Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Conference Proceeding (286)
- Article (reviewed) (285)
- Bachelor Thesis (131)
- Article (unreviewed) (97)
- Part of a Book (77)
- Contribution to a Periodical (74)
- Report (44)
- Master's Thesis (39)
- Patent (38)
- Book (35)
Conference Type
- Konferenzartikel (205)
- Konferenz-Abstract (47)
- Konferenz-Poster (16)
- Sonstiges (14)
- Konferenzband (7)
Language
- English (588)
- German (527)
- Other language (1)
Keywords
- Dünnschichtchromatographie (29)
- Biomechanik (23)
- Energieversorgung (15)
- Plastizität (14)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (13)
- Adsorption (11)
- Materialermüdung (11)
- Simulation (11)
- TRIZ (11)
- Wärmepumpe (11)
- Schluckspecht (10)
- injury (10)
- Energie (9)
- Ermüdung (9)
- Geothermie (9)
- Konstruktion (9)
- Metallorganisches Netzwerk (9)
- Regelungstechnik (9)
- biomechanics (9)
- running (9)
- Biogas (8)
- Energietechnik (8)
- Haustechnik (8)
- Leichtbau (8)
- Mikrostruktur (8)
- RoboCup (8)
- Bauteil (7)
- HPTLC (7)
- Klimatechnik (7)
- Produktentwicklung (7)
- Strömungsmechanik (7)
- Umweltforschung (7)
- 3D printing (6)
- Alexander von Humboldt (6)
- Bewegungsanalyse (6)
- Biologische Methanisierung (6)
- Chromatographie (6)
- Energiewende (6)
- Fotovoltaik (6)
- Innovation (6)
- Methan (6)
- Raumklima (6)
- Stahl (6)
- Verfahrenstechnik (6)
- ACL (5)
- Analyse (5)
- Chromatography (5)
- Faseroptik (5)
- Gebäudetechnik (5)
- Laboratory Medicine (5)
- Lithiumbatterie (5)
- Methanisierung (5)
- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis (5)
- Pharmacy (5)
- Polymere (5)
- Solartechnik (5)
- Thermomechanik (5)
- lithium-ion battery (5)
- Brennstoffzelle (4)
- Bürohaus (4)
- CFD (4)
- Eisenguss (4)
- Energieeffizienz (4)
- Energiespeicherung (4)
- Energiewirtschaft (4)
- Enzym (4)
- Erneuerbare Energien (4)
- Feuchtigkeit (4)
- Ganganalyse (4)
- Hocheffizienzfahrzeug (4)
- Kerbe (4)
- Kinematik (4)
- Kohlenstoff (4)
- Kühldecke (4)
- Lithium-ion battery (4)
- Mathematik (4)
- Medizintechnik (4)
- Metallisieren (4)
- Nanotechnologie (4)
- Pflanzenkohle (4)
- Rissausbreitung (4)
- Scanner (4)
- Smart Grid (4)
- TABS (4)
- TLC (4)
- TRIZ methodology (4)
- Verbrennungsmotor (4)
- 3D-Druck (3)
- Aerodynamik (3)
- Algorithmus (3)
- Balance (3)
- Belüftung (3)
- Biological methanation (3)
- Biomasse (3)
- COVID-19 (3)
- Densitometrie (3)
- Digitaler Zwilling (3)
- Diode-array detection (3)
- Dissipation (3)
- E-Learning (3)
- Elektroantrieb (3)
- Elektromotor (3)
- Emission (3)
- Energiebilanz (3)
- FEM (3)
- Festigkeit (3)
- Flüssigkeit (3)
- Gas (3)
- Gebäudeklimatisierung (3)
- General Energy (3)
- Hochdruck (3)
- Hydrodynamik (3)
- Intelligentes Stromnetz (3)
- Kohlendioxid (3)
- Kreativität (3)
- Kreuzband (3)
- Kunststoff (3)
- Kupfer (3)
- Laufsport (3)
- Maschinenelement (3)
- Messsystem (3)
- Nachruf (3)
- Partikel (3)
- Porosität (3)
- Pulverlack (3)
- Quantität (3)
- Renewable Energy (3)
- Sanierung (3)
- Solarenergie (3)
- Sorption (3)
- Sportmedizin (3)
- Substanz (3)
- TRIZ Inventive Principles (3)
- Teststreifen (3)
- Thermische Solaranlage (3)
- Transport (3)
- Welle (3)
- Werkzeugbau (3)
- Wärmeübertragung (3)
- biochar (3)
- change of direction (3)
- eco-innovation (3)
- injury prevention (3)
- lithium-ion batteries (3)
- mechanical properties (3)
- process engineering (3)
- sport (3)
- AI-Aided Innovation (2)
- Abgas (2)
- Achillessehne (2)
- Additive Fertigung (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- Advanced Footwear Technology (2)
- Aerostatik (2)
- Aktivierung (2)
- Aluminiumlegierung (2)
- Analysis (2)
- Arzneimittel (2)
- Aufreinigung (2)
- Ausbildung (2)
- Barfußschuhe (2)
- Batterie (2)
- Bauökologie (2)
- Belastung (2)
- Biokompatibilität (2)
- Biomechanics (2)
- Biotechnologie (2)
- Blockheiz-Kraftwerk (2)
- Blockheizkraftwerk (2)
- Bruch (2)
- CAE (2)
- CPC (2)
- Cantera (2)
- Crack opening stress (2)
- Creativity (2)
- Cunninghamella elegans (2)
- Datenanalyse (2)
- Dehnung (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Digital Library (2)
- Digital Twin (2)
- Durchfluss (2)
- EMG (2)
- Eco-Innovation (2)
- Ecodesign (2)
- Electrical Engineering (2)
- Electronic Engineering (2)
- Elektrizitätsnetz (2)
- Elektromyographie (2)
- Elektronische Bibliothek (2)
- Energiemanagement (2)
- Energiequelle (2)
- Energieverbrauch (2)
- Energy Flexibility (2)
- Energy Management (2)
- Energy Storage Systems (2)
- Energy System Analysis (2)
- Energy Transition (2)
- Energy balance (2)
- Engineering Creativity (2)
- Engineering creativity (2)
- Entlüftung (2)
- Exercise Science (2)
- Exoskelett (2)
- FFF (2)
- Fahrrad (2)
- Fluorescence enhancement (2)
- Footwear (2)
- Funktionalität (2)
- Gait (2)
- Gebäude (2)
- Glas (2)
- Grauguss (2)
- Grid Integration (2)
- Gusseisen (2)
- High-performance thin-layer chromatography (2)
- Hochschuldidaktik (2)
- Hochtemperatur (2)
- Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle (2)
- Hybridantrieb (2)
- Hydrostatik (2)
- Inertial measurement unit (2)
- Isokinetik (2)
- Kamera (2)
- Kinetik (2)
- Klimaschutz (2)
- Kniegelenk (2)
- Knowledge-based innovation (2)
- Korrosion (2)
- Kosten (2)
- Kraft (2)
- Kraft-Wärme-Kälte-Kopplung (2)
- Kraftwerk (2)
- Kubelka-Munk theory (2)
- Kühlsystem (2)
- LES (2)
- Lackierung (2)
- Lauf (2)
- Laufanalyse (2)
- Laufband (2)
- Laufschuhe (2)
- Lebensdauer (2)
- Lumineszenz (2)
- Lüftungsanlage (2)
- Machine Learning (2)
- Maschinenbaustudium (2)
- Melamin (2)
- Messschraube (2)
- Messtechnik (2)
- Messung (2)
- Microstructure (2)
- Milch (2)
- Modeling (2)
- Modell (2)
- Modellieren (2)
- Modellierung (2)
- Molekularsieb (2)
- Monitoring (2)
- Motion Capturing (2)
- Motorenprüfstand (2)
- Muscle strength (2)
- NPS (2)
- Nahrung (2)
- Neuromechanik (2)
- Ontology (2)
- Optimierung (2)
- Organischer Abfall (2)
- Ottomotor (2)
- Oxidation (2)
- Perturbation (2)
- Perturbationen (2)
- Pharmazie (2)
- Physikalische Therapie (2)
- Physikdidaktik (2)
- Physiotherapie (2)
- Plasticity-induced crack closure (2)
- Problemlösen (2)
- Process Design (2)
- Process engineering (2)
- Prothesen (2)
- Prothetik (2)
- Präsentation (2)
- Prüfstand (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Reynolds-Zahl (2)
- Roboter (2)
- SEI (2)
- Schallgeschwindigkeit (2)
- Schuh (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Sensor (2)
- Skisprung (2)
- Smart PV (2)
- Software (2)
- Spalt (2)
- Spannung (2)
- Sportverletzung (2)
- Sportwissenschaft (2)
- Sprint (2)
- Spritzgießen (2)
- Stromerzeugung (2)
- Stromfadentheorie (2)
- Sustainabilty (2)
- Sweaty (2)
- Temperaturregelung (2)
- Thermische Solarenergie (2)
- Thermoaktive Bauteilsysteme (2)
- Thermodynamik (2)
- Thermomechanische Ermüdung (2)
- Thin-layer chromatography (2)
- Trichoderma reesei (2)
- Vergleich (2)
- Versorgungstechnik (2)
- Virtuelles Laboratorium (2)
- Wasserstoff (2)
- Werkstoff (2)
- Windenergie (2)
- Wärmekonvektion (2)
- Zehenfreiheit (2)
- Zirkulation (2)
- Zugversuch (2)
- animal feed (2)
- anterior cruciate ligament (2)
- athletic performance (2)
- biocompatibility (2)
- biowaste (2)
- blend electrode (2)
- building simulation (2)
- cushioning (2)
- cutting (2)
- cyclic loading (2)
- design methods (2)
- digital twin (2)
- equivalent circuit model (2)
- footwear (2)
- fungi (2)
- grey-box model (2)
- heat pump (2)
- industry (2)
- inverse dynamics (2)
- lithium plating (2)
- local electricity markets (2)
- locomotion (2)
- metabolism (2)
- neural ordinary differential equations (2)
- overuse (2)
- overuse injuries (2)
- peer-to-peer energy trading (2)
- privacy (2)
- risk factor (2)
- running shoe (2)
- sports medicine (2)
- sustainability (2)
- thermomechanische Ermüdung (2)
- virtual lab (2)
- β-TCP (2)
- "Conditioning"-Film (1)
- 1,5-Grad-Ziel (1)
- 1.5-Degree target (1)
- 1.5-Degree-target (1)
- 100% Renewable (1)
- 2D axi-symmetric (1)
- 2D-TLC (1)
- 3D Kinematik (1)
- 3D analysis (1)
- 4-Oxocrotonic acid (1)
- 4D Printing (1)
- 4D-Druck (1)
- 4D-Printing (1)
- ADA-gelatin gels (1)
- AI aided Innovation (1)
- Abfallverwertung (1)
- Abfallwirtschaft (1)
- Abhängigkeit des deutschen Elektrizitätssystems (1)
- Abkühlung (1)
- Ablaufplanung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Abtastung (1)
- Abtragung (1)
- Abwasser (1)
- Abwärmenutzung (1)
- Accidental Falls (1)
- Achilles tendonitis (1)
- Acidic endopeptidase (1)
- Ackeret-Formel (1)
- Ackermann Lenkung (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Adaption (1)
- Additive Manufacture (1)
- Advanced-Spike-Technology (1)
- Aerodynamics (1)
- Aerosol (1)
- Aerostatics (1)
- Aflatoxin (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aging (1)
- Agrophotovoltaics (1)
- Akkumulator (1)
- Akustik (1)
- Alterung (1)
- Aluminiumblech (1)
- Aluminiumguss (1)
- Aluminiumgusslegierung (1)
- Aminopeptidasen (1)
- Ammoniumverbindungen (1)
- Amputation (1)
- Analysenmesstechnik (1)
- Analytik (1)
- Anatomie (1)
- Angular momentum theorem (1)
- Ankerwickeln (1)
- Anlagenaufwandszahl (1)
- Anlagenbau (1)
- Anlagenplanung (1)
- Anlagenüberwachung (1)
- Anomalieerkennung (1)
- Anomaly Detection (1)
- Anpassung (1)
- Antioxidative peptides (1)
- Antriebsregelung (1)
- Antriebsstrang (1)
- Anwendungen: Regelung in der solaren Wärmeversorgung (1)
- App (1)
- Applied Electric Field (1)
- Arbeitsmaschine (1)
- Archives (1)
- Armkoordination (1)
- Armtrainer (1)
- Artemisinin (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- Assistenzsystem (1)
- Assistive Technology (1)
- Astaxanthin (1)
- Asynchronmaschinen (1)
- Asynchronmotor (1)
- Aufbereitung (1)
- Autodesk Vault (1)
- Automated Ideation (1)
- Automated Invention (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automation Device (1)
- Automatisierung (1)
- Automobildesign (1)
- BHKW (1)
- BIPV (1)
- BISp (1)
- Bacillus sp. (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Banana residues (1)
- Batterieaufladung (1)
- Batterien (1)
- Batteries Lithium (1)
- Battery (1)
- Battery energy management system (1)
- Battery pack (1)
- Baukastensystem (1)
- Bauschinger effect (1)
- Baustoff (1)
- Bautechnik (1)
- Bauteilaktivierung (1)
- Bauteilfestigkeit (1)
- Beckenmodell (1)
- Bedienpult (1)
- Behavioral matching (1)
- Beinamputation (1)
- Beinmuskulatur (1)
- Bending moments (1)
- Benzocain (1)
- Benzodiazepine (1)
- Benzopyren (1)
- Bernoulli-Gleichung (1)
- Beschichtung (1)
- Beschleunigung (1)
- Betriebsanalyse (1)
- Betriebsführung (1)
- Betriebsoptimierung (1)
- Betriebssicherheit (1)
- Betriebsverhalten (1)
- Beverages (1)
- Bewegung (1)
- Bewegungsabläufe (1)
- Bewegungsdaten (1)
- Bewegungserfassung (1)
- Biegesteifigkeit (1)
- Biegwechselrichten (1)
- Biene (1)
- Bienen (1)
- Bifacial (1)
- Bikefitting (1)
- Bio-based building envelope (1)
- Biochar (1)
- Biochemie (1)
- Biochemische Charakterisierung (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Bioelektrochemische Brennstoffzelle (1)
- Biofeedback (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogas Potential (1)
- Biogasanlage (1)
- Biogasgewinnung (1)
- Biogasreaktor (1)
- Biolegierung (1)
- Biolumineszenz (1)
- Biomassenutzung (1)
- Biomechanical (1)
- Biomedical engineering (1)
- Biomimetics (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Bioreaktor (1)
- Biotechnology (1)
- Black Forest Formula Team (1)
- Blase (1)
- Blockheizkraftwerke (1)
- Blutplasma (1)
- Bodenreaktionskraft (1)
- Body sway (1)
- Body vertebrae (1)
- Bone Cement (1)
- Bone quality and biomechanics (1)
- Bremse (1)
- Brückenbau (1)
- Building (1)
- Building Automation (1)
- Building Technologies (1)
- Building automation system (1)
- Building energy efficiency (1)
- Building energy model (1)
- Button cell (1)
- CCI (1)
- CDHA (1)
- CFC (1)
- CFK (1)
- CNC-Steuerung (1)
- CO2 allowance (1)
- CO2-Laser (1)
- COP (1)
- Caffeine (1)
- Canthaxanthin (1)
- Capillary Number (1)
- Capture (1)
- Carbon nanotube membran (1)
- Carbonelement (1)
- Carnot coefficient of performance (1)
- Cellulase (1)
- Cellulasen (1)
- Chemical Engineering (1)
- Chemical engineering (1)
- Chemiluminescence (1)
- Chemische Analyse (1)
- Chemische Synthese (1)
- Chitin (1)
- Chlorwasserstoff (1)
- Chrom (1)
- Civil and Structural Engineering (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Cluster (1)
- Clusteranalyse (1)
- Coal phase-out (1)
- Cobalt (1)
- Coefficient of Performance (1)
- Coefficient of performance (1)
- Cogeneration (1)
- Collagen I (1)
- Collector yield (1)
- Compound identification (1)
- Compressor (1)
- Computer Aided Innovation (1)
- Computerphysik (1)
- Computertomografie (1)
- Confinements (1)
- Coniferous tree (1)
- Construction (1)
- Controlling (1)
- Conversation analysis (1)
- Coronavirus (1)
- Cost effectiveness (1)
- Counter Movement Jump (1)
- Crack closure (1)
- Crashsicherheit (1)
- Cross-industry innovation (1)
- Crowdsourcing-based ideation (1)
- Crystal plasticity finite-element simulation (1)
- Customised (1)
- Cyclic J (1)
- Cyclic crack-tip opening displacement (1)
- Cyclic micro-bending (1)
- Cyclic plasticity (1)
- Cytochrome (1)
- DC-DC-Wandler (1)
- DIN 2304-1 (1)
- DIN EN ISO 13849 (1)
- Dampfkraftwerk (1)
- Data Science (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- Datenschutz (1)
- Dauerschwingprüfung (1)
- Deckenkühlung (1)
- Defekt Mapping (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformationen (1)
- Dehngeschwindigkeit (1)
- Dehnungsmessung (1)
