finite difference method. Experiments are done to visualize the topological structure of the flow pattern and to observe the existence ranges of the different recirculating flows. The comparison between theory and experiment shows good agreement with respect to the topological structure of the flow.
Die Geschäftsleitung und Führungskräfte von Eller Repro+Druck beschlossen im Juli 1994 die Teilnahme am damls noch neuen EU-Öko-Audit. Die Durchführung des Audits ist für 1996 geplant. Zwei Diplomanden der FH Offenburg wurde die Möglichkeit gegeben, als externe Berater für Eller Repro+Druck ihre Diplomarbeit über die Vorbereitung zum Öko-Audit zu schreiben. Der Betrieb (170 Mitarbeiter) verfügt über elektronische Bildverarbeitung auf Scitex- und Mac-Schiene, derzeit noch konventionelle Plattenkopie und -entwicklung, fünf Offsetrotationen sowie Weiterverarbeitung mit Sammelheftern und Falzmaschinen. Der Referent berichtet über die Erfahrungen, die sein Unternehmen bis zum Herbst 1995 mit der Vorbereitung zum Öko-Audit gemacht hat, und gibt Praxistips. Zusammen mit den Beratern wurden eine Aufnahme der betrieblichen Situation durchgeführt, Maßnahmen geplant und zum Teil durchgeführt.
Durch den verstärkten Einsatz von EDV-Geräten an den Arbeitsplätzen in Büroräumen stiegen die flächenbezogenen inneren Kühllasten deutlich an. Für die Arbeitsplätze in Fensternähe müssen EDV-gerechte Lichtverhältnisse vorhanden sein. Es werden Versuchsergebnisse eines neu entwickelten Kühlkonvektors im Fensterbereich im Zusammenhang mit Innenjalousien vorgestellt. Dieser Kühlkonvektor eignet sich auch für den kombinierten Einsatz mit Kühldecken und raumlufttechnischen (RLT)-Anlagen, wie weitere Versuche bestätigen. Der Kühlkonvektor kann auch beim Ersatz von Induktionsgeräten angewandt werden, die z.B. nach dem 4-Leiter-Prinzip angeschlossen sind. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß mit der Kombination von Kühldecke, Kühlkonvektor und RLT-Anlage große flächenbezogene Kühllasten abgeführt werden können, ohne daß dadurch die thermische Behaglichkeit negativ beeinflußt wird. Der Luftstrom läßt sich auf das hygienisch bzw. auf das zur Entfeuchtung notwendige Maß reduzieren, wodurch sich die Betriebskosten senken. Der Anteil der drei Komponenten an der gesamten Kühllast beträgt im Mittel: 15 % RLT-Anlage, 15 % Kühlkonvektor und 70 % Kühldecke.
Im Institut für angewandte Forschung (IAF) der FH Offenburg wird derzeit eine Chipkarte entwickelt, mit der Temperaturzeitreihen über längere Zeiträume aufgezeichnet werden können. Die zur Datenerfassung erforderlichen Systemkomponenten sind auf nur einem Halbleiterchip zusammengefaßt, wodurch sich bei großen Produktionsstückzahlen ein sehr niedriger Herstellpreis erzielen läßt. Die 'Thermologger' genannte Chipkarte kann zudem mit Standard-Chipkartenlesern und einer dedizierten Software auf jedem PC konfiguriert, gelesen und ausgewertet werden.
Bei modernen Lokomotiven mit Drehstrom-Asynchronmotoren und mit bis zu 7 Megawatt Leistung, neigt das Antriebssystem bei nicht ausreichendem Kraftschluß zwischen Treibradsatz und Schiene zum 'Durchdrehen'. Bei diesem Vorgang wird nahezu die gesamte Energie zur Beschleunigung des Radsatzes eingesetzt, was zu mechanischen Schäden an den Rädern und Schienen führen kann. Beim Bremsen ist dies ähnlich, die Räder gleiten auf den Schienen, wenn zuviel Bremskraft gefordert wird. Die übertragbaren Zug- und Bremskräfte werden primär durch die Radsatzlast und den Kraftschlußbeiwert bestimmt, wobei der Verlauf der Kraftschlußkennlinie als Funktion des Schlupfs oder der Schlupfgeschwindigkeit im wesentlichen durch den Schienenzustand (naß oder trocken) bestimmt wird. Eine hohe Kraftschlußnutzung wird dann erreicht, wenn man laufend denjenigen Schlupfwert einstellt, der zum jeweiligen Kraftschlußmaximum führt. Hierzu werden in der Praxis verschiedene Konzepte und Methoden eingesetzt, es ist bis heute jedoch keine Methode bekannt, den Verlauf der Kraftschlußkennlinie meßtechnisch laufend zu erfassen oder rechentechnisch zu bestimmen. Bei der hier vorgestellten Vorgehensweise wurde der mechanische Antrieb zusammen mit dem Rad-Schiene-Kontakt als Zustandsraumodell beschrieben. Die Betrachtungen beruhen dann auf einer Frequenzganguntersuchung des eingeführten linearen Zustandsraummodells. Aufgrund der Linearisierung gelten die Ergebnisse der Frequenzgangsberechnung nur für den jeweiligen Betriebspunkt der Kraftschlußkennlinie, also für eine bestimmte Steigung. Variiert man nun die Steigung, so läßt sich der Einfluß der nichtlinearen Kraftschlußkennlinien ermitteln. Zur Messung von Frequenzgängen eignen sich insbesondere Verfahren der Orthogonalen Korrelation. Die technische Realisierung wird skizziert. Die Meßinformation ist dann die Basis für eine Regelung, die ein permanentes optimales Fahren im Kraftschlußmaximum zuläßt und zwar beim Beschleunigen und beim Bremsen. Das beschriebene Meß- und Regelungsverfahren ist derzeit in der Schweiz in der Betriebserprobung.