- Dekarbonisierung (1)
- Demand Side Management (1)
- Dentaltechnik (1)
- Design Based Research (1)
- Design Methods (1)
- Design Science (1)
- Design for fibre reinforced AM (1)
- Design method (1)
- Deutschland (1)
- Dezentrale Energienetze (1)
- Diabetes mellitus (1)
- Dichtebestimmung (1)
- Dichtung (1)
- Diclofenac (1)
- Didaktisches Konzept (1)
- Differenz (1)
- Digital Flex Twin Optimization (1)
- Digital Simulation (1)
- Digitale Produkte (1)
- Digitales Drucksystem (1)
- Digitalisation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Dimension 2 (1)
- Diode-Array TLC (1)
- Diode-array detector (1)
- Diode‐array TLC (1)
- Direct Aeroacoustic Simulation (1)
- Direct Digital Control (1)
- Direct analysis in real time–mass spectrometry (1)
- Direkt-Glukose-Brennstoffzelle (1)
- Direkte Eisengewinnung (1)
- Direktreduktion (1)
- Disjoin Pressure (1)
- Diskretisierung (1)
- Disulfide mapping (1)
- Downhill walking (1)
- Drehimpulssatz (1)
- Drohne (1)
- Druck (1)
- Druckabfall (1)
- Druckbegriffe (1)
- Druckluft (1)
- Druckmaschine (1)
- Druckverlust (1)
- Druckverteilung (1)
- Druckverteilung im Fuß (1)
- Durchlauferhitzerprinzip (1)
- Durchmesser (1)
- Dynamic physical activities (1)
- Dämpfung (1)
- Düngemittel (1)
- EEG (1)
- EMG features (1)
- ESG (1)
- Easter Package (1)
- Eco Sciences (1)
- Eco-Design (1)
- Eco-innovation (1)
- Eco-inventive Principles (1)
- Eco-inventive principles (1)
- Econometrics and Finance (1)
- Economic Model Predictive Control (1)
- Edge control (1)
- Edge waves (1)
- Effect-directed analysis (1)
- Effizienz (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Eindringprüfung (1)
- Einkapselung (1)
- Einscheibensicherheitsglas (1)
- Einspritzen (1)
- Einzelfall (1)
- Eisen- und Stahlindustrie (1)
- Eisenerz (1)
- Ektoskelett (1)
- Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (1)
- Elastomere (1)
- Electric Tractors (1)
- Electric power distribution (1)
- Electric power production (1)
- Electric utilities (1)
- Electrical Double Layer (1)
- Electricity system model (1)
- Electrochemical Engineering (1)
- Electrochemical membrane (1)
- Electrochemical membrane reactor (1)
- Electrochemistry (1)
- Electroplating (1)
- Elektrische Energiespeicher (1)
- Elektrischer Energiespeicher (1)
- Elektrisches Netz (1)
- Elektrizitätserzeugung (1)
- Elektrizitätsmarkt (1)
- Elektrochemie (1)
- Elektrode (1)
- Elektrofahrzeug (1)
- Elektrolyt (1)
- Elektromanagement (1)
- Elektromobilität (1)
- Elektromotorischer Aktor (1)
- Elektroosmose (1)
- Elektropneumatik (1)
- Elektrotechnik (1)
- EnEv (1)
- Encapsulation (1)
- Endochitinasen (1)
- Energetische Sanierung (1)
- Energiebedarf (1)
- Energiebewusstes Bauen (1)
- Energieeinsparung (1)
- Energieerzeugung (1)
- Energiemarkt (1)
- Energienetzmanagement (1)
- Energiepolitik (1)
- Energiequelle Körper (1)
- Energiesatz (1)
- Energiespeicher (1)
- Energieumwandlung (1)
- Energiezelle (1)
- Energy (1)
- Energy Flexibility for Companies (1)
- Energy Load Match (1)
- Energy Market (1)
- Energy Marketing of Industrial Flexibilities (1)
- Energy Planning (1)
- Energy Storage (1)
- Energy System Model (1)
- Energy System Modelling (1)
- Energy System Optimization (1)
- Energy conservation (1)
- Energy efficiency (1)
- Energy policy (1)
- Energy savings (1)
- Energy simulation (1)
- Energy supply (1)
- Energy transition (1)
- Energy-efficient vehicle (1)
- Engineering Data Management (1)
- Engineering Design (1)
- Engineering Education (1)
- Engineering education in the age of digitalization (1)
- Entlastungskerbe (1)
- Entspannungsverdampfung (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Entwicklungsprozess (1)
- Environment (1)
- Enzyme (1)
- Enzyme assay (1)
- Equivalent domain integral method (1)
- Equol (1)
- Equol in cattle manure (1)
- Erdwärme (1)
- Erfahrung (1)
- Erfolg (1)
- Erfolgskontrolle (1)
- Erfrischungsgetränk (1)
- Ergonomie (1)
- Ergänzung (1)
- Ermüdungsfestigkeit (1)
- Ermüdungslebensdauer (1)
- Ermüdungsriss (1)
- Ersatz (1)
- Erzeugungssysteme (1)
- Erziehung (1)
- Ethanol (1)
- Ethanolkraftstoff (1)
- Ethinylestradiol (1)
- Exercise Physiology (1)
- Exopulse Mollii Suit (1)
- Experimental Demonstration (1)
- Extraktion (1)
- Extrusion (1)
- Eye Tracking (1)
- Eye-Tracking (1)
- Eyetracking, Technisches Zeichnen (1)
- FCKW (1)
- Facility Management (1)
- Fahrzeug; Sicherheit; Niedrige Energie (1)
- Fahrzeugantrieb (1)
- Fahrzeuglenkung (1)
- Fahrzeugrahmen (1)
- Fahrzeugtechnik (1)
- Farbe (1)
- Faser (1)
- Fassade (1)
- Fatigue (1)
- Fatigue crack growth (1)
- Fault detection (1)
- Feasibility study (1)
- Fehlerrechnung (1)
- Feldtest (1)
- Fermentation (1)
- Fertigung (1)
- Fertigungsoptimierung (1)
- Festbett (1)
- Festkörper (1)
- Festoxidbrennstoffzelle (1)
- Fibrinogen (1)
- Fibronectin (1)
- Field flow fractionation (1)
- Field measurements (1)
- Filament (1)
- Finite Elemente (1)
- Finite element method (1)
- Finite element simulation (1)
- Finite-Differenz-Methode (1)
- Finland (1)
- Flash-Evaporation (1)
- Flexibilisierung des Lernortes (1)
- Flexibilität (1)
- Fließverhalten (1)
- Fluorescence detection (1)
- Fluorescence measurements (1)
- Flupirtine (1)
- Fläche (1)
- Food Science (1)
- Food proteins (1)
- Footwear individualisation (1)
- Formeffekt (1)
- Formkörper (1)
- Formteil (1)
- Formula Student Germany (1)
- Formzahlen (1)
- Forschungsmarketing (1)
- Fortbewegung (1)
- French Paradoxon (1)
- Frictional resistance (1)
- Friedländer-Bakterium (1)
- Function monitoring (1)
- Functional performance (1)
- Funding (1)
- Funding Agency (1)
- Funktionstests (1)
- Funktionsweise (1)
- Fused Deposition Modeling (1)
- Future Energy System (1)
- Fördertechnik (1)
- Fügen (1)
- GIS (1)
- GRAIL (1)
- GSL (1)
- Gait Stability (1)
- Gait phase detection (1)
- Gangneuromechanik (1)
- Gangstörung (1)
- Gasanalyse (1)
- Gasbehälter (1)
- Gasdynamik (1)
- Gasgemisch (1)
- Gaskonstante (1)
- Gasmotor (1)
- Gasturbine (1)
- Gebäudeautomation (1)
- Gebäudeheizung (1)
- Gebäudeleittechnik (1)
- Gefühl (1)
- Gehen (1)
- Gelenkersatz (1)
- Gelenkkinetik (1)
- General Chemistry (1)
- General Economics (1)
- Geothermal energy (1)
- Geothermik (1)
- Gerichtliche Chemie (1)
- Gerichtliche Wissenschaften (1)
- German Electrical Grid (1)
- Geräteturnen (1)
- Geschwindigkeit (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsverteilung (1)
- Gesetzgebung (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gesundheitsgefährdung (1)
- Getriebefunktion (1)
- Getriebewelle (1)
- Gewerbebetrieb (1)
- Gewerbegebäude (1)
- Gezeitenkraftwerk (1)
- Gitterstruktur (1)
- Glanzchrom (1)
- Gleichgewicht (1)
- Gleichung (1)
- Globale Erwärmung (1)
- Glucosamin (1)
- Glucose (1)
- Goldtitanlegierung (1)
- Gonarthrose (1)
- Google Maps (1)
- Government Innovation Fund (1)
- Grade (1)
- Gradient (1)
- Gray cast iron (1)
- Grenzformänderungsdiagramm (1)
- Grenzschichtströmungen (1)
- Grey-Box Model (1)
- Grid (1)
- Grooved Seal (1)
- Großtechnische Anlage (1)
- Gummi (1)
- Gärung (1)
- Güterverkehr (1)
- HOOS (1)
- Halbkreisnut (1)
- Haptics (1)
- Hardening behavior (1)
- HeLa cells (1)
- Heat pumps (1)
- Heat transfer (1)
- Hebekinematik (1)
- Heel-Rise Test (1)
- Hefeartige Pilze (1)
- Heizungstechnik (1)
- Helligkeitsregelung (1)
- Hemp clay bricks (1)
- Hep-G2 cells (1)
- Herbizid (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Herz (1)
- Herzschrittmacher (1)
- High content measurement (1)
- High-Cycle Fatigue (1)
- High-Temperature (1)
- Hiking (1)
- Hinderniserkennung (1)
- Hinterradbaugruppe (1)
- Hocheffizienz-Fahrzeug (1)
- Hochfrequenztechnik (1)
- Hochleistungsdünnschichtchromatographie (1)
- Hochrhein Seminar (1)
- Hochschule Offenburg (1)
- Hohlform (1)
- Hohlprobe (1)
- Hole pattern seal (1)
- Holzbearbeitung (1)
- Holzpresssaft (1)
- Hot forging (1)
- Hot work tool steel (1)
- Hubvorrichtung (1)
- Human MSC (1)
- Humanes Serumalbumin (1)
- Humanoid robot (1)
- Hybridsystem (1)
- Hydroakustik (1)
- Hydrocarbon (1)
- Hydrodynamics (1)
- Hydrostatics (1)
- Hydroxylierung (1)
- Hygrothermal properties (1)
- Hyperschall (1)
- Hypertext (1)
- Höhenvermessung (1)
- Hüft-TEP (1)
- IMU (1)
- IR Spectroscopy (1)
- IR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Ibuprofen (1)
- Ideation Performance (1)
- Ideation efficiency (1)
- Ideation performance function (1)
- Identifizierung (1)
- Iinsektizide (1)
- Impedance Spectroscopy (1)
- Implantat (1)
- Impulserhaltung (1)
- Impulssatz (1)
- In-Situ-Wärmebehandlung (1)
- In-silico (1)
- Inactivity (1)
- Inclined surface (1)
- Incremental J-integral (1)
- Induktive Wärmebehandlung (1)
- Industrial Sector (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrieroboter (1)
- Inertialsensoren (1)
- Information (1)
- Informationseinrichtung (1)
- Infrarot (1)
- Infrarottechnik (1)
- Ingenieuerwissenschaften (1)
- Inhaltsstoff (1)
- Injection Moulding (1)
- Injury risk factor (1)
- Innovationsprinzip (1)
- Insektizid (1)
- Instandhaltung (1)
- Integralrechnung (1)
- Integrated product development (1)
- Integration (1)
- Intelligent Buildings (1)
- Intense sweetener (1)
- Intercalation thermodynamics (1)
- Internet portal (1)
- Interpersonal coordination (1)
- Inventive Design (1)
- Inventive principles (1)
- Investition (1)
- Irradiation (1)
- Isoglosse (1)
- J-integral (1)
- Joint Replacement (1)
- KAM (1)
- KWK-Anlage (1)
- Kadaverstudie (1)
- Kalibrierung (1)
- Kapazität (1)
- Kapazitätserweiterung (1)
- Kapazitätsmanagement (1)
- Kardiale Resynchronisationstherapie (1)
- Katalyse (1)
- Kellereitechnik (1)
- Kennzahlen (1)
- Keramik (1)
- Keramische Farben (1)
- Kerben (1)
- Kerbwirkung (1)
- Kex2 (1)
- Kinematics (1)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae (1)
- Klebverbindungen (1)
- Klimaanlage (1)
- Klimapolitik (1)
- Klimawandel und Anpassung (1)
- Knee arthroplasty (1)
- Kniegelenkarthrose (1)
- Kniemomente (1)
- Knochenzement (1)
- Knowledge-based Innovation (1)
- Kohlenwasserstoff (1)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Kokontraktion (1)
- Kokontraktionsindex (1)
- Kolbenmotor (1)
- Kombinationskraftwerk (1)
- Komfortaktuatoren (1)
- Kompaktantrieb (1)
- Kompostierung (1)
- Kompressibilität (1)
- Kompressionssteifigkeit (1)
- Kontamination (1)
- Kontinuitätsgleichung (1)
- Kontraktion (1)
- Konzentrationsmessung (1)
- Kopfbewegungen (1)
- Korrelation (1)
- Kraftfahrzeug (1)
- Kraftfahrzeugabgas (1)
- Kraftfahrzeugtechnik (1)
- Kraftmessplatte (1)
- Kraftmessung (1)
- Kraftstoffmotor (1)
- Kraftwerkskonzept (1)
- Kreuzbandplastik (1)
- Kreuztisch (1)
- Kristallstruktur (1)
- Kräfte-Wärme-Kälte-Kopplung (1)
- Kugel (1)
- Kugelgrafit (1)
- Kundenbindung (1)
- Kurve (1)
- Kyoto-Protokoll (1)
- Käfigläufer (1)
- Kälteanlagen (1)
- Kältemittel (1)
- Kältetechnik (1)
- Kälteversorgung (1)
- Körperformen (1)
- Körperwirbel (1)
- Kühlluft (1)
- Kühlung (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- L-PBF-Verfahren (1)
- LAM (1)
- LFP (1)
- LLI (1)
- LPD <Funktechnik> (1)
- Laboratorium (1)
- Ladungsgekoppeltes Bauelement (1)
- Lamellengrafit (1)
- Lamellenpaket (1)
- Laminare Schichtenströmungen (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Langfristig keine Importe (1)
- Laser (1)
- Lasermaschinen (1)
- Lasersystem (1)
- Lastenverschiebung (1)
- Latent kinematic hardening (1)
- Lattice Boltzmann Method (1)
- Laufen (1)
- Laufkinematik (1)
- Laufmechanik (1)
- Laufperformance (1)
- Laufschuh (1)
- Laufstudie (1)
- Laufverletzungen (1)
- Laufökonomie (1)
- Lavaldüse (1)
- Lebensdauermodellierung (1)
- Leckage (1)
- Lecksuche (1)
- Legionellenproblematik (1)
- Lehm (1)
- Lehre (1)
- Leichtbaugrad (1)
- Leistungsbewertung (1)
- Leistungsdichte (1)
- Leistungsverhalten (1)
- Leitfähige Polymere (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Lernmanagementsystem (1)
- Lernzieltaxonomie (1)
- LiFePO4 (1)
- Lichtbogenofen (1)
- Lichtschranke (1)
- Lidarsensorik (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Light-weight building (1)
- Lightweight design (1)
- Lineare Regression (1)
- Linearization models (1)
- Lithium-Ion Battery (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterie (1)
- Lithium-Ionen-Batterien (1)
- Lithium-Plating (1)
- Lithium-air (1)
- Lithium-ion batteries (1)
- Lithium-ion battery (LIB) (1)
- Locomotion (1)
- Lokomotion (1)
- Low-Cycle Fatigue (1)
- Low-Power (1)
- Luftelektrode (1)
- Luftkühlung (1)
- Luftreinhaltung (1)
- Luftzerlegung (1)
- Lumbar spine (1)
- Lupe (1)
- Lutein (1)
- Lys-N (1)
- Lüftung (1)
- MEMS (1)
- MG-63 (1)
- MINT (1)
- MLO-Y4 (1)
- MPC (1)
- MSR-Technik (1)
- Machzahl (1)
- Magnetismus (1)
- Managment (1)
- Margin of Stability (1)
- Markerbasierte Bewegungsanalyse (1)
- Markerbasierte Bewegungserfassung (1)
- Markerless (1)
- Markerlos (1)
- Markerlose Bewegungsanalyse (1)
- Markerlose Bewegungserfassung (1)
- Marketing (1)
- Markt (1)
- Marokko (1)
- Martensitic die steel (1)
- Maschinenbau (1)
- Maschinenbauindustrie (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Massenerhaltung (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Material Extrusion (1)
- Materialreaktionsverhalten (1)
- Maturation (1)
- Maxwell Stress (1)
- Mechanical Engineering (1)
- Mechanical loading (1)
- Mechatronik (1)
- Medizinische Testung (1)
- Medizinprodukte (1)
- Meerwasserentsalzung (1)
- Mehrfachkerbwirkung (1)
- Membrane distillation (1)
- Membrane distillation Wetting mitigation Brine concentration Draw solution recovery (1)
- Messmethode (1)
- Messsystemanalyse (1)
- Methadon (1)
- Methodenvergleich (1)
- Microgrid(s) (1)
- Microgrids (1)
- Micromechanics (1)
- Micronetz (1)
- Micropollutants (1)
- Mikrobiologie (1)
- Mikroblockheizkraftwerk (1)
- Mikrogrid (1)
- Mikroklima (1)
- Mikroklimamessung (1)
- Mikroporosität (1)
- Mikrostrukturbasierte Finite-Elemente-Simulation (1)
- Mikrowellentechnik (1)
- MinION-sequencing (1)
- Mitarbeiterschulung (1)
- Mittelfuß (1)
- Mittelsohle (1)
- Mobiler Roboter (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Mobilitätstest (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modellprädiktive Regelung (1)
- Modellsimulation (1)
- Module Manufacturing (1)
- Monolith (1)
- Montagevorrichtung (1)
- Morocco (1)
- Motion Capture System (1)
- Motion Tracking (1)
- Motion analysis (1)
- Multi-Energie (1)
- Multidrug-Resistenz (1)
- Multimaterialbauweise (1)
- Multiple Sklerose (1)
- Musculoskeletal modeling (1)
- Myocontrol (1)
- Myopic optimization (1)
- Müllverwertung (1)
- N.I.C.E. (1)
- NADPH (1)
- NBOMe (1)
- Nachhaltige Energietechnik (1)
- Nanometerbereich (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nature-Inspired Innovation (1)
- Naturwissenschaften (1)
- Navier-Stokes Gleichungen (1)
- Negative Emission Technology (1)
- Neonicotinoiden (1)
- Net zero energy building (NZEB) (1)
- Netzdienlichkeit (1)
- Netzintegration (1)
- Netzwerk (1)
- Netzüberwachung (1)
- Neural Ordinary Differential Equation (1)
- Neuromodulationsanzug (1)
- New Product Development (1)
- New product development (1)
- Nichtwohngebäude (1)
- Nickel-based superalloys (1)
- Nickellegierung (1)
- Niederfrequenz (1)
- Niedrige Energie (1)
- Niedrigenergiefahrzeug (1)
- Niedrigenergiehaus (1)
- Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions (1)
- Nonlinearity (1)
- Norm (1)
- Numerik (1)
- Numerische Physik (1)
- Numerische Strömungssimulation (1)
- Nusselt-Zahl (1)
- Nutzeroberfläche (1)
- Nutzung (1)
- Oberflächenbehandlung (1)
- Oberflächenwellenelement (1)
- Obermaterial (1)
- Off-Shore-Anlage (1)
- Offshore windenergy system (1)
- Offshore-Windenergieanlage (1)
- Online simulation (1)
- Ontology-based Classification (1)
- OpenCap (1)
- Optik (1)
- Optimal Scheduling (1)
- Optimieren (1)
- Optimization with Digital Twins (1)
- Optischer Sensor (1)
- Optogait (1)
- Orthese (1)
- Orthopedics (1)
- Orthopädie (1)
- Ostwald ripening (1)
- Outcome-Scores (1)
- Overuse injury (1)
- Oxford Nanopore Technology (1)
- Ozon (1)
- P3D (1)
- P450 Cytochrome (1)
- PAFC (1)
- PAH (1)
- PAK Analyse (1)
- PCL (1)
- PCL scaffold (1)
- PCL scaffolds (1)
- PDM (1)
- PKI (1)
- PLC-Effekt (1)
- PLM <Fertigung> (1)
- PMMA (1)
- PROM (1)
- PROMs (1)
- PV Applications (1)
- PV Module (1)
- PV System (1)
- PV power forecast (1)
- PV-Anwendungen (1)
- PVD-Verfahren (1)
- PandaPower (1)
- Paralleler Algorithmus (1)
- Particle emissions (1)
- Particle hardening (1)
- Parylen C (1)
- Passivhaus (1)
- Patent (1)
- Peer-to-peer trading (1)
- Penny-shaped crack (1)
- Peptidases (1)
- Peptide analyses (1)
- Peptide characteristics (1)
- Peptidyl-lys metalloendopeptidase (1)
- Performance Level (1)
- Pflanzenöl (1)
- Phagetherapy (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phononic crystal (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Photodegradation (1)
- Photovoltaics (1)
- Photovoltaik (1)
- Photovoltaikeinspeisung (1)
- Physik (1)
- Physikalische Analyse (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Phytoestrogen equol (1)
- Pichia pastoris (1)
- Plant commissioning (1)
- Plant monitoring (1)
- Plantarflexoren (1)
- Plastic Sheet (1)
- Plasticity (1)
- Plasticity model (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Polfühligkeit (1)
- Polycyclische Aromaten (1)
- Polycyclische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Polyethylene (1)
- Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1)
- Polymer-Elektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzelle (1)
- Polymerisation (1)
- Pore (1)
- Potenzialströmungen (1)
- Potenzialwirbel (1)
- Power Quality (1)
- Power technology (1)
- Preisbindung (1)
- Probability of Instability (1)
- Probengeometrie (1)
- Process innovation (1)
- Process intensification (1)
- Processing (1)
- Produkt (1)
- Produktentstehungsprozess (1)
- Profilwelle (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Prognose 2030 (1)
- Propangas (1)
- Prosthesis (1)
- Prosthetic control (1)
- Protein hydrolysis (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteomics (1)
- Prothese (1)
- Prozessablauf (1)
- Prozesswärme (1)
- Prädiktion (1)
- Prävention (1)
- Prüfung (1)
- Public life restrictions (1)
- Pufferspeicher (1)
- PyCCS (1)
- Pyrene (1)
- Python Programming (1)
- QCM-D Array (1)
- QFD (1)
- Quality Function Deployment (1)
- Qualitätskontrolle (1)
- Qualitätsmanagement (1)
- Qualitätsmanagementsystem (1)
- Querbohrung (1)
- Querschnittlähmung (1)
- RANS (1)
- Racemisierung (1)
- Radarsensorik (1)
- Radialkompressor (1)
- Radialverdichter (1)
- Radkasten (1)
- Radnabenmotor (1)
- Radsport (1)
- Ramberg-Osgood relationship (1)
- Rapid Prototype (1)
- Rapid Prototyping (1)
- Rapsöl (1)
- Rastmoment (1)
- Rauchgas (1)
- Raumgitter (1)
- Raumtemperatur (1)
- Reagent‐free derivatization (1)
- Reaktor (1)
- Reallabor (1)
- Recommendation Techniques (1)
- Recovery-Faktor (1)
- Recycling (1)
- Reduktion (1)
- Reflectance (1)
- Regelparameter (1)
- Regional renewable energy level (1)
- Reibkontakte (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reibungswiderstand (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Reinraum (1)
- Reinraumtechnik (1)
- Rekombinante Expression (1)
- Reliability (1)
- Remission (1)
- Renewable Energy Markets (1)
- Renewable enrgy sources (1)
- Resveratrol (1)
- Return to Sport (1)
- Return to run (1)
- Return to sport (1)
- Rheologie (1)
- Richtungswechsel (1)
- Ringnut (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Risikobewertung (1)
- Risswachstum (1)
- Robotik (1)
- Rohr (1)
- Rohrleitung (1)
- Rohrnetz (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Rotationssteifigkeit (1)
- Rotierende Flüssigkeit (1)
- Rotordynamik (1)
- Rotormagnetfeld (1)
- Rotorwelle (1)
- Rudolph Ackermann (1)
- Running (1)
- Running performance (1)
- Running shoe (1)
- Ruptur (1)
- Russian Ukrainian war (1)
- Ruß (1)
- Rückenschmerz (1)
- Rückfluss (1)
- Rückfuß-Eversion (1)
- Rückverfolgbarkeit (1)
- Rühren (1)
- Rührreibschweißen (1)
- SAP (1)
- SEI formation (1)
- SEM+EDX (1)
- Salmon (1)
- Sattelhöhe (1)
- Schadstoff (1)
- Schallfeld (1)
- Schallnahe Strömung (1)
- Schaufelrad (1)
- Schaum (1)
- Scheibe (1)
- Schluckspecht V (1)
- Schneckengetriebe (1)
- Schneidklemmverbindung (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- Schrottschmelze (1)
- Schubspannung (1)
- Schuhe (1)
- Schuheinlagen (1)
- Schuhobermaterial (1)
- Schulung (1)
- Schulungskonzept (1)
- Schwefeldioxid (1)
- Schweißverbindung (1)
- Schweißverfahren (1)
- Schwermetalle (1)
- Schwingquarz (1)
- Schädigung (1)
- Schädigungsmechanismen (1)
- Screencast (1)
- Screening (1)
- Sector Coupling (1)
- Sedentary behavior (1)
- Seebeck-Effekt (1)
- Seilwinde (1)
- Sektorenkopplung (1)
- Selbsttest (1)
- Selbsttests (1)
- Selective Laser Sinter (1)
- Sensortechnik (1)
- Sensortechnologie (1)
- Sequenzanalyse (1)
- Shear stress (1)
- Shovelomics (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- Sicherheitsglas (1)
- Sicherheitskonzept (1)
- Silikate (1)
- Simulationsprogramm (1)
- Single cell (1)
- Single crystal plasticity (1)
- Single-particle model (1)
- Skilanglauf (1)
- Skispringen (1)
- Slip trace analysis (1)
- Smart Grid Operation (1)
- Smart Grids (1)
- Smart Materials (1)
- Smart Textiles (1)
- Soft Robot (1)
- Solararchitektur (1)
- Solarthermie (1)
- Sondermaschinenbau (1)
- Sonnenenergie (1)
- Sonnenenergienutzung (1)
- Sozialpolitik (1)
- Spanende Bearbeitung (1)
- Spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve (1)
- Speerwurf (1)
- Speichertechnik (1)
- Spektroskopie (1)
- Spektrum (1)
- Spikes (1)
- Sport (1)
- Sport Science (1)
- Sports Injury (1)
- Sports performance (1)
- Sportschuh (1)
- Sprunggelenk (1)
- Sprunggelenksachse (1)
- Sprunggelenkstaping (1)
- Sputtern (1)
- Stabilität (1)
- Stadt- und Raumplanung (1)
- Stadtfahrzeug (1)
- Stadtklima (1)
- Stadtklimasimulation (1)
- Stahlbau (1)
- Starrkörperwirbel (1)
- State of charge (SOC) (1)
- State of health (SOH) (1)
- Stationäre Phase (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Statistische Versuchsplanung (1)
- Steroid hormone micropollutant (1)
- Steroidhormon (1)
- Steuerung (1)
- Steuerungsalgorithmen (1)
- Steuerungstechnik (1)
- Stoffeigenschaften (1)
- Stoffgesetz (1)
- Stoß-Grenzschicht-Interferenz (1)
- Stoßgleichungen (1)
- Strom (1)
- Stromspeicherung (1)
- Stromversorgung (1)
- Stromversorgungsnetz (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Strömung (1)
- Strömungsmessung (1)
- Strömungsprofil (1)
- Strömungsvorgang (1)
- Strömungsvorgänge (1)
- Strömungswiderstand (1)
- Studieneingangsphase (1)
- Studium (1)
- Sturz (1)
- Sturzprophylaxe (1)
- Sturzprävention (1)
- Sturzrisiko (1)
- Substrate and product specificity (1)
- Sucralose (1)
- Sulphonamides (1)
- Supraschmierung (1)
- Suspension (1)
- Sustainable (1)
- Sustainable Innovation (1)
- Sustainable development (1)
- Sustainable product development (1)
- Sweden (1)
- Synchronization (1)
- Synthese (1)
- System design (1)
- Systematic and statistical errors (1)
- Systematic innovation (1)
- Süßstoff (1)
- TLC scanner (1)
- TRIZ, Knowledge-based innovation (1)
- TRIZ, Kreativitätsmethodiken (1)
- Tactile (1)
- Taumelscheibe (1)
- Teamfähigkeit (1)
- Technik (1)
- Technische Akustik (1)
- Technische Mechanik (1)
- Technischer Bericht (1)
- Techno-economic analysis (1)
- Temperature control (1)
- Temperature measurement (1)
- Temperature-dependent material (1)
- Temperaturfeld (1)
- Terpentinöl (1)
- Test (1)
- Testentwicklung (1)
- Testgerät (1)
- Text (1)
- Theia (1)
- Theoretische Physik (1)
- Thermal Storage (1)
- Thermal comfort (1)
- Thermal model (1)
- Thermal power station (1)
- Thermal softening (1)
- Thermik (1)
- Thermische Belastung (1)
- Thermoaktives Bauteilsystem (1)
- Thermomechanical fatigue (1)
- Thermomechanical loading (1)
- Thin layer chromatography (1)
- Tibial stress (1)
- Tiny House (1)
- Toe box (1)
- Topologieoptimierung (1)
- Torschleieranlage (1)
- Total hip arthroplasty (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Tragfähigkeit (1)
- Training factors (1)
- Transsonische Strömungen (1)
- Traubenzucker (1)
- Traubenzucker-Brennstoffzelle (1)
- Treadmill test (1)
- Trennung (1)
- Triazine (1)
- Tribologie (1)
- Trigeneration (1)
- Trinkwasser (1)
- Trinkwasseraufbereitung (1)
- Trinkwassererzeugung (1)
- Trivalent Cr electrolytes (1)
- Trypsin (1)
- Tsien-Parameter (1)
- Turbine (1)
- Turbulent flow (1)
- Turbulente Strömungen (1)
- Turbulenzarme Verdrängungsströmung (1)
- UV (1)
- Ultrafiltration (1)
- Ultraschall (1)
- Ultraschallschweißen (1)
- Umformen (1)
- Umformung (1)
- Umwandlungswirkungsgrad (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltbelastung (1)
- Umweltbeobachtung (1)
- Umweltfaktor (1)
- Umweltschutz (1)
- Umwelttechnik (1)
- Umwelttechnik mit Photovoltaik (1)
- Umweltwissenschaften (1)
- Unfall (1)
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (1)
- Unter- und Überschallströmungen (1)
- Unternehmensgründung (1)
- Unterschall (1)
- Unterschenkelkinematik (1)
- Unterschenkelorthese (1)
- Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) (1)
- Urethan (1)
- User behavior (1)
- V&V-40 (1)
- VDI-Richtlinie (1)
- VSG (1)
- Vakuumtisch (1)
- Validierung (1)
- Variable refrigerant flow system (1)
- Ventilator (1)
- Veranda (1)
- Verbundsicherheitsglas (1)
- Verbundwerkstoff (1)
- Verdichter (1)
- Verdichterprüfstand (1)
- Verdichterspirale (1)
- Verdichtungsstoß (1)
- Verfahren (1)
- Verfikation (1)
- Verformung (1)
- Vergüten (1)
- Verschluss (1)
- Versuchsplanung (1)
- Verteilnetzbetreiber (1)
- Vertrieb (1)
- Verwaltungsbau (1)
- Verzahnung (1)
- Vibrio fischeri (1)
- Vicon (1)
- Videoclip (1)
- Virtual Research Environment (1)
- Viscoplasticity (1)
- Viscous potential flow (1)
- Viskose Potentialströmung (1)
- Viskosität (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Volkswirtschaft (1)
- Voltage-controlled model (VCM) (1)
- Vorderes Kreuzband (1)
- Vorfuß (1)
- Vorkammerzündsystem (1)
- Vorrichtung (1)
- WHR (1)
- WOMAC (1)
- Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (1)
- Warburg Element (1)
- Warmarbeitsstahl (1)
- Warmwasserbereiter (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasseraufbereitung (1)
- Wassergehalt (1)
- Wasserkraftwerk (1)
- Wasserstoffspeicherung (1)
- Wasseruntersuchung (1)
- Water treatment (1)
- Wearables (1)
- Wedge waves (1)
- Wegeventil (1)
- Weinhefe (1)
- Weinherstellung (1)
- Weitsprung (1)
- Wellen-Nabe-Verbindung (1)
- Wellenabsatz (1)
- Wellenleiter (1)
- Wellenlänge (1)
- Werkstofffehler (1)
- Werkstoffforschung (1)
- Werkstoffkunde (1)
- Werkzeug (1)
- Werkzeugmaschine (1)
- Werkzeugwechsel (1)
- Werkzeugwechselsystem (1)
- Wettbewerb (1)
- Widerstand (1)
- Windgeschwindigkeit (1)
- Windkraft (1)
- Windkraftanlage (1)
- Windturbine (1)
- Windturm (1)
- Wirbel <Physik> (1)
- Wirbelrohr ; Fließverhalten (1)
- Wirbelströmung (1)
- Wirbelsäulenkrümmung (1)
- Wireless (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (1)