In den Unternehmen der Automobilbranche herrscht ein beträchtlicher Rationalisierungsdruck mit einem daraus folgenden hohen Automatisierungsgrad. Den erheblichen Investitionen in modernste Fertigungstechnologien und Montageanlagen steht zunehmend die Forderung eines Return of Investment mit zweistelligen Prozentsätzen gegenüber. Betriebliche Abläufe und Fertigungsprozesse werden daher sehr detailliert geplant, wobei 'minutiöse' Planungen oftmals nur die Beherrschung komplexer Prozeßabläufe vortäuschen. Ungeplante Einflußfaktoren und Störungen lassen manche Planung schnell zu Makulatur verkommen.
Geschäftsprozeßmodellierung und dynamische Simulationen von Fertigungsprozessen mittels zeitbewerteter Petri-Netze, bieten ausgezeichnete Möglichkeiten, komplexe Zusammenhänge transparenter zu machen und neue Erkenntnisse über die Einflüsse von Störungen oder Qualitätsschwankungen auf die Produkt- und Prozeßqualität zu erhalten. In einem Teilbereich der Produktion der Daimler-Benz AG in Gaggenau wurden Qualitätsstörungen und ihre Wirkungen auf den Fertigungsprozeß von Drehmomentwandlern untersucht. Die im Fertigungsverlauf auftretenden qualitätsbeeinflussenden Störungen wurden in Petri-Netz-Modellen abgebildet und in diversen Szenerien simuliert. Die Auswirkungen auf die Anlagenverfügbarkeit, Durchlaufzeiten, Lagerstrategien und die Kostensituationen wurden verdeutlicht und erste Maßnahmen mit den zugehörigen Voraussetzungen aufgezeigt.
Moderne strombetriebene Wärmepumpenanlagen sind im Hinblick auf die Umweltbilanz und die Jahresenergiekosten selbst gegenüber den effizientesten gasbefeuerten und ölbefeuerten Heizanlagen deutlich im Vorteil. Um diesen Vorteil auch in der Praxis zu erreichen, muss der Auswahl und Dimensionierung der Wärmepumpe einschliesslich der Wärmequelle besondere Beachtung geschenkt werden. Hinsichtlich des Temperaturniveaus bietet sich als Wärmequelle besonders das Erdreich an, beispielsweise durch Erdsonden erschlossen. Abhängig von den hydrogeologischen Rahmenbedingungen ist insbesondere auf die längenbezogene Wärmeentzugsleistung der Erdsonden zu achten. Hierfür hat das Ministerium für Umwelt und Verkehr des Landes Baden-Württemberg einheitliche Grundlagen für die Beurteilung und Bearbeitung geschaffen. Ausgehend von einer Wärmepumpenheizanlage, von der bereits Messungen vorliegen, wurde diese Anlage mit dem Simulationsprogramm TRNSYS nachgebildet und die wesentlichen Temperaturverhältnisse in verschiedenen Erdreichtiefen und Erdsondenabständen ermittelt. Mit diesen Erdreichtemperaturen werden mit Hilfe eines vereinfachten Energiebilanzverfahrens die Jahresarbeitszahlen ermittelt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass neben der Hydraulik der Heizanlage der Art der Trinkwassererwärmung besondere Bedeutung zukommt, da dies sich entscheidend auf die Jahresarbeitszahl und damit auch auf die mögliche Reduzierung des CO2-Ausstosses auswirkt.
A system for the on-line/in-line measurement of soot particle sizes and concentrations in the undiluted exhaust gas of diesel engines was developed and successfully tested. The unit uses the individual attenuations of three different laser wavelengths and is combined with an optical cell (white principle) with adjustable path lengths from 2.5 to 15 meters.
The title expresses goals the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) has been working toward for some time. This report extends concepts and objectives developed while working on an earlier effort for effective interactive digital maps on the Internet. That work was reported to the 1998 DMT Workshop in Champaign, Illinois (Ross, 1998). The current project goes beyond previous efforts that focused on methods for serving the contents of a geographic information system (GIS); the points, lines, and polygons representing features of the digital geologic map and the data in the attribute tables of the GIS describing those features.
Die Verarbeitung analoger Signale durch digitale Techniken ist durch die enorme Leistungsfähigkeit der Prozessoren zwischenzeitlich zum Standard geworden. Eine hinreichende Genauigkeit der digitalen Verarbeitung kann durch Wahl der notwendigen Wortbreite relativ einfach bewerkstelligt werden, wobei der Aufwand mit zunehmender Wortbreite linear, teilweise auch quadratisch steigt. Zum Flaschenhals in der Verarbeitung wird aber häufig die Wandlung der analog vorliegenden Signale in digitale Signale, ebenso die Rückwandlung der digitalen Signale in analoge Spannungs- oder Stromverläufe. Der Aufwand für diese teils analogen, teils digitalen Systeme steigt oft exponentiell mit der geforderten Genauigkeit bzw. Auflösung der Systeme und erfordert in konventioneller Technik bei hoher Auflösung aufwendige Maßnahmen auf dem Chip. Oversampling- und Rauschfärbungs-Methoden sind in der Verarbeitung von Audio-Signalen schon seit langem probate Mittel, um die Auflösung mit moderatem Aufwand zu erhöhen. Derartige Techniken werden zwischenzeitlich auch gerne im Bereich der Antriebstechnik, wo die Anforderungen an die erforderliche Positioniergenauigkeit zunehmen, eingesetzt. Ziel des Vortrags ist eine leicht verständliche Einführung in die Themengebiete der Überabtastung und der Rauschfärbung und ihre Anwendung im Hinblick auf Rundungsvorgänge im digitalen Bereich, in D/A-Wandlern und A/D-Wandlern vom Delta-Sigma-Typ.
Der Bericht beschreibt die Vorgehensweise für die Entwicklung von Hochleistungszweitaktmotoren beim Institut für Transportwesen und Motorentechnik (ITM). Die gezielte Auswertung von motorischen Daten bietet die Möglichkeit, Motorenentwicklungsprozesse in wichtigen Fragestellung zu unterstützen. Für die Auslegung von Bauteilen und Prozessen werden Simulationsprogramme eingesetzt. Diese Entwicklungswerkzeuge können effizienter angewandt werden, wenn die Berechnungsergebnisse einer Qualitätskontrolle unterliegen. Wichtig hierfür sind Bewertungskriterien, die aus der Erfahrung einer Vielzahl von Versuchen bestehen. Da in Produktion gegangene Motoren üblicherweise schon einen Evolutionsprozeß durchlaufen haben, kann vermutet werden, daß solche Kriterien von erfolgreichen und weniger erfolgreichen Produkten in der Weise abgeleitet werden können, wie dies hier vorgestellt wurde. Die Angabe von Trendfunktionen für konstruktive Merkmale und Betriebsparameter ist notwendig um eine bedarfsorientierte Vorauslegung von Antrieben durchführen zu können. Alle hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse sind natürlich von der Datenmenge abhängig, die zu den jeweiligen Fragestellungen ausgewertet werden kann. Dazu müssen alle durchgeführten Versuchsreihen in die Datenbank eingeführt und mit Ergebnissen der Simulationsrechnungen in Beziehung gesetzt werden.
In jüngster Zeit werden vermehrt größere thermische Solaranlagen zur Warmwassererzeugung und zur Heizungsunterstützung in größeren Mehrfamilienhäusern und Neubausiedlungen mit Einfamilien- bzw. Doppelhäusern eingesetzt. Während die hydraulische Einbindung der Solarenergie zur Heizungsunterstützung meist problemlos realisiert wird, entstehen bei der Warmwasserbereitung immer wieder Probleme hinsichtlich der Legionellenproblematik. Die Anforderungen im DVGW Arbeitsblatt W551, den gesamten Wasserinhalt der Vorwärmstufen einmal am Tag auf 60 Grad C zu erwärmen und damit zur Verminderung des Legionellenwachstums beizutragen, führen immer wieder dazu, daß durch fehlerhafte Konzepte, insbesondere im Bereich der hydraulischen Schaltungen in Verbindung mit den Regelkonzepten, der solare Deckungsgrad bei der Trinkwassererwärmung sehr gering bleibt. Anhand ausgewählter Ausführungsbeispiele wird die Problematik ausführlich behandelt und Lösungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Abschließend werden funktionsgerechte Anlagentechniken verschiedener Ausführungsvarianten besprochen.
The importance of obtaining simultaneous particle size and concentration values has grown up with continuing discussion of the health effects, of internal combustion engine generated particulate emissions and in particular of Diesel soot emissions. In the present work an aerosol measurement system is described that delivers information about particle size and concentration directly from the undiluted exhaust gas.
Using three laser diodes of different wavelengths which form one parallel light beam, each spectral attenuation is analysed by a single detector and the particle diameter and concentration is evaluated by the use of the Mie theory and shown on-line at a frequency of 1 Hz. The system includes an optical long-path-cell (White principle) with an adjustable path length from 2.5 to 15 m, which allows the analysis within a broad concentration range.
On-line measurements of the particulate emissions in the hot, undiluted exhaust of Diesel engines are presented under stationary and transient engine’s load conditions. Mean particle diameters well below 100 nm are detected for modern Diesel engines. The measured particle concentration corresponds excellently with the traditional gravimetrical measurements of the diluted exhaust. Additionally, measurements of particle emissions (mostly condensed hydricarbons) from a two-stroke engine are presented and discussed.
A prototype multiwavelength sensor able to characterise soot emissions in Diesel exhaust in terms of size and concentration has been tested against other methods for diesel particle measurements like electrical mobility sizing (SMPS) and raw exhaust gravimetric sampling (RES). Measurements carried out with the prototype sensor were correlated with the SMPS by assuming spherical and/or fractal aggregate morphology of the particles. Correlation of RES gravimetric data against the sensor and the SMPS led to the calculation of the solid density for soot particles to be 2.3 gr/cm3.
HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) is a well known and versatile separation method which shows many advantages when compared to other separation techniques. The method is fast and inexpensive and does not need time-consuming pretreatments. For visualisation of the sample distribution on a HPTLC-plate we developed a new and sturdy HPTLC-scanner. The scanner allows simultaneous registrations of spectra in a range from 198 nm to 612 nm with a spectral resolution of better than 0.8 nm. The on-plate spatial resolution is better than 160 μm. The measurement of 450 spectra in one separation track does not need more than two minutes. The new diode-array scanner offers a fast survey over a TLC-separation and makes various chemometric applications possible. For compound identification a cross-correlation function is described to compare UV sample spectra with appropriate library data. The cross-correlation function herein described can also be used for purity testing. Unresolved peaks can be virtually separated by use of a least squares fit algorithm. In summary, the diode arry system delivers much more information than the commonly used TLC-scanner.