- Wirtschaftsrecht (1)
- Wishbone (1)
- Wissenschaft (1)
- Wood (1)
- Wood juice (1)
- Wärmeleitung (1)
- Wärmepumpen (1)
- Wärmerückführung (1)
- Wärmestrom (1)
- Wärmeübergang (1)
- Yeast estrogen screen assay (1)
- Yield surface (1)
- Zahnimplantat (1)
- Zahnwelle (1)
- Zehendeformitäten (1)
- Zellfraktionierung (1)
- Zentrifugal-Wellendichtung (1)
- Zero liquid discharge (1)
- Zufriedenheit (1)
- Zugbeanspruchung (1)
- Zustandsänderungen (1)
- Zuverlässigkeitskonzept (1)
- Zweitaktmotor (1)
- Zykloidgetriebe (1)
- Zylinderumströmung (1)
- Zymogen (1)
- additiv (1)
- additive manufacturing (1)
- adolescent (1)
- advanced collision models (1)
- ageing (1)
- ageing reactions (1)
- aging (1)
- aging characteristics (1)
- air-conditioning technology (1)
- alkaline phosphatase (1)
- anticipated (1)
- artificial intelligence (1)
- aspartic endopeptidase (1)
- asymmetry (1)
- asynchronous machines (1)
- augmented reality (1)
- automotive (1)
- batteries (1)
- berührungsfrei (1)
- biachsial (1)
- bifazial (1)
- biochemische Charakterisierung (1)
- biocompatible materials (1)
- biogas (1)
- biological mass (1)
- biologische Brennstoffzelle (1)
- biologischer Abfallstoff (1)
- biomass gasification (1)
- biomechanical screening (1)
- biomechanische Risikofaktoren (1)
- biosensor (1)
- biotechnology (1)
- blend electrodes (1)
- blow-out (1)
- body chase (1)
- bone replacement (1)
- bone tissue engineering (1)
- building energy model (1)
- calcium phosphate cement (1)
- calciumphosphate cement (1)
- car2x networks (1)
- carbon elements (1)
- carbon fiber (1)
- cellulase (1)
- characterisation matrix (1)
- charge (1)
- chemische Verbindung (1)
- chemistry (1)
- chromatography (1)
- climate (1)
- climate-neutral (1)
- clothianidon (1)
- coating (1)
- collagen coating (1)
- community (1)
- computer-aided design (1)
- conditioning film (1)
- constitutive behavior (1)
- crack growth simulation (1)
- crack location (1)
- cross hole (1)
- cross-industry innovation (1)
- cushioning (property) (1)
- customization (1)
- customized (1)
- cyclic plasticity (1)
- cylinder head (1)
- damage (1)
- decision tree (1)
- degradation behavior (1)
- design education (1)
- design process (1)
- digital library (1)
- digital sports (1)
- district energy system (1)
- doctor blade coating (1)
- domestic water heating (1)
- dynamic hyperlinks (1)
- dynamische Bewegungen (1)
- dynamische Optimierung (1)
- economic (1)
- economic analysis (1)
- edge computing (1)
- effektive Pedalkräfte (1)
- elastic–viscoplastic material (1)
- electric battery (1)
- electric power grids (1)
- electrical load profiles (1)
- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (1)
- electrode fabrication (1)
- elite (1)
- energetische Bewertung (1)
- energy consumption (1)
- energy efficiency (1)
- energy management system (1)
- energy policy (1)
- energy system analysis (1)
- energy system modeling (1)
- energy systems modelling (1)
- entry barrier (1)
- environmental education (1)
- enzymatic hydrolysis (1)
- enzymatic pretreatment (1)
- enzyme cascade (1)
- erneuerbare Energie (1)
- eversion (1)
- external load (1)
- failure (1)
- fatigue (1)
- fermentation (1)
- fibrinogen (1)
- fibronectin (1)
- finite element analysis (1)
- finite element models (1)
- fitness app (1)
- flash chamber design (1)
- flash evaporation (1)
- flow resistance (1)
- food protein (1)
- footwear mechanical properties (1)
- footwear satisfaction (1)
- force (1)
- fracture strength (1)
- front chassis (1)
- fuel cell (1)
- fuel engine (1)
- fuzzy logic (1)
- gait analysis (1)
- gamification (1)
- gaseous waste (1)
- generic models (1)
- geometry variation (1)
- glass (1)
- glazing systems (1)
- handball (1)
- hardness (1)
- head movements (1)
- health and safety (1)
- heat pumps (1)
- heating and cooling (1)
- heating power station (1)
- heat–health warning system (1)
- high-efficiency vehicle (1)
- high-speed cameras (1)
- hip stem (1)
- hochdrehzahl (1)
- honey bee (1)
- honeycomb seal (1)
- hot gas extraction (1)
- hot work tool steel (1)
- human serum albumin (1)
- human-computer interaction (1)
- hybrid drive systems (1)
- hydroxyapatite (1)
- iOS-basiert (1)
- implant (1)
- implantierbares System (1)
- indoor heat stress (1)
- industrial load profiles (1)
- inertial sensor (1)
- information network (1)
- injury prediction (1)
- injury risk factor (1)
- innovation management (1)
- inositol phosphates (1)
- insoles (1)
- interconnected data (1)
- interconnection (1)
- internal load (1)
- joint kinetics (1)
- joint loading (1)
- kinematische Parameter (1)
- kinetic (1)
- knee loading (1)
- knee moments (1)
- konstitutive Gleichung (1)
- konstruktiver Aufbau (1)
- laboratory-based injury risk screening (1)
- laser material processing (1)
- lattice Boltzmann method (1)
- laufinduzierte Ermüdung (1)
- lightweight vehicle (1)
- lignocellulosic material (1)
- lithium iron phosphate (LFP) (1)
- load profiles (1)
- local grid refinement (1)
- logistic regeression (1)
- low-cycle fatigue (1)
- lower limb (1)
- magnetoactive smart materials (1)
- magnetresponsive Werkstoffe (1)
- manganese dioxide (1)
- marker-based motion analysis (1)
- marker-based motion capturing (1)
- markerbasiert (1)
- markerbasierte Bewegunganalyse (1)
- markerless (1)
- markerless motion capture (1)
- markerless motion capturing (1)
- markerlos (1)
- markerlose Bewegungserfassung (1)
- maximal sprinting speed (1)
- mechanical testing (1)
- mehrachsige Spannung (1)
- mehrfach diagnostische Analyse; physikalische Chemie (1)
- metatarsals (1)
- micro-photovoltaic system (1)
- microgrid operation (1)
- micronization (1)
- midsole (1)
- mixed reality (1)
- mixing ratio (1)
- mobile application (1)
- model predictive control (1)
- modeling (1)
- modeling and simulation (1)
- modelling (1)
- monitoring campaigns (1)
- monitoring crack propagation (1)
- motion analysis (1)
- multi-scale (1)
- multiple notch-effective (1)
- multiplex diagnostic assays (1)
- muscle mechanics (1)
- nachhaltige Energietechnik (1)
- near-component testing (1)
- neonicotinoid (1)
- neural networks (1)
- new product development (1)
- nitrogen fertilizer (1)
- non interfering measurements (1)
- non linear time-series analysis (1)
- optical on-line/in-line measurements (1)
- optimization (1)
- orbit (1)
- orbital fracture (1)
- organische Verbindung (1)
- orthosis (1)
- overpotentials (1)
- overuse injury (1)
- oxygen demand (1)
- oxygen gas sensor (1)
- pandemic (1)
- particle coarsening (1)
- parylene C (1)
- patient-specific modeling (1)
- patientenspezifisches Rechenmodell (1)
- pharmaceuticals (1)
- phosphate release (1)
- photovoltaic (1)
- photovoltaic wind energy (1)
- phytase (1)
- phytate dephosphorylation (1)
- pigment paste (1)
- player monitoring (1)
- poly-L aspartic acid (1)
- polymer binder (1)
- pouch cell (1)
- power grid stability (1)
- predictive control (1)
- predictive model (1)
- presentation skills (1)
- prevention (1)
- printing (1)
- printing technologies (1)
- product design (1)
- product inhibition (1)
- project-based learning (1)
- protein hydrolysis (1)
- pyrogenic carbon capture and storage (1)
- pyrolysis (1)
- quality function deployment (QFD) (1)
- random forest (1)
- range of motion (1)
- real-word data (1)
- rearfoot eversion (1)
- recycling (1)
- reliability (1)
- remote model-based laboratory (1)
- remote, model-based laboratory (1)
- renewable energy (1)
- research marketing (1)
- residential buildings (1)
- risk analysis (1)
- risk factors (1)
- road and track running (1)
- root architecture (1)
- running kinematics (1)
- running shoes (1)
- safety (1)
- scalability potential (1)
- scanning electron microscope (SEM) (1)
- screening (1)
- seawater desalination (1)
- security (1)
- semantics (1)
- semicircular groove (1)
- sensomotorische Einlagen (1)
- shoe (1)
- short-term solar forecast (1)
- signal processing (1)
- simulation (1)
- sinter ceramics (1)
- slope (1)
- smart materials (1)
- smartphone (1)
- smooth seal (1)
- soccer (1)
- software architecture (1)
- software design (1)
- software engineering (1)
- solar energy construction; business analysis (1)
- solar module (1)
- solar thermal energy (1)
- solvent (1)
- spatial imagination (1)
- sprint mechanics (1)
- sprint start (1)
- standard language (1)
- stationary electrical energy storage (1)
- stationary energy storage (1)
- statistical methods (1)
- steel industry (1)
- strengthening mechanism (1)
- stress concentration factors (1)
- super spikes (1)
- superimposed high-cycle mechanical fatigue (1)
- surface treatment (1)
- sustainable energy technology (1)
- syngas (1)
- synthetical profiles (1)
- tar monitoring (1)
- technical drawings (1)
- theia (1)
- thermal comfort (1)
- thermal stress (1)
- thermally activated building systems (1)
- thermische Entfestigung (1)
- thermo-electro-mechanical modeling (1)
- thermodynamischer Wirkungsgrad (1)
- thermoelektrischer Generator (1)
- thermomechanical processes (1)
- thickness change (1)
- thin-layer chromatographie (1)
- three-dimensional (1)
- three-dimensional kinematic (1)
- tobacco mosaic virus (1)
- track running (1)
- tragbarer Sensor (1)
- tryptamines (1)
- turbulente Strömung (1)
- ultrasonography (1)
- unanticipated (1)
- validity (1)
- viscoplastic material (1)
- voltage (1)
- walking (1)
- waste gas (1)
- waste heat utilization (1)
- water treatment (1)
- wearable (1)
- wearable sensors (1)
- wearable technology (1)
- youth soccer (1)
- zero emissions (1)
- zinc ion batteries (1)
- zweiachsig (1)
- Ähnlichkeitslösungen (1)
- Überschall (1)
Institute
- Fakultät Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (M+V) (1116) (remove)
Open Access
- Open Access (414)
- Closed Access (354)
- Closed (210)
- Bronze (88)
- Gold (32)
- Hybrid (32)
- Diamond (28)
- Grün (5)
In the course of the last few years, our students are becoming increasingly unhappy. Sometimes they stop attending lectures and even seem not to know how to behave correctly. It feels like they are getting on strike. Consequently, drop-out rates are sky-rocketing. The lecturers/professors are not happy either, adopting an “I-don’t-care” attitude.
An interdisciplinary, international team set in to find out: (1) What are the students unhappy about? Why is it becoming so difficult for them to cope? (2) What does the “I-don’t-care” attitude of professors actually mean? What do they care or not care about? (3) How far do the views of the parties correlate? Could some kind of mutual understanding be achieved?
The findings indicate that, at least at our universities, there is rather a long way to go from “Engineering versus Pedagogy” to “Engineering Pedagogy”.
Technologie spielt im Sport schon immer eine große Rolle. Mit steigender Leistungsdichte im Spitzensport wird versucht mithilfe technischer Hilfsmittel dem Sportler die optimalen Umstände zu ermöglichen. Dazu gehört nicht nur Technik im Sportequiptment, sondern auch Sportuntersuchungen wie Leistungsdiagnostiken. Im Laufsport zählen dazu Ausdauer- und Krafttests. Bei Ausdauertests werden physiologische Parameter wie Laktat, Herzfrequenz oder Sauerstoffaufnahme gemessen. Zusätzlich wird die Lauftechnik für einen kurzen Zeitpunkt analysiert. Wie sich diese unter anhaltender Belastung verhält, wird nicht untersucht. Mit neuen Technologien im Bereich Bewegungsanalyse, können immer schneller größere Datensätze ausgewertet werden. Aus diesem Grund wird in dieser Studie die Lauftechnik über mehrere Zeitpunkte aufgezeichnet und nach Ermüdungserscheinungen untersucht.
Dazu wurde am Institut für angewandte Trainingswissenschaften (IAT) während einer komplexen Leistungsdiagnostik im März 2021 bei einem Laufbandstufentest (4x2000m oder 4x3000m) die Lauftechnik von 15 Elite- und Elitenachwuchsläufer:innen (m=8, w=7) mithilfe eines 3D-Bewegungsanalyse Systems nach Veränderungen in Winkelstellung und Bodenreaktionskraft untersucht. Als physiologische Vergleichsparameter wurde Herzfrequenz und Laktat aufgenommen.
Bei der Analyse der Daten wurden diese in der Gruppe betrachtet. Dabei haben sich schwach signifikante Veränderungen (p=0,047) der vertikalen Bodenreaktionskraft links am Ende der Stufe aufgezeigt. Weitere signifikante Unterschiede (p=0,020) sind im maximalen Kniehub links zu einem größerer Hüftwinkel am Ende sichtbar. Da sonst keine signifikanten Unterschiede zu sehen sind, lässt sich, bei dem hier durchgeführten Protokoll, nicht statistisch gesichert feststellen, ob auftretende Ermüdungserscheinungen die Lauftechnik beeinflussen und verändern. Um festzustellen, ob es geschlechts- oder protokollanhängige Effekte hinsichtlich einer ermüdungsbedingte Lauftechnikveränderung gibt, wurde auch dies statistisch untersucht.
Hier zeigten sich jeweils in einzelnen Parametern signifikante Unterschiede (Parameter TO\_knee\_left; p=0,026) in der Geschlechtsspezifik und in der protokollabhängigen Untersuchung (Parameter TSw\_hip\_left; p=0,04)
Für weitere Studien zur Untersuchung von Lauftechnikveränderung sollten umfangreichere physiologische Daten zur genaueren Betrachtung der Ermüdung verwendet werden. Grundsätzlich müsste das Protokoll auf eine maximale Ausbelastung (beispielsweise Dauerstufentest von 10-15km oder Ausbelastungs-/Abbruchtest) ausgelegt sein.
Grundlegend ist festzustellen, dass sich Simi-Shape als 3D-Bewegungsanalyse-Methode eignet, um spezifische Parameter in der Lauftechnik zu diagnostizieren, gerade hinsichtlich der Effizienz im Auswerteprozess.