Vom Tragverhalten und von der Geometrie (eben oder gekrümmt, linien- oder flächenhaft ausgeprägt) her unterscheidet man Sandwich-Balken, Sandwich-Platten, -Scheiben und -Schalen. Im Normalfall hat man ein Zusammenwirken aus drei Schichten: Den zug- bzw. druckaufnehmenden Deckschichten und der schubbelasteten Kernschicht. Die Klebverbindung von Kern- und der jeweiligen Deckschicht hat mindestens die kraftübertragende Eigenschaft der schwächsten Schicht (d.h. der Schicht mit dem kleinsten E-Modul) aufzuweisen. Dies ist in der Regel die Kernschicht. Diese Eigenschaft der Verklebung muss über die Lebensdauer des Tragwerkes erhalten bleiben. Bei rein statischer Belastung sind die Verklebung in ihrer Zeitfestigkeit und das Lastkriechen der schubaufnehmenden Kernschicht zu beachten. Bei dynamischer Belastung sind die entsprechenden Wöhler-Kurven zu beachten. Viele Klebstoffe sind dynamisch belastbar. Wenn man die Festigkeits- und Steifigkeitsberechnung durchführen möchte, kann die so genannte exakte Berechnungsmethode über gekoppelte partielle Differenzialgleichungen zum Ziel führen. Neben der Berechnung der Verformungen und Spannungen infolge Platten- und Scheibenwirkung kommen bei hochbelasteten gekrümmten Sandwich-Bauteilen auch die Koppelgleichungen von Platte und Scheibe zur Schale hinzu. Außerdem kommt bei dünnen, unter Druck stehenden Deckschichten die Abschätzung der Knitterspannungen hinzu, die ja nach der Bettung der Deckschicht auf der Kernschicht weitestgehend von der Dehnsteifigkeit der Kernschicht abhängt. Seit den 60-er Jahren hat sich die Finite-Elemente-Methode als eine computergestützte Berechnungsmethode etabliert, die zwar als Näherungsmethode definiert ist aber eine hervorragende Genauigkeit in der Spannungs- und Steifigkeitsberechnung bietet.
Ein neuer Ansatz wurde für mobile Roboter zur gleichzeitigen 3D (Drei-Dimensionaler) Kartierung und Lokalisierung vorgestellt. Die Grundlage bilden attributierte Flächenmodelle, die z.B. von segmentierten Laserscanner-Tiefenbildern stammen. Zur Optimierung der Gesamtähnlichkeit zwischen Flächenmodellen unter Zeitbedingungen werden mehrere Verfahren (Beschränkte Baumsuche, Iterative Verfeinerung, Evolutionäralgorithmus) kombiniert. Es wird speziell anhand der Ähnlichkeitsmaße gezeigt, wie das Wissen über die Lage stufenweise generiert und verwendet wird. Erste Messungen an realen segmentierten Tiefenbildfolgen zeigen, dass das Verfahren unbekannte übelappung, Verdeckung und Segmentierungsfehler toleriert sowie Echtzeitpotenzial besitzt.
HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) is a well known and versatile separation method which shows a lot of advantages and options in comparison to other separation techniques. The method is fast and inexpensive and does not need time-consuming pretreatments. Using fiber-optic elements for controlled light-guiding, the TLC-method was significantly improved: the new HPTLC-system is able to measure simultaneously at different wavelengths without destroying the plate surface or the analytes on the surface. For registration of the sample distribution on a HPTLC-plate we developed a new and sturdy diode-array HPTLC- scanner which allows registration of spectra on the TLC- plates in the range of 198 nm to 610 nm with a spectral resolution better than 1.2 nm. The spatial resolution on plate is better than 160 micrometers . In the spectral mode, the new HPTLC-scanner delivers much more information than the commonly used TLC-scanner. The measurement of 450 spectra of one separation track does not need more than three minutes. However, in the fixed wavelength mode the contour plot can be measured within 15 seconds. In this case, the signal will be summarized and averaged over a spectral range having FWHM from 10 nm to 25 nm depending on the substance under test. The new diode-array HPTLC-scanner makes various chemometric applications possible. The new method can be used easily in clinical diagnostic systems easily, e.g. for blood and uring investigations. In addition, new applications are possible. For example, the rich structured PAHs were studied. Although the separation is incomplete the 16 compounds can be quantified using suitable wavelengths.
Time Resolved Measurements of Soot Concentrations and Mean Particle Sizes during EUDC and ECE Cycles
(2002)
The central purpose of this paper is to present a novel framework supporting the specification, the implementation and retrieval of media streaming services. It provides an integrated service development environment comprising of a streaming service model, a service specification language and several implementation and retrieval tools. Our approach is based on a clear separation of a streaming service specification, and its implementation by a distributed application and can be used for different streaming paradigms, e.g. push and pull services.
Quantitative Bestimmung von Clozapin im Serum mittels Dioden-Array Dünnschichtchromatographie
(2003)
The central purpose of this paper is to present a novel framework supporting the specification and the implementation of media streaming services using XML and Java Media Framework (JMF). It provides an integrated service development environment comprising of a streaming service model, a service specification language and several implementation and retrieval tools. Our approach is based on a clear separation of a streaming service specification, and its implementation by a distributed JMF application and can be used for different streaming paradigms, e.g. push and pull services.
In this paper, we propose a new streaming media service development environment comprising of a streaming media service model, a XML based service specification language and several implementation and configuration management tools. Our approach is based on a high level streaming service specification language, which allows specifying a service in terms of media objects, QoS, and distribution policies. Driven by such a streaming service specification and a streaming component library implemented with Java Media Framework, the required distributed application infrastructure is generated automatically by a service manager. To support flexible instantiation and termination of services as well as change management during runtime, e.g. migration or substitution of streaming components, we introduce instantiation and termination rules, and reconfiguration rules.
Nowadays the processing power of mobile phones, smartphones and PDAs is increasing as well as the transmission bandwidth. Nevertheless there is still the need to reduce the content and the need of processing the data. We discuss the proposals and solutions for dynamic reduction of the transmitted content. For that, device specific properties are taken into account, as much as for the aim to reduce the need of processing power at the client side to be able to display the 3D (virtual reality) data. Therefore, well known technologies, e.g. data compression are combined with new developed ideas to reach the goal of adaptive content transmission. To achieve a device dependant reduction of processing power the data have to be preprocessed at the server side or the server even has to take over functionality of weak mobile devices.
The goal of eLearning services integration in manufacturing is, through the development of new multimedia solutions, to accelerate and enhance the ability of the manufacturing industry to capitalise on the emergence of a powerful global information infrastructure. The key components of our approach are: (1) an XML based streaming service specification language; (2) automatic configuration of distributed eLearning streaming service implementations; (3) a set of Web services for searching, registration, and creation of streaming services; (4) caching and replication policies based on timing information derived from the service specifications. We also introduce a new concept for cache management during runtime, e.g., content is distributed to cache servers located at the edge of a network close to the client.
Energetische Aspekte gewinnen bei nachhaltig optimierten Systemen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Klassische Lösungen der Strömungsmechanik sind für viele technische Anwendungen von enormerWichtigkeit. In dieser Arbeit präsentieren wir energetische Analysen zu den unterschiedlichen Rayleigh-Stokes Problemen wie der plötzlich in Gang gesetzten oder gestoppten Platte sowie der periodisch oszillierenden Platte. Die in [1] beschriebenen klassischen Rayleigh-Stokes Probleme sind in vielfältigerWeise für verallgemeinerte Rand- und Anfangsbedingungen untersucht worden. Beispiele hierzu sind in [2, 3] dargestellt. Theoretische Grundlagen zu den folgenden energetischen Betrachtungen sind in [4, 5] enthalten.
The iSign project started in 2000 as a web-based laboratory setting for students of electrical engineering. In the meantime it has broadened into a heterogeneous learning environment offering learning material, adaptive user settings and access to a simulation tool. All these offerings can be accessed via web and wireless by different clients, such as PCs, PDAs and mobile phones. User adaptive systems offer unique and personalised environment for every learner and therefore are a very important aspect of modern e-learning systems. The iSign project aims to personalise the content structure based on the learner's behaviour, content pattern, policies, and system environment. The second aspect of the recent research and development within this project is the generation of suitable content and presentation for different clients. This generation is based additionally on the user preferences in order to obtain the desirable presentation for a given device. New, valuable features are added to the mobile application, empowering the user not only to control the simulation process with his mobile device but also to input data, view the simulation's output and evaluate the results. Experiences with students have helped to improve functionality and look-and-feel whilst using the iSign system. Our goal is to provide unconstrained, continuous and personalised access to the laboratory settings and learning material everywhere and at anytime with different devices.
The Division Industrial Chemistry of the Swiss Chemical Society organizes periodically a two-day event for the post-graduate education of its members. This event is known as the Freiburger Symposium. This year it focussed on sustainable chemical production. The twelve talks covered the following aspects: ethical needs for sustainability standards, the required, attained, and yet to be attained sustainability goals in chemical industry. Diverse case studies showed the highly developed awareness about the sustainability issue within the chemical community.
We propose a new streaming media service development environment comprising of a streaming media service model, a XML based service specification language and several implementation and configuration management tools. In our project, the described approach is used for integration of streaming based eLearning services in manufacturing processes of a subcontractor to the automotive industry. The key components of our approach are 1) an xml based streaming service specification language, 2) a set of web services for searching, registration, and creation of streaming services, 3) caching and replication policies based on timing information derived from the service specifications.
The establishment of a software tool chain among requirements management tools, black box test approach tool CTE XL and RTRT is proposed in this paper. The use of Classification Tree Method ensures the reduction in the number of test cases and promises an increased efficiency when testing. The traceability of test cases and requirements is guaranteed by the established software tool chain with well defined interfaces. As the experimental results point out, a better test coverage can be achieved. Future work can be based on automatic generation of init and expected values for testing, requiring no interference from a software quality engineer. In conclusion, the tasks that need to be performed by the software quality engineers is to define the black box test cases using CTM/CTE XL, import the requirements from the requirements management tools, import the XML file to test tool RTRT. By giving the initial and expected values the testing can be performed in a comfortable way.