Die gefährliche Wirkung von Kerben auf Konstruktionsteile bei Dauerbeanspruchungen ist dem Konstrukteur bekannt. Trotzdem sind viele in der Praxis beobachteten Schadensbilder an Passverzahnungen fast durchweg auf nicht genügend berücksichtigte Kerbwirkung infolge der konstruktiv bedingten Mehrfachkerben zurückzuführen. Die hohen Anforderungen vor allem an Drehmoment übertragende und hochbeanspruchte Konstruktionsteile zwingen uns, der Frage der Kerbwirkungen sowie Maßnahmen zu deren Milderung erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit zu widmen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt erste Untersuchungsergebnisse mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) zur Ermittlung der Kerbwirkung an den Übergangsstellen für die nach DIN 5480 genormten Passverzahnungen mit freiem Auslauf bei Torsion und Biegung. Die rechnerisch abgeschätzten Form- und Kerbwirkungszahlen an Passverzahnungen werden mit experimentellen Kerbwirkungszahlen aus den Ermüdungsversuchen verglichen. Das Ziel ist es, den Stand der Technik hinsichtlich der Berechnung der Tragfähigkeit und Ermüdungsfestigkeit bei Passverzahnungen weiterzuentwickeln und die neu gewonnenen Form- und Kerbwirkungszahlen in die Berechnungsvorschriften DIN 743 und DIN 5466 einzubinden.
In 4D printing, an additively manufactured component is given the ability to change its shape or function in an intended and useful manner over time. The technology of 4D printing is still in an early stage of development. Nevertheless, interesting research and initial applications exist in the literature. In this work, a novel methodical approach is presented that helps transfer existing 4D printing research results and knowledge into solving application tasks systematically. Moreover, two different smart materials are analyzed, used, and combined following the presented methodical approach to solving the given task in the form of recovering an object from a poorly accessible space. This is implemented by self-positioning, grabbing, and extracting the target object. The first smart material used to realize these tasks is a shape-memory polymer, while the second is a polymer-based magnetic composite. In addition to the presentation and detailed implementation of the methodical approach, the potentials and behavior of the two smart materials are further examined and narrowed down as a result of the investigation. The results show that the developed methodical approach contributes to moving 4D printing closer toward a viable alternative to existing technologies due to its problem-oriented nature.
With the increasing share of renewable energies and the nuclear phase-out, the energy transition is accelerating. From the perspective of building technology, there is great potential to support this transition given its large share in total energy consumption and the increasing number of flexible and controllable components and storages. However, a question often asked at the plant level is: "How do we use this flexibility to support the regional grid?". In this work, a grid-supportive controller of a real-world building energy plant was developed using mathematical optimisation methods and its technical feasibility was demonstrated. The results could convince actors from the energy industry and academia about the practicality of these methods and offer tools for their implementation.
A crack opening stress equation for in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue loading
(2016)
In this paper, a crack opening stress equation for in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) loading is proposed. The equation is derived from systematic calculations of the crack opening stress with a temperature dependent strip yield model for both plane stress and plane strain, different load ratios and different ratios of the temperature dependent yield stress in compression and tension. Using a load ratio scaled by the ratio of the yield stress in compression and tension, the equation accounts for the effect of the temperature dependent yield stress and the constraint on the crack opening stress. Based on the scaling relation established in this paper, Newman's crack opening stress equation for isothermal loading is enabled to predict the crack opening stress under TMF loading.
The aim of this study was to develop a biomechanically validated finite element model to predict the biomechanical behaviour of the human lumbar spine in compression.
For validation of the finite element model, an in vitro study was performed: Twelve human lumbar cadaveric spinal segments (six segments L2/3 and six segments L4/5) were loaded in axial compression using 600 N in the intact state and following surgical treatment using two different internal stabilisation devices. Range of motion was measured and used to calculate stiffness.
A finite element model of a human spinal segment L3/4 was loaded with the same force in intact and surgically altered state, corresponding to the situation of biomechanical in vitro study.
The results of the cadaver biomechanical and finite element analysis were compared. As they were close together, the finite element model was used to predict: (1) load-sharing within human lumbar spine in compression, (2) load-sharing within osteoporotic human lumbar spine in compression and (3) the stabilising potential of the different spinal implants with respect to bone mineral density.
A finite element model as described here may be used to predict the biomechanical behaviour of the spine. Moreover, the influence of different spinal stabilisation systems may be predicted.
In this paper, the influence of the material hardening behavior on plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure is investigated for strain-controlled loading and fully plastic, large-scale yielding conditions by means of the finite element method. The strain amplitude and the strain ratio are varied for given Ramberg–Osgood material properties representing materials with different hardening behavior. The results show a pronounced influence of the hardening behavior on crack closure, while no significant effect is found from the considered strain amplitude and strain ratio. The effect of the hardening behavior on the crack opening stress cannot be described by existing crack opening stress equations.
Lithium-ion batteries exhibit slow voltage dynamics on the minute time scale that are usually associated with transport processes. We present a novel modelling approach toward these dynamics by combining physical and data-driven models into a Grey-box model. We use neural networks, in particular neural ordinary differential equations. The physical structure of the Grey-box model is borrowed from the Fickian diffusion law, where the transport domain is discretized using finite volumes. Within this physical structure, unknown parameters (diffusion coefficient, diffusion length, discretization) and dependencies (state of charge, lithium concentration) are replaced by neural networks and learnable parameters. We perform model-to-model comparisons, using as training data (a) a Fickian diffusion process, (b) a Warburg element, and (c) a resistor-capacitor circuit. Voltage dynamics during constant-current operation and pulse tests as well as electrochemical impedance spectra are simulated. The slow dynamics of all three physical models in the order of ten to 30 min are well captured by the Grey-box model, demonstrating the flexibility of the present approach.
Given the looming threats of climate change and the rapid worldwide urbanization, it is a necessity to prioritize the transition towards a carbon-free built environment. This research study provides a holistic digital methodology for parametric design of urban residential buildings with regard to the Mediterranean semi-arid climate zone of Morocco in the early design phase. The morphological parameters of the urban residential buildings, namely the buildings’ typology, the distance between buildings, the urban grid’s orientation, and the window-towall ratio, are evaluated in order to identify the key combinations of passive and active solar design strategies that determine the high energy performing configurations, based on the introduced Energy Performance Index (EPI), which is the ratio between solar BIPV production to maximum available installed BIPV capacity and the normalized thermal energy needs. Through an automated processing of 2187 iterations via Grasshopper, we simulate daylight autonomy, indoor thermal comfort and solar rooftop photovoltaic and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) energy potential. Then, we analyze the conflicting objectives of energy efficiency measures, active solar design strategies, and indoor visual comfort in the decision-making process that supports our goal of getting closer to net zero urban residential buildings. The digital workflow showed interesting trends in reaching a balanced equilibrium between performance metrics influenced by the contrasting impact of solar exposure on indoor daylight autonomy and thermal energy demand. Furthermore, the study’s findings indicate that it is possible to achieve an annual load match exceeding 66,56 % while simultaneously ensuring an acceptable visual indoor comfort (sDA higher than 0.4). The findings also highlight the important role of the BIPV system in shifting towards the net zero energy goal, by contributing up to 30 % of the overall solar energy output and covering up to 20 % of the yearly self-consumption. Moreover, the energy balance evaluation on an hourly basis indicates that BIPV system notably enhances the daily load cover factor by up to 5.5 %, particularly in the case of slab SN typology, throughout the different seasons. Graphical representations of the yearly, monthly and hourly load matches and the hourly energy balance of the best performing configurations provide a thorough understanding of the potential evolution of the urban energy system over time as a result of the gradual integration of active solar electricity production.
In this paper, the multiaxial formulation of a mechanism-based model for fatigue life prediction is presented whichcan be applied to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) problems in which high-cycle fa-tigue loadings are superimposed. The model assumes that crack growth is the lifetime limiting mechanism and thatthe crack advance in a loading cycleda/dNcorrelates with the cyclic crack-tip opening displacement ΔCTOD.The multiaxial formulation makes use of fracture mechanics solutions and thus, does not need additional modelparameters quantifying the effect of the multiaxiality. Furthermore, the model includes contributions of HCF on ΔCTODand assesses the effect of the direction of the HCF loadings with respect to LCF or TMF loadings inthe life prediction. The model is implemented into the finite-element program ABAQUS. It is applied to predictthe fatigue life of a thermomechanically loaded notched specimen that should represent the situation between theinlet and outlet bore holes of cylinder heads. A good correlation of the predicted and the measured fatigue lives isobtained.
High temperature components in internal combustion engines and exhaust systems must withstand severe mechanical and thermal cyclic loads throughout their lifetime. The combination of thermal transients and mechanical load cycling results in a complex evolution of damage, leading to thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) of the material. Analytical tools are increasingly employed by designers and engineers for component durability assessment well before any hardware testing. The DTMF model for TMF life prediction, which assumes that micro-crack growth is the dominant damage mechanism, is capable of providing reliable predictions for a wide range of high-temperature components and materials in internal combustion engines. Thus far, the DTMF model has employed a local approach where surface stresses, strains, and temperatures are used to compute damage for estimating the number of cycles for a small initial defect or micro-crack to reach a critical length. In the presence of significant gradients of stresses, strains, and temperatures, the use of surface field values could lead to very conservative estimates of TMF life when compared with reported lives from hardware testing. As an approximation of gradient effects, a non-local approach of the DTMF model is applied. This approach considers through-thickness fields where the micro-crack growth law is integrated through the thickness considering these variable fields. With the help of software tools, this method is automated and applied to components with complex geometries and fields. It is shown, for the TMF life prediction of a turbocharger housing, that the gradient correction using the non-local approach leads to more realistic life predictions and can distinguish between surface cracks that may arrest or propagate through the thickness and lead to component failure.
Quantifying the midsole material characteristics of athletic footwear is a standard task in footwear research and development. Current material testing protocols primarily focus on the determination of cushioning properties of the heel region or the quantification of the midsole properties as one assembly. However, midsoles possess different spatial material properties that have not been quantified from previous methodologies. Therefore, new material testing methods are required to quantify the local material response of athletic footwear. We developed a cyclical force-controlled material testing protocol for the determination of non-homogeneously distributed material stiffness with a high spatial resolution. In five prototype shoes varying in their stiffness distribution, we found that the material properties can be reliably measured across the midsole. Furthermore, we observed a characteristic non-linear material response regardless of the midsole location. We found that the material stiffness increased with an increase of the applied force and that this effect is further intensified by higher testing cycles. Additionally, the obtained midsole stiffness depends on the geometry of the midsole. We explored different approaches to reduce the measurement time of the testing protocol and found that the number of measurements can be reduced by 70% using 2 D-interpolation procedures. Determining the spatial material properties of midsoles needs to be considered to understand foot-shoe interactions. Furthermore, this measurement protocol can be used for quality control within the footwear and can be adapted for considering the effects of different running styles or speeds on ground force application characteristics.
In 4D printing an additively manufactured component is given the ability to change its shape or function under the influence of an external stimulus. To achieve this, special smart materials are used that are able to react to external stimuli in a specific way. So far, a number of different stimuli have already been investigated and initial applications have been impressively demonstrated, such as self-folding bodies and simple grippers. However, a methodical specification for the selection of the stimuli and their implementation was not yet in the foreground of the development.
The focus of this work is therefore to develop a methodical approach with which the technology of 4DP can be used in a solution- and application-oriented manner. The developed approach is based on the conventional design methodology for product development to solve given problems in a structured way. This method is extended by specific approaches under consideration of the 4D printing and smart materials.
To illustrate the developed method, it is implemented in practice using a problem definition in the form of an application example. In this example, which represents the recovery of an object from a difficult-to-access environment, the individual functions of positioning, gripping and extraction are implemented using 4D printing. The material extrusion process is used for additive manufacturing of all components of the example. Finally, the functions are successfully tested. The developed approach offers an innovative and methodical approach to systematically solve technical complex problems using 4DP and smart materials.
Uptakes of 9.2 mmol g−1 (40.5 wt %) for CO2 at 273 K/0.1 MPa and 15.23 mmol g−1 (3.07 wt %) for H2 at 77 K/0.1 MPa are among the highest reported for metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and are found for a novel, highly microporous copper‐based MOF (see picture; Cu turquoise, O red, N blue). Thermal analyses show a stability of the flexible framework up to 250 °C.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as highly porous materials have gained increasing interest because of their distinct adsorption properties.1–3 They exhibit a high potential for applications in gas separation and storage,4 as sensors5 as well as in heterogeneous catalysis.6 In the last few years, the H2 storage capacity of MOFs has been considerably increased. Mesoporous MOFs show high adsorption capacities for CH4, CO2, and H2 at high pressures.2, 3, 7–10 To increase the uptake of H2 and CO2 by physisorption at ambient pressure, adsorbents with small micropores as well as high specific surface areas and micropore volumes are required.11, 12 Such microporous materials seem to be more appropriate for gas‐mixture separation by physisorption than mesoporous materials. For gas separation in MOFs the interactions between the fluid adsorptive and “open metal sites” (coordinatively unsaturated binding sites) or the ligands are regarded as important.13 Industrial processes, such as natural‐gas purification or biogas upgrading, can be improved with those materials during a vapor‐pressure swing adsorption cycle (VPSA cycle) or a temperature swing adsorption cycle (TSA cycle).14 The microporous MOF series CPO‐27‐M (M=Mg, Co, Ni, Zn), for example, shows very high CO2 uptakes at low pressures (<0.1 MPa).15, 16 Concerning H2 adsorption, the microporous MOF PCN‐12 offers with 3.05 wt % the highest uptake at ambient pressure and 77 K reported to date.17
Herein, we present a novel microporous copper‐based MOF equation image[Cu(Me‐4py‐trz‐ia)] (1; Me‐4py‐trz‐ia2−=5‐(3‐methyl‐5‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl)isophthalate) with extraordinarily high CO2 and H2 uptakes at ambient pressure, the H2 uptake being similar to that in PCN‐12. The ligand Me‐4py‐trz‐ia2−, which can be obtained from cheap starting materials by a three‐step synthesis in good yield, combines carboxylate, triazole, and pyridine functions and is adopted from a recently presented series of linkers,18 for which up to now only a few coordination polymers are known.
Pure orbital blowout fractures occur within the confines of the internal orbital wall. Restoration of orbital form and volume is paramount to prevent functional and esthetic impairment. The anatomical peculiarity of the orbit has encouraged surgeons to develop implants with customized features to restore its architecture. This has resulted in worldwide clinical demand for patient-specific implants (PSIs) designed to fit precisely in the patient’s unique anatomy. Material extrusion or Fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has enabled the fabrication of implant-grade polymers such as Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), paving the way for a more sophisticated generation of biomaterials. This study evaluates the FFF 3D printed PEEK orbital mesh customized implants with a metric considering the relevant design, biomechanical, and morphological parameters. The performance of the implants is studied as a function of varying thicknesses and porous design constructs through a finite element (FE) based computational model and a decision matrix based statistical approach. The maximum stress values achieved in our results predict the high durability of the implants, and the maximum deformation values were under one-tenth of a millimeter (mm) domain in all the implant profile configurations. The circular patterned implant (0.9 mm) had the best performance score. The study demonstrates that compounding multi-design computational analysis with 3D printing can be beneficial for the optimal restoration of the orbital floor.
The durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is governed by a nonlinear coupling between system demand, component behavior, and physicochemical degradation mechanisms, occurring on timescales from the sub-second to the thousand-hour. We present a simulation methodology for assessing performance and durability of a PEMFC under automotive driving cycles. The simulation framework consists of (a) a fuel cell car model converting velocity to cell power demand, (b) a 2D multiphysics cell model, (c) a flexible degradation library template that can accommodate physically-based component-wise degradation mechanisms, and (d) a time-upscaling methodology for extrapolating degradation during a representative load cycle to multiple cycles. The computational framework describes three different time scales, (1) sub-second timescale of electrochemistry, (2) minute-timescale of driving cycles, and (3) thousand-hour-timescale of cell ageing. We demonstrate an exemplary PEMFC durability analysis due to membrane degradation under a highly transient loading of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).
The NaSiO Institute (Institute for Sustainable Silicate Research in Offenburg, https://inasio.hs-offenburg.de/) has been working for years on climate-friendly alternatives to insulation materials and inorganic binders, as well as the reasonable use of construction waste in the building industry. The aim of research is to realize the enormous CO 2 saving potential of the construction sector worldwide. A stopping of climate heating will only succeed if these climate-friendly alternatives are used in the construction industry. This is the only way to realize the enormous CO2 savings that will be needed in future to comply with the Paris Agreement.
Treadmills are essential to the study of human and animal locomotion as well as for applied diagnostics in both sports and medicine. The quantification of relevant biomechanical and physiological variables requires a precise regulation of treadmill belt velocity (TBV). Here, we present a novel method for time-efficient tracking of TBV using standard 3D motion capture technology. Further, we analyzed TBV fluctuations of four different treadmills as seven participants walked and ran at target speeds ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 m/s. Using the novel method, we show that TBV regulation differs between treadmill types, and that certain features of TBV regulation are affected by the subjects’ body mass and their locomotion speed. With higher body mass, the TBV reductions in the braking phase of stance became higher, even though this relationship differed between locomotion speeds and treadmill type (significant body mass × speed × treadmill type interaction). Average belt speeds varied between about 98 and 103% of the target speed. For three of the four treadmills, TBV reduction during the stance phase of running was more intense (> 5% target speed) and occurred earlier (before 50% of stance phase) unlike the typical overground center of mass velocity patterns reported in the literature. Overall, the results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring TBV during locomotor research and applied diagnostics. We provide a novel method that is freely accessible on Matlab’s file exchange server (“getBeltVelocity.m”) allowing TBV tracking to become standard practice in locomotion research.
Melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or cyanuramide, C3H6N6) is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton (Figure 3.5-1). The molecule contains 66% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred. The word melamine (from German) is a combination of the word melam (which is a distillation derivative of ammonium thiocyanate) and amine [1]. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, an insecticide in which the proton of an NH2-group is substituted by a cyclopropyl group.
One of the challenges in humanoid robotics is motion control. Interacting with humans requires impedance control algorithms, as well as tackling the problem of the closed kinematic chains which occur when both feet touch the ground. However, pure impedance control for totally autonomous robots is difficult to realize, as this algorithm needs very precise sensors for force and speed of the actuated parts, as well as very high sampling rates for the controller input signals. Both requirements lead to a complex and heavy weight design, which makes up for heavy machines unusable in RoboCup Soccer competitions.
A lightweight motor controller was developed that can be used for admittance and impedance control as well as for model predictive control algorithms to further improve the gait of the robot.
An algorithm is presented that has successfully been utilized in practice for several years. It improves data analysis in chromatography. The program runs in an extremely reliable way and evaluates chromatographic raw data with an acceptable error. The algorithm requires a minimum of preliminaries and integrates even unsmoothed noisy data correctly.
We report improved separation of the highly toxic contact herbicides paraquat, diquat, difenzoquat, mepiquat, and chloromequat by HPTLC. Quantification was based on a new derivatization reaction using sodium tetraphenylborate. Measurements were in the wavelength range from 440 to 480 nm or from 440 to 590 nm. An LED emitting very intense light at 365 nm was used for excitation. The quantification limits of paraquat and diquat in water, using improved solid-phase extraction, was in the low ng L −1 range. The linear range covered more than two orders of magnitude. Recovery was investigated for all the compounds, and was insufficient, ranging from 11 to 92%, but the method is inexpensive, rapid, and works reliably.
Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel copper-based MOF material are presented. The tetragonal crystal structure of [ ∞ 3 ( Cu 4 ( μ 4 -O ) ( μ 2 -OH ) 2 ( Me 2 trz p ba ) 4 ] possesses a calculated solvent-accessible pore volume of 57%. Besides the preparation of single crystals, synthesis routes to microcrystalline materials are reported. While PXRD measurements ensure the phase purity of the as-synthesized material, TD-PXRD measurements and coupled DTA–TG–MS analysis confirm the stability of the network up to 230 °C. The pore volume of the microcrystalline material determined by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K depends on the synthetic conditions applied. After synthesis in DMF/H2O/MeOH the pores are blocked for nitrogen, whereas they are accessible for nitrogen after synthesis in H2O/EtOH and subsequent MeOH Soxhleth extraction. The corresponding experimental pore volume was determined by nitrogen adsorption to be V Pore = 0.58 cm 3 g - 1 . In order to characterize the new material and to show its adsorption potential, comprehensive adsorption studies with different adsorptives such as nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, methanol and methane at different temperatures were carried out. Unusual adsorption–desorption isotherms with one or two hysteresis loops are found – a remarkable feature of the new flexible MOF material.
Linear acceleration is a key performance determinant and major training component of many sports. Although extensive research about lower limb kinetics and kinematics is available, consistent definitions of distinctive key body positions, the underlying mechanisms and their related movement strategies are lacking. The aim of this ‘Method and Theoretical Perspective’ article is to introduce a conceptual framework which classifies the sagittal plane ‘shin roll’ motion during accelerated sprinting. By emphasising the importance of the shin segment’s orientation in space, four distinctive key positions are presented (‘shin block’, ‘touchdown’, ‘heel lock’ and ‘propulsion pose’), which are linked by a progressive ‘shin roll’ motion during swing-stance transition. The shin’s downward tilt is driven by three different movement strategies (‘shin alignment’, ‘horizontal ankle rocker’ and ‘shin drop’). The tilt’s optimal amount and timing will contribute to a mechanically efficient acceleration via timely staggered proximal-to-distal power output. Empirical data obtained from athletes of different performance levels and sporting backgrounds are required to verify the feasibility of this concept. The framework presented here should facilitate future biomechanical analyses and may enable coaches and practitioners to develop specific training programs and feedback strategies to provide athletes with a more efficient acceleration technique.
The newly synthesized Zn4O-based MOF 3∞[Zn4(μ4-O){(Metrz-pba)2mPh}3]·8 DMF (1·8 DMF) of rare tungsten carbide (acs) topology exhibits a porosity of 43% and remarkably high thermal stability up to 430 °C. Single crystal X-ray structure analyses could be performed using as-synthesized as well as desolvated crystals. Besides the solvothermal synthesis of single crystals a scalable synthesis of microcrystalline material of the MOF is reported. Combined TG-MS and solid state NMR measurements reveal the presence of mobile DMF molecules in the pore system of the framework. Adsorption measurements confirm that the pore structure is fully accessible for nitrogen molecules at 77 K. The adsorptive pore volume of 0.41 cm3 g−1 correlates well with the pore volume of 0.43 cm3 g−1 estimated from the single crystal structure.
A novel peptidyl-lys metalloendopeptidase (Tc-LysN) from Tramates coccinea was recombinantly expressed in Komagataella phaffii using the native pro-protein sequence. The peptidase was secreted into the culture broth as zymogen (~38 kDa) and mature enzyme (~19.8 kDa) simultaneously. The mature Tc-LysN was purified to homogeneity with a single step anion-exchange chromatography at pH 7.2. N-terminal sequencing using TMTpro Zero and mass spectrometry of the mature Tc-LysN indicated that the pro-peptide was cleaved between the amino acid positions 184 and 185 at the Kex2 cleavage site present in the native pro-protein sequence. The pH optimum of Tc-LysN was determined to be 5.0 while it maintained ≥60% activity between pH values 4.5—7.5 and ≥30% activity between pH values 8.5—10.0, indicating its broad applicability. The temperature maximum of Tc-LysN was determined to be 60 °C. After 18 h of incubation at 80 °C, Tc-LysN still retained ~20% activity. Organic solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile, at concentrations as high as 40% (v/v), were found to enhance Tc-LysN’s activity up to ~100% and ~50%, respectively. Tc-LysN’s thermostability, ability to withstand up to 8 M urea, tolerance to high concentrations of organic solvents, and an acidic pH optimum make it a viable candidate to be employed in proteomics workflows in which alkaline conditions might pose a challenge. The nano-LC-MS/MS analysis revealed bovine serum albumin (BSA)’s sequence coverage of 84% using Tc-LysN which was comparable to the sequence coverage of 90% by trypsin peptides.
Governments have restricted public life during the COVID-19 pandemic, inter alia closing sports facilities and gyms. As regular exercise is essential for health, this study examined the effect of pandemic-related confinements on physical activity (PA) levels. A multinational survey was performed in 14 countries. Times spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as well as in vigorous physical activity only (VPA) were assessed using the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form). Data were obtained for leisure and occupational PA pre- and during restrictions. Compliance with PA guidelines was calculated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). In total, n = 13,503 respondents (39 ± 15 years, 59% females) were surveyed. Compared to pre-restrictions, overall self-reported PA declined by 41% (MVPA) and 42.2% (VPA). Reductions were higher for occupational vs. leisure time, young and old vs. middle-aged persons, previously more active vs. less active individuals, but similar between men and women. Compared to pre-pandemic, compliance with WHO guidelines decreased from 80.9% (95% CI: 80.3–81.7) to 62.5% (95% CI: 61.6–63.3). Results suggest PA levels have substantially decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stakeholders should consider strategies to mitigate loss in PA in order to preserve health during the pandemic.
There are additional long-term effects which also change the micro-structure of the polymer network and consequently the effective number of polymer chains in the material. These effects are summarized by ageing processes and will be used in the following to explain the basic assumptions of the model which can be generalized to simulate the viscous behaviour of the material. An implementation of these concepts into FEM codes is straightforward and has been carried out to the solver ABAQUS, Baaser & Ziegler (2006), Baaser et al. (2009).
Nowadays decarbonisation of the energy system is one of the main concerns for most governments. Renewable energy technologies, such as rooftop photovoltaic systems and home battery storage systems, are changing the energy system to be more decentralised. As a consequence, new ways of energy business models are emerging, e.g., peer-to-peer energy trading. This new concept provides an online marketplace where direct energy exchange can occur between its participants. The purpose of this study is to conduct a content analysis of the existing literature, ongoing research projects, and companies related to peer-to-peer energy trading. From this review, a summary of the most important aspects and journal papers is assessed, discussed, and classified. It was found that the different energy market types were named in various ways and a proposal for standard language for the several peer-to-peer market types and the different actors involved is suggested. Additionally, by grouping the most important attributes from peer-to-peer energy trading projects, an assessment of the entry barrier and scalability potential is performed by using a characterisation matrix.
The formation and analysis of ten microporous triazolyl isophthalate based MOFs, including nine isomorphous and one isostructural compound is presented. The compounds 1 M – 3 M with the general formula [ M ( R 1 - R 2 - trz - ia ) ] ∞ 3 ·x H 2 O (M 2+ = Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ ; R 1 = H, Me; R 2 = 2py, 2pym, prz (2py = 2-pyridinyle; 2pym = 2-pyrimidinyle; prz = pyrazinyle)) crystallize with rtl topology. They are available as single crystals and also easily accessible in a multi-gram scale via refluxing the metal salts and the protonated ligands in a solvent. Their isomorphous structures facilitate the synthesis of heteronuclear MOFs; in case of 2 M , Co 2+ ions could be gradually substituted by Cu 2+ ions. The Co 2+ :Cu 2+ ratios were determined by ICP-OES spectroscopy, the distribution of Co 2+ and Cu 2+ in the crystalline samples are investigated by SEM-EDX analysis leading to the conclusions that Cu 2+ is more favorably incorporated into the framework compared to Co 2+ and, moreover, that the distribution of the two metal ions between the crystals and within the crystals is inhomogeneous if the crystals were grown slowly. The various compositions of the heteronuclear materials lead to different colors and the sorption properties for CO 2 and N 2 are dependent on the integrated metal ions.
A Simple and Reliable HPTLC Method for the Quantification of the Intense Sweetener Sucralose®
(2003)
This paper describes a simple and fast thin layer chromatography (TLC) method for the monitoring of the relatively new intense sweetener Sucralose® in various food matrices. The method requires little or no sample preparation to isolate or concentrate the analyte. The Sucralose® extract is separated on amino‐TLC‐plates, and the analyte is derivatized “reagent‐free” by heating the developed plate for 20 min at 190°C. Spots can be measured either in the absorption or fluorescence mode. The method allows the determination of Sucralose® at the levels of interest regarding foreseen European legislation (>50 mg/kg) with excellent repeatability (RSD = 3.4%) and recovery data (95%).
HPTLC on amino plates, with simple heating of the plates for derivatization, has been used for quantification of glucosamine in nutritional supplements. On heating the plate glucosamine reacts to form a compound which strongly absorbs light between 305 and 330 nm, with weak fluorescence. The reaction product can be detected sensitively either by absorption of light or by fluorescence detection. The detection limit in absorption mode is approximately 25 ng per spot. In fluorescence mode a detection limit of 15 ng is achievable. A calibration plot for absorption detection is linear in the range 25 to 4000 ng glucosamine. The derivative formed from glucosamine by heating is stable for months, and the relative standard deviation is 1.64% for 600 ng glucosamine. The amounts of glucosamine found in nutritional supplements were in agreement with the label declarations.
A simple Method for quantifying Triazine Herbicides using Thin-Layer Chromatography and a CCD-Camera
(2010)
We present a video-densitometric quantification method for the triazine herbicides atraton, terbumeton, simazine, atrazine, and terbutylazine. Triazine herbicides were separated on silica gel using methyl-t-butyl ether, cyclohexane (1 + 1, v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification is based on a derivation reaction using chlorine and starch-iodine which forms red-brown triazine zones. Measurements were carried out using a 16 bit ST-1603ME CCD camera with 1.56 megapixel from Santa Barbara Instrument Group, Inc., Santa Barbara, USA. A white LED was used for illumination purposes. The range of linearity covers two magnitudes using the (1/R-1) expression data transformation. The signal-to-noise ratio increases directly linearly with the measurement time. The separation method is cheap, fast and reliable.
We present an improved quantification method for urethane found in spirits. The quantification is based on a derivatization reaction using cinnamaldehyde in combination with phosphoric acid. Measurements were carried out in the wavelength range from 445 to 460 nm using a diode-TLC device. An LED was used for illumination purposes. It emits very dense light at 365 nm. The quantification range of urethane is in the lower ng range. By applying 20 µL of sprits, the urethane quantification range is from 320 µg/L to 8.1 mg urethane per litre of spirit. The range of linearity covers nearly two magnitudes. The method is cheap, fast and reliable, and is able to monitor all European legislation limits without time-consuming sample pre-treatments.
Hot work tools are subjected to complex thermal and mechanical loads during hot forming processes. Locally, the stresses can exceed the material’s yield strength in highly loaded areas as e.g. in small radii in die cavities. To sustain the high loads, the hot forming tools are typically made of martensitic hot work steels. While temperatures for annealing of the tool steels usually lie in the range between 400 and 600 °C, the steels may experience even higher temperatures during hot forming, resulting in softening of the material due to coarsening of strengthening particles. In this paper, a temperature dependent cyclic plasticity model for the martensitic hot work tool steel 1.2367 (X38CrMoV5-3) is presented that includes softening due to particle coarsening and that can be applied in finite-element calculations to assess the effect of softening on the thermomechanical fatigue life of hot work tools. To this end, a kinetic model for the evolution of the mean size of secondary carbides based on Ostwald ripening is coupled with a cyclic plasticity model with kinematic hardening. Mechanism-based relations are developed to describe the dependency of the mechanical properties on carbide size and temperature. The material properties of the mechanical and kinetic model are determined on the basis of tempering hardness curves as well as monotonic and cyclic tests.
In this paper, a temperature-dependent viscoplasticity model is presented that describes thermal and cyclic softening of the hot work steel X38CrMoV5-3 under thermomechanical fatigue loading. The model describes the softening state of the material by evolution equations, the material properties of which can be determined on the basis of a defined experimental program. A kinetic model is employed to capture the effect of coarsening carbides and a new isotropic cyclic softening model is developed that takes history effects during thermomechanical loadings into account. The temperature-dependent material properties of the viscoplasticity model are determined on the basis of experimental data measured in isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue tests for the material X38CrMoV5-3 in the temperature range between 20 and 650 ∘C. The comparison of the model and an existing model for isotropic softening shows an improved description of the softening behavior under thermomechanical fatigue loading. A good overall description of the experimental data is possible with the presented viscoplasticity model, so that it is suited for the assessment of operating loads of hot forging tools.
The DMFC is a promising option for backup power systems and for the power supply of portable devices. However, from the modeling point of view liquid-feed DMFC are challenging systems due to the complex electrochemistry, the inherent two-phase transport and the effect of methanol crossover. In this paper we present a physical 1D cell model to describe the relevant processes for DMFC performance ranging from electrochemistry on the surface of the catalyst up to transport on the cell level. A two-phase flow model is implemented describing the transport in gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer at the anode side. Electrochemistry is described by elementary steps for the reactions occurring at anode and cathode, including adsorbed intermediate species on the platinum and ruthenium surfaces. Furthermore, a detailed membrane model including methanol crossover is employed. The model is validated using polarization curves, methanol crossover measurements and impedance spectra. It permits to analyze both steady-state and transient behavior with a high level of predictive capabilities. Steady-state simulations are used to investigate the open circuit voltage as well as the overpotentials of anode, cathode and electrolyte. Finally, the transient behavior after current interruption is studied in detail.
We present a videodensitometric quantification method for methadone in syrup, separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The quantification is based on a derivation reaction with Dragendorf reagent. Measurements were carried out using a 16-bit flatbed scanner. The range of linearity covers two magnitudes of power using the Kubelka-Munk expression for data transformation. The separation method is inexpensive, fast, and reliable.