Das fortwährende Streben nach Steigerung der Genauigkeit und Effizienz von industriellen Bearbeitungs- und Prüfprozessen führt bei elektrischen Antrieben zu immer höheren Forderungen an ihre dynamischen Eigenschaften. Hierbei kommt dem Stromregelkreis als dem am weitesten unterlagerten Regelkreis eines elektrischen Antriebs eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Mit zunehmender Dynamikerhöhung des Stromregelkreises treten jedoch aufgrund von Parameterunsicherheiten und von Messfehlem immer deutlicher Probleme der Regelkreisrobustheit und der Geräuschemission in den Vordergrund, die es oft nicht gestatten, die theoretisch erhaltenen Lösungen in vollem Umfang zu realisieren. Gegenüber der optimalen Lösung müssen dann Abstriche hinsichtlich der erreichbaren Dynamik gemacht werden. Wie diese Abstriche durch das Ausschöpfen verborgener Freiheitsgrade reduziert werden können, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag gezeigt. Als Lösungsansatz wird hierfür ein achsenunsymmetrischer Statorstromzustandsregler gewählt, der es erlaubt, in der d- und q-Achse eine unterschiedliche Dynamik einzustellen. Hierbei wird zunächst im Kapitel 2 ein kurzer Überblick über die Entwicklungsgeschichte und den Stand der Technik von pulsweitenmodulierten Stromregelverfahren für Drehstromantriebe in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten gegeben. Anschließend wird am Beispiel einer frequenzumrichtergespeisten Asynchronmaschine das zeitdiskrete Modell der Statorstromregelstrecke vorgestellt, das dem hier erläuterten Verfahren zugrunde liegt. Wegen des Zusammenhangs zwischen Dynamikerhöhung und Empfindlichkeitszunahme ist es naheliegend, die Dynamik des Statorstromregelkreises nur so weit zu steigern, wie es erforderlich ist. Diesbezüglich ist insbesondere zu gewährleisten, dass ein angefordertes Drehmoment möglichst schnellst eingeprägt wird. Die Änderungsgeschwindigkeit des Flusses spielt hingegen eine untergeordnetere Rolle. Demzufolge sollte die drehmomentbildende Statorstrom-q-Komponente in der Praxis eine höhere Dynamik aufweisen als die flussbildende Statorstrom-d-Komponente. Um hierbei die aufwändige reelle Rechnung so weit wie möglich zu vermeiden, wird der Reglerentwurf in zwei Schritten durchgeführt. Im ersten Schritt wird ein schiefsymmetrisches, komplex beschreibbares Regelgesetz entworfen, das zwar zu einer möglichst einfachen Darstellbarkeit des geschlossenen Statorstromregelkreises führt, das jedoch noch nicht die endgültige Dynamik zur Folge haben muss. Insbesondere muss nach Abschluss dieses ZwischenSchritts bereits eine vollständige Entkopplung der d- und der q-Komponente des Statorstromraumzeigers vollzogen sein. Im zweiten Schritt wird dann ein weiterer Regler entworfen, der auf der Grundlage des im ersten Schritt erhaltenen entkoppelten Systems jeder Stromkomponente eine separate Dynamik zuweisen kann. Die Verkettung beider Teilregler führt schließlich zum gesuchten Statorstromregler, der zum einen relativ einfach berechenbar ist und der zum anderen alle an ihn gestellten Dynamikanforderungen erfüllt. Im vierten Kapitel wird schließlich der Entwurf des achsenunsymmetrischen Statorstromzustandsreglers skizziert und die daraus hervorgehenden Regelalgorithmen vorgestellt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des beschriebenen Zustandsreglers wird anhand von aufgenommenen Zeitverläufen eines Laborantriebs demonstriert, mit dem der Drehmomentverlauf von Verbrennungsmotoren nachgebildet wird.
In 2000 the iSign project started as a virtual web-based laboratory for students of study program electrical engineering. Continuous development in the last years led to a heterogeneous learning environment offering learning material, adaptive user settings and access to a simulation tool. Access is available via web and wireless devices such as PCs, Laptops, PDAs, smartphones and mobile phones. Our attempt to adapt the content to the user's needs and the currently used device led us to a XML based data structure. This report shows our research results about content adaptation based on XML data. The two main aspects for that process are: the device capabilities and the adaptation methods using XML data.
Nowadays the processing power of mobile phones, Smart phones and PDA is increasing, as well as the transmission bandwidth. Nevertheless there is still the need to reduce the content and the need of processing the data. Proposals and solutions for dynamic reduction of the transmitted content will be discussed. For that, device specific properties will be taken into account, aiming at reducing the need of processing power at the client side to display the 3D Virtual Reality data. Therefore, well known technologies like data compression are combined with new approaches to achieve the goal of adaptive content transmission. For device dependant reduction of processing power the data has to be pre-processed at the server side or the server itself has to take over functionality of weak mobile devices.
In thin-layer chromatography, fiber-bundle arrays have been introduced for spectral absorption measurements in the UV-region. Using all-silica fiber bundles, the exciting light will be detected after re-emission on the plate with a fiberoptic spectrometer. In addition, fluorescence light can be detected which will be masked by the re-emitted light. Therefore, it is helpful to separate the absorption and fluorescence on the TLC-plate. A modified three-array assembly has been developed: using one array for detection, the two others are used for excitation with broadband band deuterium-light and with UV-LEDs adjusted to the substances under test. As an example, the quantification of glucosamine in nutritional supplements or spinach leaf extract will be described. Using simply heating of the amino-plate for derivation, the reaction product of Glucosamine can be detected sensitively either by light absorption or by fluorescence, using the new fiber-optic assembly. In addition, the properties of the new 3-row fiber-optic array and the commercially available UV-LEDs will be shown, in the interesting wavelength region for excitation of fluorescence, from 260 nm to 360 nm. The squint angle having an influence on coupling efficiency and spatial resolution will be measured with the inverse farfield method. Some properties of UV-LEDs for analytical applications will be described and discussed, too.
Previous studies of the hyphenation of gas chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric detection in the ultraviolet wavelength range between 168 and 330 nm showed a high potential for applications where the analysis of complex samples is required. Within this paper the development of a state-of-the-art detection system for compounds in the vapour phase is described, offering an improved behaviour compared to previous systems: Dependent on the requirements of established detection systems hyphenated with gas chromatography, the main components of the system have to be designed for optimum performance and reliability of the spectrophotometric detector: A deuterium lamp as a broadband light source has been selected for improved stability in the measurements. A new-type absorption cell based on fiber-optics has been developed considering the dynamic necessary to compete with existing techniques. In addition, the influence of the volume of the cell on the chromatogram needs to be analyzed. Tests for determining the performance of the absorption cell in terms of chemical and thermal influences have been carried out. A new spectrophotometer with adequate spectral resolution in the wavelength range, offering improved stability and dynamic for an efficient use in this application was developed. Furthermore, the influence of each component on the performance, reliability and stability of the sensor system will be discussed. An overview and outlook over the potential applications in the environmental, scientific and medical field will be given.
Non-esterified plant oils gain ecological and economical importance, particularly in the EU where it is intended to increase the share of renewable energies. Plant oils do not require any chemical treatment so do not cause secondary pollution. The importance of plant oil will increase in Germany for mobile and stationary applications. The generation co-generation of heat and power is subsidized by the German “Erneuerbares Energiegesetz” and the “Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetz” when renewable fuels are used such as plant oils..
Plant oils have a much higher viscosity than conventional gas oil. It is mandatory to decrease the oil viscosity by heating prior to injection to assure proper injection and to avoid engine damage due to coke formation in the combustion chamber and at the injection nozzle. The German quality standard of Weihenstephan (RK-Qualitätsstandard 05/2000) for rape seed oil should be followed for use as diesel fuel. The chemical composition of plant oils is appreciably different in comparison to diesel fuels derived from mineral oils suggesting also different emission behavior.
Particle and Gaseous Emissions of Diesel Engines Fuelled by Different Non-Esterified Plant Oils
(2007)
The particulate matter and gas emissions of several plant oils are analyzed in the hot exhaust gas under various engine conditions at different speeds and loads The measurement data are compared to the emission values of conventional diesel fuel (gas oil). The investigation concentrates on a modern common rail TDI light duty diesel, four cylinders, for passenger cars. The differences in the gas and particulate matter emission - compared to conventional diesel fuel - are remarkably low for the diesel engine which is properly adjusted for the plant oils. Emission data of an old heavy duty diesel engine are also shown for comparison reasons and reveals large differences. Differences are found in the pressures of the indicator diagram, time resolved over the crank angle. Plant oils consistently exhibit a higher cylinder pressure. The TEM investigation confirms the differences found by the LPME (long path multi-wavelength extinction) on-line analysis.
A platform of an electronic capsule is being developed for multi-task medical assistant application. It includes a near field telemetry unit for bidirectional communication system of 115 KHz low carrier frequency for inductive data transmission suited for human body energy transfer. The system triggers an actuator for drug delivery in various time and release forms via wireless external control, it has the ability to record temperature, measure pH of the body (additional sensors), and retrieve data to the outside. It consists of a 32bit processor, memory, external peripheries, and detection facility. The complete system is designed to fit small-size mass medical application with low power consumption, size of 7x25mm. The system is designed, simulated and emulated on FPGA. A final layout of the complete chip design is still under progress.
A new electronic capsule with bidirectional communication system is being developed for multi-task application. The capsule is designed to be a platform for medical assistant application inside the body. The designed telemetry unit is a synchronous bidirectional communication block using continuous phase DQPSK of 115 kHz low carrier frequency for inductive data transmission suited for human body energy transfer. The communication system can assist the electronic pill to trigger an actuator for drug delivery, to record temperature, or to measure pH of the body. It consists additionally to a 32bit processor, memory, external peripheries, and detection facility. The complete system is designed to fit small-size mass medical application with low power consumption, size of 7x25mm. The system is designed, simulated and emulated on FPGA. A final layout of the complete chip design is still under progress.
A new, small, and optimized for low power processor core named SIRIUS has been developed, simulated, synthesized to a netlist and verified. From this netlist, containing only primitives like gates and flip-flops, a mapping to an ASIC - or FPGA technology can easily be done with existing synthesizer tools, allowing very complex SOC designs with several blocks. Emulation via FPGA can be done on already simple setups and cheap hardware because of the small core size. The performance is estimated 50 MIPS on Cyclone II FPGA and about 100 MIPS on a 0.35 CMOS 5M2P technology with 4197 primitives used for the core, including a 16 x 16 multiplier. An example design of the ASIC for an electronic ePille device currently in development is shown.
To provide proper solutions to the problem of device dependant content delivery, a fine categorization of the application target devices is needed. Earlier attempts provided two different presentations for desktop and mobile platforms. The mobile platform presentation was divided into three categories, based on a general classification (PDA, Smartphone or mobile phone). In order to improve the on mobile device presentation a finer categorization is introduced. In this paper, our focus is to clarify the concept of this more flexible presentation module, in which the delivered content depends on the efficiency of the device based on a selected set of capabilities.
The identification and quantification of compounds in the gas phase becomes of increasing interest in the context of environmental protection, as well as in the analytical field. In this respect, the high extinction coefficients of vapours and gases in the ultraviolet wavelength region allow a very sensitive measurement system. In addition, the increased performance of the components necessary for setting up a measurement system, such as fibres, light sources and detectors has been improved. In particular the light sources and detectors offer improved stability, and the deep UV performance and solarisation resistance of fused silica fibres allow have been significantly optimized in the past years. Therefore a compact and reliable detection system with high measuring accuracy is developed. Within this paper possible applications of the system under development and recent results will be discussed.
The identification and quantification of compounds in the gas phase becomes of increasing interest in the context of environmental protection, as well as in the analytical field. In this respect, the high extinction coefficients of vapours and gases in the ultraviolet wavelength region allow a very sensitive measurement system. In addition, the increased performance of the components necessary for setting up a measurement system, such as fibres, light sources and detectors has been improved. In particular the light sources and detectors offer improved stability, and the deep UV performance and solarisation resistance of fused silica fibres allow have been significantly optimized in the past years. Therefore a compact and reliable detection system with high measuring accuracy is developed. Within this paper possible applications of the system under development and recent results will be discussed.
In this paper a practical way for fatigue life prediction of rubber products under multiaxial loads is shown. This is done by means of fracture mechanical concepts and the energy release rate as the failure criterion. Due to a FEA post-processor the potential energy release rate might be calculated at every material point supposed there was a crack. And therefore the risk of failure and with the help of a strain number curve the time to fatigue is able to be calculated by FEA. This concept is applied for an estimation of the life time of a test specimen with tensile loading from fatigue data of a shear loaded specimen of different design. This rather more theoretical concept of the energy release rate is complemented by experimental crack growth data by a Tear Fatigue Analyzer with its great advantage of reduction of testing time and costs compared to those of fatigue tests. For some materials a thorough characterization of crack growth and fatigue behavior is presented and is applied to estimate the time to fatigue by FEA for a real component under multiaxial loads.