A Validated Quantification of Sudan Red Dyes in Spicery using TLC and a 16-bit Flatbed Scanner
(2018)
We present a video-densitometric quantification method for Sudan red dyes in spices and spice mixtures, separated by TLC. Application was done band-wise in small dots using a 5 μL glass pipette. For separation, the RP-18 plates (20 × 20 cm with fluorescent dye; Merck, Germany, 1.05559) were developed in a vertical developing chamber without vapor saturation from the starting point to a distance of 70 mm by using acetonitrile, methanol, and aqueous ammonia solution (25%; 8 + 1.8 + 0.2, v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification is based on direct measurements using an inexpensive 16-bit flatbed scanner for color measurements (in red, green, and blue). Evaluation of only the green channel makes the measurements very specific. For linearization, an extended Kubelka-Munk expression for data transformation was used. The range of linearity covers more than two magnitudes and lies between 20 and 500 ng. The extraction from a 2 g sample with acetonitrile, evaporation, and reconstitution to 200 μL with methanol and the band-wise application (7 mm) of a 10 μL sample allows a statistically defined LOD of less than 500 ppb of Sudan red dyes. To perform the analysis, a separation chamber, RP-18 plates, 5 μL glass pipettes, and a 16-bit flatbed scanner for 105 € are needed; therefore, the separation method is inexpensive, fast, and reliable.
We present a densitometric quantification method for triclosan in toothpaste, separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and using a 48-bit flatbed scanner as the detection system. The sample was band-wise applied to HPTLC plates (10 × 20 cm), with fluorescent dye, Merck, Germany (1.05554). The plates were developed in a vertical developing chamber with 20 min of chamber saturation over 70 mm, using n-heptane–methyl tert-butyl ether–acetic acid (92:8:0.1, V/V) as solvent. The RF value of triclosan is hRF = 22.4, and quantification is based on direct measurements using an inexpensive 48-bit flatbed scanner for color measurements (in red, green, and blue) after plate staining with 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (Gibbs' reagent). Evaluation of the red channel makes the measurements of triclosan very specific. For linearization, an extended Kubelka–Munk expression was used for data transformation. The range of linearity covers more than two orders of magnitude and is between 91 and 1000 ng. The separation method is inexpensive, fast and reliable.
Thin-layer chromatography is a rapid and reliable working method for quantification of mycotoxins which is suitable for checking EC legislation aflatoxin limits for dried figs without an RP-18 pre-column cleaning step. We describe normal-phase chromatography on silica gel plates with 2.4:0.05:0.1:0.05 ( v/v ) methyl t -butyl ether-water-methanol-cyclohexane as mobile phase and reversed-phase chromatography on RP-18 plates with methanol-4% aqueous ZnSO 4 solution-ethyl methyl ketone 15:15:3 ( v/v ) as mobile phase. Sample pretreatment was by modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) extraction with tetrahydrofuran or acetone. NaCl was used as QuEChERS salt. Response was a linear function of amount chromatographed in the ranges 3 to 100 pg per zone for aflatoxins B 2 and G 2 , 10 to 350 pg per zone for the aflatoxins B 1 and G 1 , and 0.25 to 2.5 ng per zone for ochratoxin A. Quantification limits for the aflatoxins were between 13 and 35 pg per zone (equivalent to 1.5 and 2.4 ppb, taking the pre-treatment procedure into account). Ochratoxin A was detectable with a limit of quantification of 970 pg per zone, corresponding to 56 ppb in the sample. Normal phase and RP-18 separations work rapidly, reliably, and at low cost. They are also suitable for checking the content of the mycotoxins patulin, penicillic acid, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol.
Background
To assess the in-field walking mechanics during downhill hiking of patients with total knee arthroplasty five to 14 months after surgery and an age-matched healthy control group and relate them to the knee flexor and extensor muscle strength.
Methods
Participants walked on a predetermined hiking trail at a self-selected, comfortable pace wearing an inertial sensor system for recording the whole-body 3D kinematics. Sagittal plane hip, knee, and ankle joint angles were evaluated over the gait cycle at level walking and two different negative slopes. The concentric and eccentric lower extremity muscle strength of the knee flexors and extensors isokinetically at 50 and 120°/s were measured.
Findings
Less knee flexion angles during stance have been measured in patients in the operated limb compared to healthy controls in all conditions (level walking, moderate downhill, steep downhill). The differences increased with steepness. Muscle strength was lower in patients for both muscle groups and all measured conditions. The functional hamstrings to quadriceps ratio at 120°/sec correlated with knee angle during level and downhill walking at the moderate slope in patients, showing higher ratios with lower peak knee flexion angles.
Interpretation
The study shows that even if rehabilitation has been completed successfully and complication-free, five to 14 months after surgery, the muscular condition was still insufficient to display a normal gait pattern during downhill hiking. The muscle balance between quadriceps and hamstring muscles seems related to the persistence of a stiff knee gait pattern after knee arthroplasty. LoE: III.
For the treatment of bone defects, biodegradable, compressive biomaterials are needed as replacements that degrade as the bone regenerates. The problem with existing materials has either been their insufficient mechanical strength or the excessive differences in their elastic modulus, leading to stress shielding and eventual failure. In this study, the compressive strength of CPC ceramics (with a layer thickness of more than 12 layers) was compared with sintered β-TCP ceramics. It was assumed that as the number of layers increased, the mechanical strength of 3D-printed scaffolds would increase toward the value of sintered ceramics. In addition, the influence of the needle inner diameter on the mechanical strength was investigated. Circular scaffolds with 20, 25, 30, and 45 layers were 3D printed using a 3D bioplotter, solidified in a water-saturated atmosphere for 3 days, and then tested for compressive strength together with a β-TCP sintered ceramic using a Zwick universal testing machine. The 3D-printed scaffolds had a compressive strength of 41.56 ± 7.12 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of the sintered ceramic (24.16 ± 4.44 MPa). The 3D-printed scaffolds with round geometry reached or exceeded the upper limit of the compressive strength of cancellous bone toward substantia compacta. In addition, CPC scaffolds exhibited more bone-like compressibility than the comparable β-TCP sintered ceramic, demonstrating that the mechanical properties of CPC scaffolds are more similar to bone than sintered β-TCP ceramics.
In dieser Arbeit werden die außentemperaturgeführte Vorlauftemperaturregelung (Standard-TABS-Strategie), ein Verfahren das auf einer multiplen linearen Regression basiert (AMLR-Strategie) und ein Verfahren, das unter dem Obergriff der modellprädiktiven Regelung (MPC-Strategie) zusammengefasst werden kann, untersucht. Anhand der Simulationsergebnisse und des Integrationsaufwandes in die Gebäudeautomation des Seminargebäudes wurde eine Fokussierung auf die AMLR-Strategie vorgenommen.
In dem Projekt BioMeth wurde der Ansatz der Membranbegasung zur Erhöhung der Verfügbarkeit von gelöstem Wasserstoff für die biologische Methanisierung im Sinn der Etablierung eines Power-to-Gas-Konzeptes zur Energiespeicherung verfolgt. Übergeordnetes Ziel war die Entwicklung eines skalierbaren Verfahrenskonzeptes, dass sich zur Nutzung CO2-haltiger Gasvolumenström eignet. Geplant war es, das Verfahren am Beispiel der Biogasanlage der Biokäserei Monte-Ziego in Teningen zu demonstrieren und dort das bestehende Konzept der parallelen Abwasseraufbereitung und Energieerzeugung zu erweitern. Die ursprüngliche Struktur des Arbeitspaketplanes ist in nachfolgender Abbildung gezeigt.
In pandemic times, the possibilities for conventional sports activities are severely limited; many sports facilities are closed or can only be used with restrictions. To counteract this lack of health activities and social exchange, people are increasingly adopting new digital sports solutions—a behavior change that had already started with the trend towards fitness apps and activity trackers. Existing research suggests that digital solutions increase the motivation to move and stay active. This work further investigates the potentials of digital sports incorporating the dimensions gender and preference for team sports versus individual sports. The study focuses on potential users, who were mostly younger professionals and academics. The results show that the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on sports activity, particularly on persons preferring team sports. To compensate, most participants use more digital sports than before, and there is a positive correlation between the time spent physically active during the pandemic and the increase in motivation through digital sports. Nevertheless, there is still considerable skepticism regarding the potential of digital sports solutions to increase the motivation to do sports, increase performance, or raise a sense of team spirit when done in groups.
Most recently, the federal government in Germany published new climate goals in order reach climate neutrality by 2045. This paper demonstrates a path to a cost optimal energy supply system for the German power grid until the year 2050. With special regard to regionality, the system is based on yearly myopic optimization with the required energy system transformation measures and the associated system costs. The results point out, that energy storage systems (ESS) are fundamental for renewables integration in order to have a feasible energy transition. Moreover, the investment in storage technologies increased the usage of the solar and wind technologies. Solar energy investments were highly accompanied with the installation of short-term battery storage. Longer-term storage technologies, such as H2, were accompanied with high installations of wind technologies. The results pointed out that hydrogen investments are expected to overrule short-term batteries if their cost continues to decrease sharply. Moreover, with a strong presence of ESS in the energy system, biomass energy is expected to be completely ruled out from the energy mix. With the current emission reduction strategy and without a strong presence of large scale ESS into the system, it is unlikely that the Paris agreement 2° C target by 2050 will be achieved, let alone the 1.5° C.
There is a growing trend for the use of thermo-active building systems (TABS) for the heating and cooling of buildings, because these systems are known to be very economical and efficient. However, their control is complicated due to the large thermal inertia, and their parameterization is time-consuming. With conventional TABS-control strategies, the required thermal comfort in buildings can often not be maintained, particularly if the internal heat sources are suddenly changed. This paper shows measurement results and evaluations of the operation of a novel adaptive and predictive calculation method, based on a multiple linear regression (AMLR) for the control of TABS. The measurement results are compared with the standard TABS strategy. The results show that the electrical pump energy could be reduced by more than 86%. Including the weather adjustment, it could be demonstrated that thermal energy savings of over 41% could be reached. In addition, the thermal comfort could be improved due to the possibility to specify mean room set-point temperatures. With the AMLR, comfort category I of the comfort norms ISO 7730 and DIN EN 15251 are observed in about 95% of occasions. With the standard TABS strategy, only about 24% are within category I.
Adaptive predictive control of thermo-active building systems (TABS) based on a multiple regression algorithm: First practical test. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305903009_Adaptive_predictive_control_of_thermo-active_building_systems_TABS_based_on_a_multiple_regression_algorithm_First_practical_test [accessed Jul 7, 2017].
Additive manufacturing is a rapidly growing manufacturing process for which many new processes and materials are currently being developed. The biggest advantage is that almost any shape can be produced, while conventional manufacturing methods reach their limits. Furthermore, a lot of material is saved because the part is created in layers and only as much material is used as necessary. In contrast, in the case of machining processes, it is not uncommon for more than half of the material to be removed and disposed of. Recently, new additive manufacturing processes have been on the market that enables the manufacturing of components using the FDM process with fiber reinforcement. This opens up new possibilities for optimizing components in terms of their strength and at the same time increasing sustainability by reducing materials consumption and waste. Within the scope of this work, different types of test specimens are to be designed, manufactured and examined. The test specimens are tensile specimens, which are used both for standardized tensile tests and for examining a practical component from automotive engineering used in student project. This project is a vehicle designed to compete in the Shell Eco-marathon, one of the world’s largest energy efficiency competitions. The aim is to design a vehicle that covers a certain distance with as little fuel as possible. Accordingly, it is desirable to manufacture the components with the lowest possible weight, while still ensuring the required rigidity. To achieve this, the use of fiber-reinforced 3D-printed parts is particularly suitable due to the high rigidity. In particular, the joining technology for connecting conventionally and additively manufactured components is developed. As a result, the economic efficiency was assessed, and guidelines for the design of components and joining elements were created. In addition, it could be shown that the additive manufacturing of the component could be implemented faster and more sustainably than the previous conventional manufacturing.
Adsorption of N2 and CO2 on Activated Carbon, AlO(OH) Nanoparticles, and AlO(OH) Hollow Spheres
(2015)
Adsorption behaviors of nitrogen and CO2 on Norit R1 Extra and AlO(OH) nanoparticles and hollow spheres were measured under different temperature and pressure conditions using a magnetic suspension balance. Independent from the substrate investigated, all isotherms increase at lower pressure, reach a maximum, and then decrease with increasing pressure. In addition, selected experimental data were correlated with different model approaches and compared with reliable literature data. In case of CO2 on AlO(OH), capillary condensation was observed at two defined temperatures. The results suggest that the conversion of the liquid into a supercritical adsorbate phase does not take place suddenly.
Eine neue Prozessidee zur Auftrennung racemischer Wirkstoffe unter Verwendung nanoskaliger AlO(OH)‐Hohlkugeln als Adsorbens und überkritischen Kohlenstoffdioxides (sc‐CO2) als Lösungsmittel wird vorgestellt. Zur Auslegung des Prozesses werden Untersuchungen zur Abscheidung der racemischen Wirkstoffe (RS)‐Flurbiprofen, (RS)‐Ibuprofen, (RS)‐Ketoprofen und den reinen Enantiomeren (R)‐Flurbiprofen, (S)‐Ibuprofen und (S)‐Ketoprofen an AlO(OH)‐Hohlkugeln präsentiert und bewertet. Zudem werden Adsorptionsdaten von gasförmigem CO2 an den Hohlkugeln und kommerziellen AlO(OH)‐Partikeln, die mit einer Magnetschwebewaage ermittelt wurden, verglichen. Abschließend werden erste Ergebnisse von orientierenden Versuchen zur Adsorption von racemischem Flurbiprofen aus sc‐CO2 an den Hohlkugeln vorgestellt.
A systematic toxicological analysis procedure using high-performance thin layer chromatography in combination with fibre optical scanning densitometry for identification of drugs in biological samples is presented. Two examples illustrate the practicability of the technique. First, the identification of a multiple intake of analgesics: codeine, propyphenazone, tramadol, flupirtine and lidocaine, and second, the detection of the sedative diphenhydramine. In both cases, authentic urine specimens were used. The identifications were carried out by an automatic measurement and computer-based comparison of in situ UV spectra with data from a compiled library of reference spectra using the cross-correlation function. The technique allowed a parallel recording of chromatograms and in situ UV spectra in the range of 197–612 nm. Unlike the conventional densitometry, a dependency of UV spectra by concentration of substance in a range of 250–1000 ng/spot was not observed.
Process engineering focuses on the design, operation, control and optimization of chemical, physical and biological processes and has applications in many industries. Process Intensification is the key development approach in the modern process engineering. The proposed Advanced Innovation Design Approach (AIDA) combines the holistic innovation process with the systematic analytical and problem solving tools of the theory of inventive problem solving TRIZ. The present paper conceptualizes the AIDA application in the field of process engineering and especially in combination with the Process Intensification. It defines the AIDA innovation algorithm for process engineering and describes process mapping, problem ranking, and concept design techniques. The approach has been validated in several industrial case studies. The presented research work is a part of the European project “Intensified by Design® platform for the intensification of processes involving solids handling”.
The Advanced Innovation Design Approach is a holistic methodology for enhancing innovative and competitive capability of industrial companies. AIDA can be considered as an open mindset, an individually adaptable range of strongest innovation techniques such as comprehensive front-end innovation process, advanced innovation methods, best tools and methods of the TRIZ methodology, organizational measures for accelerating innovation, IT-solutions for Computer-Aided Innovation, and other innovation methods, elaborated in the recent decade in the industry and academia
Recent advances in spiked shoe design, characterized by increased longitudinal stiffness, thicker midsole foams, and reconfigured geometry are considered to improve sprint performance. However, so far there is no empirical data on the effects of advanced spikes technology on maximal sprinting speed (MSS) published yet. Consequently, we assessed MSS via ‘flying 30m’ sprints of 44 trained male (PR: 10.32 s - 12.08 s) and female (PR: 11.56 s - 14.18 s) athletes, wearing both traditional and advanced spikes in a randomized, repeated measures design. The results revealed a statistically significant increase in MSS by 1.21% on average when using advanced spikes technology. Notably, 87% of participants showed improved MSS with the use of advanced spikes. A cluster analysis unveiled that athletes with higher MSS may benefit to a greater extent. However, individual responses varied widely, suggesting the influence of multiple factors that need detailed exploration. Therefore, coaches and athletes are advised to interpret the promising performance enhancements cautiously and evaluate the appropriateness of the advanced spike technology for their athletes critically.