Experimental and numerical investigations into the forming of tailored strips and tailored tubes
(2008)
Through the application of tailored strips and tailored tubes, the wall thickness of components can be manufactured in a load-optimised manner. Thus, it is also possible to optimise component weight. Prior to the application of tailored products, wall thicknesses and the respective degree of deformation as well as the welding seam position can be determined in a FEM (finite element method) simulation. These results are then verified in test series on transfer presses and tube bending machines, with the necessary tool adaptations being determined in the process. This results in weight and cost reductions for deep-drawn components and tube sections. Moreover, this means that especially with regard to tubes, multiple sections can be combined in one component. A feasibility study shows that the level of possible weight and cost savings depends on the respective component geometry and load situation. Additional costs for the production of tailored products and - if necessary - tool modifications also need to be considered. Thus, the amount of savings possible for a part can only be determined on an individual basis.
The authors present an abiotically catalyzed glucose fuel cell and demonstrate its application as energy harvesting power source for a cardiac pacemaker. This is enabled by an optimized DC-DC converter operating at 40 % conversion efficiency, which surpasses commercial low-power DC-DC converters. The required fuel cell surface area can thus be reduced from about 125 cm2 to 18 cm2, which would allow for its direct integration onto the pacemaker casing.
A new miniaturized capsule with 32bit processor and bidirectional communication system is being developed for multitask application. The capsule is designed to be a platform for medical assistant application inside the body. The processor core SIRIUS has been developed, simulated, synthesized to a netlist and verified. The designed telemetry unit is a synchronous bidirectional communication block using continuous phase DQPSK of 115 kHz low carrier frequency for inductive data transmission suited for human body energy transfer. The communication system can assist the electronic pill to trigger an actuator for drug delivery, to record temperature, or to measure pH of the body. The complete system is designed to fit small-size mass medical application with low power consumption, size of 7x25 mm. The system is designed, simulated, emulated on FPGA, and routed in AMIS Technology.
Having 22 GW of nominal power installed Germany is the leading nation in wind energy conversion. While the number of suitable installation sites ashore is limited, and the average windspeed and thus the utilization level offshore is significantly higher, more and more offshore wind farms are planned. In order to reduce the cost of building the foundations and of connecting the wind turbines to the power grid, the single plant is designed as powerful as possible and therefore the components become huge and weighty. For instance: In order to lift the nacelle with around 500 tons of weight up on the tower - which can be up to 120 m above the water level - at the time special ships and cranes are designed and built. But those firstly will be very expensive and secondly will be available only on a limited scale. Hence the installation cost of those huge wind turbines significantly influence the rentability of a wind farm. Against this background a joint research project supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) was started comprising the project partners Ed. Züblin AG, Berg-idl GmbH (an engineering company and a maker of special purpose machines in Altlußheim, Germany), the IPEK (institute for product development) at the university of Karlsruhe and the Hochschule Offenburg, university of applied science. Project target is the conceptual design of a heavy-duty elevator, which can be used to install the tower segments and the nacelle of a wind turbine offshore without a crane. The most relevant challenges in this context result of holding up extreme loads by means of comparatively filigree carrying structures. The paper shows some examples of structural analysis and optimization work accomplished during the project. For the structural analysis of the heavy loaded components ANSYS workbench was used. The development process was also supported by optimization tools like TOSCA and OPTIMUS. The linking of the FE solver and the optimizer provides important hints concerning improvement of the topology and the dimensions of the components. Examples of designs illustrate the development process and the methods applied.
A new approach of continuous phase QPSK Band-Pass modulation technique is being developed as enhancement to the QPSK modulation scheme for inductive data transmission (NFC). The modulation is based on Gaussian filtering of the phase transition from one state to the other rather than discontinuity in phase shift. The carrier is based on low frequency 115 KHz suitable for human body energy penetration due to its large skin-depth and lower inductive power attenuation. The complete signal processing is done digitally, external coil and capacitor is used for transceiver interface. The telemetry assists a smart pill swallowed by human being to trigger an actuator for drug delivery, record temperature, or perform diagnostic task inside the body. The smart pill includes 32bit processor, 16 Kbyte memory, temperature sensor, telemetry unit, and additional external peripheries. The complete system is designed, embedded in one SoC, and realized on ASIC with chip-area less than 14 mm<sup>2</sup>.
A theoretical description is given for the propagation of surface acoustic wave pulses in anisotropic elastic media subject to the influence of nonlinearity. On the basis of nonlinear elasticity theory, an evolution equation is presented for the surface slope or the longitudinal surface velocity associated with an acoustic pulse. It contains a non-local nonlinearity, characterized by a kernel that strongly varies from one propagation geometry to another due to the anisotropy of the substrate. It governs pulse shape evolution in homogeneous halfspaces and the shapes of solitary surface pulses that exist in coated substrates. The theory describing nonlinear Rayleigh-type surface acoustic waves is extended in a straightforward way to surface waves that are localized at a one-dimensional acoustic waveguide like elastic wedges.
In short-reach connections, large-diameter multimode fibres allow for robust and easy connections. Unfortunately, their propagation properties depend on the excitation conditions. We propose a launching technique using a fibre stub that can tolerate fabrication tolerances in terms of tilts and off-sets to a large extent. A study of the influence of displaced connectors along the transmission link shows that the power distributions approach a steady-state power distribution very similar to the initial distribution established by the proposed launching scheme.
This paper shows the results of the evaluation of two sets of mobile web design guidelines concerning mobile learning. The first set of guidelines is concerned with the usage of text on mobile device screens. The second set is concerned with the usage of images on mobile devices. The evaluation is performed by eye tracking (objective) as well as questionnaires and interviews (subjective) respectively.