The significant market growth of stationary electrical energy storage systems both for private and commercial applications has raised the question of battery lifetime under practical operation conditions. Here, we present a study of two 8 kWh lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems, each equipped with 14 lithium iron phosphate/graphite (LFP) single cells in different cell configurations. One system was based on a standard configuration with cells connected in series, including a cell-balancing system and a 48 V inverter. The other system featured a novel configuration of two stacks with a parallel connection of seven cells each, no cell-balancing system, and a 4 V inverter. The two systems were operated as part of a microgrid both in continuous cycling mode between 30% and 100% state of charge, and in solar-storage mode with day–night cycling. The aging characteristics in terms of capacity loss and internal resistance change in the cells were determined by disassembling the systems for regular checkups and characterizing the individual cells under well-defined laboratory conditions. As a main result, the two systems showed cell-averaged capacity losses of 18.6% and 21.4% for the serial and parallel configurations, respectively, after 2.5 years of operation with 810 (serial operation) and 881 (parallel operation) cumulated equivalent full cycles. This is significantly higher than the aging of a reference single cell cycled under laboratory conditions at 20 °C, which showed a capacity loss of only 10% after 1000 continuous full cycles.
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal separation process which possesses a hydrophobic, microporous
membrane as vapor space. A high potential application for MD is the concentration of hypersaline brines, such as
e.g. reverse osmosis retentate or other saline effluents to be concentrated to a near saturation level with a Zero
Liquid Discharge process chain. In order to further commercialize MD for these target applications, adapted MD
module designs are required along with strategies for the mitigation of membrane wetting phenomena. This
work presents the experimental results of pilot operation with an adapted Air Gap Membrane Distillation
(AGMD) module for hypersaline brine concentration within a range of 0–240 g NaCl /kg solution. Key performance
indicators such as flux, GOR and thermal efficiency are analyzed. A new strategy for wetting mitigation
by active draining of the air gap channel by low pressure air blowing is tested and analyzed. Only small reductions
in flux and GOR of 1.2% and 4.1% respectively, are caused by air sparging into the air gap channel.
Wetting phenomena are significantly reduced by avoiding stagnant distillate in the air gap making the air blower
a seemingly worth- while additional system component.
Am 1. Juli 2022 trafen sich im Rahmen des Abschlusskolloquiums des Projekts ACA-Modes rund 60 Teilnehmende aus Forschung, Lehre und Industrie zu einer internationalen Konferenz an der Hochschule Offenburg. Hier wurden die Projektergebnisse rund um die erfolgreiche Implementierung modellprädiktiver Regelstrategien vorgestellt, aktuelle Fragestellungen diskutiert und Entwicklungspfade hin zu einem netzdienlichen Betrieb von Energieverbundsystemen skizziert.
Hintergrund
In diesem Artikel wird ein Überblick und Vergleich der am häufigsten verwendeten zementierten Hüftschäfte, gruppiert in die verschiedenen Schafttypen und Zementmanteldicken, gegeben, um zu sehen, welche Kombination gut abschneidet.
Methodik
Aus dem Endoprothesenregister Deutschland wurden die Revisionsraten zementierter Schaftarten kategorisiert und die Revisionsraten von 3 und 5 Jahren erfasst und analysiert. Für die Recherche lag die Konzentration auf den Schäften Exeter, C‑Stem, MS-30, Excia, Bicontact, Charnley, Müller Geradschaft, Twinsys, Corail, Avenir, Quadra und dem Lubinus SP II. Ein wichtiger Aspekt lag darin, welcher Schaft favorisiert implantiert wird und welche Zementiertechnik in Hinblick auf die geplante Zementmanteldicke angewendet wird. Um einen Trend in der zementierten Hüftendoprothetik herauszufinden, wurden zusätzlich die Daten des dänischen, schwedischen, norwegischen, schweizerischen, neuseeländischen, englischen und australischen Endoprothesenregister verglichen.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung
Die meisten Länder nutzen zementierte Prothesen nach dem Kraftschlussprinzip (Exeter, MS30, C‑Stem etc.) oder dem Formschlussprinzip (Charnley, Excia, Bicontact), welche mit einer Zementmanteldicke von 2–4 mm implantiert werden. Jedoch hat sich in Deutschland und der Schweiz ein Trend zur Line-to-Line-Technik, mit einer geplanten Zementmanteldicke von 1 mm (Twinsys, Corail, Avenir, Quadra) aufgezeigt, dem Prinzip der Müller-Geradschaft-Prothese und der Kerboul-Charnley-Prothese folgend, auch wenn diese an sich als „french paradoxon“ postuliert werden. In den EPRD-5-Jahres-Ergebnissen scheinen die neueren Line-to-Line-Prothesen etwas schlechter abzuschneiden. Die besten Ergebnisse erzielt der „MS 30“ in Deutschland und der „Exeter“ in England. Hierbei handelt es sich um polierte Geradschäfte mit Zentraliser und Subsidence-Raum an der Spitze mit einem 2–4 mm Zementmantel in guter Zementiertechnik.
Alexander von Humboldt, a German scientist and explorer of the 19th century, viewed the natural world holistically and described the harmony of nature among the diversity of the physical world as a conjoining between all physical disciplines. He noted in his diary: “Everything is interconnectedness.”
The main feature of Humboldt’s pioneering work was later named “Humboldtian science”, meaning the accurate study of interconnected real phenomena in order to find a definite law and a dynamic cause.
Following Humboldt's idea of nature, an Internet edition of his works must preserve the author’s original intention, retain an awareness of all relevant works, and still adhere to the requirements of scholarly edition.
At the present time, however, the highly unconventional form of his publications has undermined the awareness and a comprehensive study of Humboldt’s works.
Digital libraries should supply dynamic links to sources, maps, images, graphs and relevant texts. New forms of interaction and synthesis between humanistic texts and scientific observation need to be created.
Information technology is the only way to do justice to the broad range of visions, descriptions and the idea of nature of Humboldt’s legacy. It finally leads to virtual research environments as an adequate concept to redesign our digital archives, not only for Humboldt’s documents, but for all interconnected data.
In the literature, many studies have described the 3D printing of ceramic-based scaffolds (e.g., printing with calcium phosphate cement) in the form of linear structures with layer rotations of 90°, although no right angles can be found in the human body. Therefore, this work focuses on the adaptation of biological shapes, including a layer rotation of only 1°. Sample shapes were printed with calcium phosphate cement using a 3D Bioplotter from EnvisionTec. Both straight and wavy spokes were printed in a round structure with 12 layers. Depending on the strand diameter (200 and 250 µm needle inner diameter) and strand arrangement, maximum failure loads of 444.86 ± 169.39 N for samples without subsequent setting in PBS up to 1280.88 ± 538.66 N after setting in PBS could be achieved.
Running footwear is continuously being modified and improved; however, running-related overuse injury rates remain high. Nevertheless, novel manufacturing processes enable the production of individualized running shoes that can fit the individual needs of runners, with the potential to reduce injury risk. For this reason, it is essential to investigate functional groups of runners, a collective of runners who respond similarly to a footwear intervention. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a framework to identify functional groups based on their individual footwear response regarding injury-specific running-related risk factors for Achilles tendinopathy, Tibial stress fractures, Medial tibial stress syndrome, and Patellofemoral pain syndrome. In this work, we quantified the footwear response patterns of 73 female and male participants when running in three different footwear conditions using unsupervised learning (k-means clustering). For each functional group, we identified the footwear conditions minimizing the injury-specific risk factors. We described differences in the functional groups regarding their running style, anthropometric, footwear perception, and demographics. The results implied that most functional groups showed a tendency for a single footwear condition to reduce most biomechanical risk factors for a specific overuse injury. Functional groups often differed in their hip and pelvis kinematics as well as their subjective rating of the footwear conditions. The footwear intervention only partially affected biomechanical risk factors attributed to more proximal joints. Due to its adaptive nature, the framework could be applied to other footwear interventions or performance-related biomechanical variables.
The authors present an abiotically catalyzed glucose fuel cell and demonstrate its application as energy harvesting power source for a cardiac pacemaker. This is enabled by an optimized DC-DC converter operating at 40 % conversion efficiency, which surpasses commercial low-power DC-DC converters. The required fuel cell surface area can thus be reduced from about 125 cm2 to 18 cm2, which would allow for its direct integration onto the pacemaker casing.
An Extraction Method for 17α-Ethinylestradiol from Water using a new kind of monolithic Stir-bar
(2015)
We present a video-densitometric high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) quantification method for patulin in apple juice, developed in a vertical chamber from the starting point to a distance of 50 mm, using MTBE, n-pentane (9 + 5, v/v) as mobile phase. After separation the plate is sprayed with methyl-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride monohydrate (MBTH) solution (40 mg in 20 mL methanol) and heated at 105 °C for 15 min. Patulin zones are transformed into yellow spots. The quantification is based on direct measurements using an inexpensive 48-bit flatbed scanner for color measurements (in red, green, and blue). Evaluation of the blue channel makes the measurements very specific. Quantification in fluorescence was also done by use of a 16-bit CCD-camera and UV-366 nm illumination as well as using a HPTLC DAD-scanner. For linearization the extended Kubelka–Munk expression for data transformation was used. The range of linearity covers more than two magnitudes and lies between 5 and 800 ng patulin. The extraction of 20 g apple juice and an extract application on plate up to 50 µL allows statistically defined checking the limit of detection (LOD) of 50 ng patulin per track, which is equivalent to 50 µg patulin per kg apple juice.
An isomorphous series of 10 microporous copper-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with the general formulas ∞3[{Cu3(μ3-OH)(X)}4{Cu2(H2O)2}3(H-R-trz-ia)12] (R = H, CH3, Ph; X2– = SO42–, SeO42–, 2 NO32– (1–8)) and ∞3[{Cu3(μ3-OH)(X)}8{Cu2(H2O)2}6(H-3py-trz-ia)24Cu6]X3 (R = 3py; X2– = SO42–, SeO42– (9, 10)) is presented together with the closely related compounds ∞3[Cu6(μ4-O)(μ3-OH)2(H-Metrz-ia)4][Cu(H2O)6](NO3)2·10H2O (11) and ∞3[Cu2(H-3py-trz-ia)2(H2O)3] (12Cu), which are obtained under similar reaction conditions. The porosity of the series of cubic MOFs with twf-d topology reaches up to 66%. While the diameters of the spherical pores remain unaffected, adsorption measurements show that the pore volume can be fine-tuned by the substituents of the triazolyl isophthalate ligand and choice of the respective copper salt, that is, copper sulfate, selenate, or nitrate.
Objective: This paper deals with the design and the optimization of mechatronic devices.
Introduction: Comparing with existing works, the design approach presented in this paper aims to integrate optimization in the design phase of complex mechatronic systems in order to increase the efficiency of this method.
Methods: To solve this problem, a novel mechatronic system design approach has been developed in order to take the multidisciplinary aspect and to consider optimization as a tool that can be used within the embodiment design process to build mechatronic solutions from a set of solution concepts designed with innovative or routine design methods.
Conclusions: This approach has then been applied to the design and optimization of a wind turbine system that can be implemented to autonomously supply a mountain cottage.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu prüfen, ob bei der Verwendung von Perturbationen in einem Laufschuhvergleich eine Adaptations-Phase im Voraus durchgeführt werden sollte, um den Einfluss potenzieller Adaptationseffekte zu reduzieren. Dafür absolvierten die acht Probanden insgesamt 15 Perturbationen auf einem Laufband, welche sich durch die kurzzeitige Beschleunigung des Laufbands von 2,5 𝑚/𝑠 auf 3,5 𝑚/𝑠 kennzeichneten. Anschließend wurden aus den normalisierten Daten die initialen Gelenkswinkel bei Bodenkontakt im Knie und Sprunggelenk, die minimale bzw. maximale Bodenreaktionskraft in x- bzw. z-Richtung und die Bodenkontaktzeit bestimmt. Um sowohl potenzielle Vorwärtssteuerungen als auch Feedbackbezogene lokomotorische Anpassung zu berücksichtigen, wurden die zwei Schritte vor der Perturbation, der perturbierte Schritt und die drei Schritte nach der Perturbation analysiert. Neben deskriptiver Statistik wurden die einzelnen Schritte mittels Varianzanalyse und paarweisen t-Tests aufeinanderfolgender Trials untersucht. Der initiale Sprunggelenkswinkel zeigt zwar einen Einfluss der Perturbationen im zweiten und dritten Schritt nach der Perturbation, aber es lässt sich keine Anpassung im Verlauf der Messung feststellen. Auch bei der Bodenkontaktzeit lassen sich Unterschiede in den Messwerten und zwischen den Schritten finden, diese können allerdings ebenfalls nicht der Adaptation zugeordnet werden. Die Entwicklung der Mittelwerte und signifikante Ergebnisse in ANOVA und t-Tests deuten beim initialen Kniewinkel für den zweiten und dritten Schritt nach der Perturbation auf eine sukzessive Anpassung des Parameters an den Einfluss der Störung hin, welche nach acht Perturbationen abgeschlossen ist. Für die minimale Bodenreaktionskraft in x-Richtung (Bremskraft) befinden sich die Daten dagegen bereits nach einem Trial auf einem stabilen Niveau, wobei die Abweichungen hier ebenfalls im zweiten Schritt nach der Beschleunigung des Laufbands auftreten. Die maximale vertikale Bodenreaktionskraft (z-Richtung) zeigt Tendenzen zu einer fortschreitenden Anpassung im ersten und zweiten Schritt nach der Perturbation. Hier lassen sich aufgrund des Verlaufs der Mittelwerte und signifikanter Unterschiede beim ersten Schritt sechs Trials als Mindestanzahl für eine Adaptations-Phase ausmachen. Somit konnten in drei von fünf analysierten Parameter Merkmale von Adaptationseffekten gefunden werden, die sich alle in den Schritten nach der Perturbation zeigten und somit Feedbackbezogener Anpassung zuzuordnen sind. Sofern alle Parameter in der anschließenden Messung verwendet werden, sollten in der Adaptations-Phase mindestens acht Perturbationen durchgeführt werden, damit der Einfluss von Anpassungseffekten im Vergleich vernachlässigbar ist.
Mit der neuen Abgasnorm Euro VI und den steigenden Kraftstoffpreisen müssen Nutzfahrzeugantriebe eine Reduzierung der CO2-Emission und eine höhere Effizienz vorweisen (Umweltbundesamt, 2015). Um diese Anforderungen erfüllen zu können, wird bei vielen Nutzfahrzeugherstellern intensiv an Systemen zur Rückgewinnung von Abgasenergie, den sogenannten Waste-Heat-Recovery-Systemen, geforscht. Eine Kraftstoffersparnis von rund 5 % wird dabei angestrebt.
Das System basiert auf einem ORC-Prozess. Bei diesem thermodynamischen Kreisprozess wird die Abwärme des Abgases über einen Wärmetauscher geführt, der das organische Arbeitsfluid Ethanol in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf erhitzt. Durch den Dampfdruckaufbau wird eine Turbine angetrieben. Zur Transformation der Enthalpie des Ethanoldampfes in mechanische Energie sind Drehzahlen von bis zu 120000 U/min notwendig, um eine hohe Effizienz des Systems vorweisen zu können. Systemdrücke bis 50 bar und Temperaturen des Ethanoldampfes von maximal 300 °C treten im WHR-System auf und führen zu extremen Beanspruchungen. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellen hierbei die Wellendichtungen, vor allem bei nutzfahrzeugtypischen Lebensdauern, dar. Als interessante Alternative zeigt sich die Zentrifugal-Wellendichtung, um die hohen Dichtungsanforderungen über die geforderten Laufzeiten zuverlässig zu erfüllen.
Durch methodisch stufenweise ablauforientiertes Vorgehen wird die Analyse der Zentrifugal-Wellendichtungen durchgeführt. Hierbei wird zuallererst das Wirkprinzip untersucht. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Wärmeeinträge aus der Umgebung und Verwendung unterschiedlicher Sperrfluide gelegt.
Für eine Testdrehzahl von 15000 U/min ergibt sich, bei einer beidseitig glatten Scheibe mit einem Scheibenradius von 8,7 mm, eine maximal abdichtbare Druckdifferenz von 0,04 bar. Im Sperrfluid herrschen hierbei Temperaturen von rund 50 °C. Die Versuche zeigen Korrelationen zu den bekannten theoretischen Ansätzen von Ketola und McGrey. Die maximale Druckdifferenz beträgt in diesem Fall 0,043 bar. Nachdem stationäre Betrachtungen ausreichend untersucht werden, widmet sich diese Arbeit dem Anfahr- und Not-Aus-Verhalten. Die Optimierung des Projekts wird durch abschließende Verbesserungsvorschläge, für die Realisierung höherer Sperrdrücke, erzielt.
Ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis des zyklischen Plastizitätsverhaltens metallischer Werkstoffe ist sowohl für die Optimierung der Materialeigenschaften als auch für die industrielle Auslegung und Fertigung von Bauteilen von hoher Relevanz. Insbesondere moderne Legierungen wie Duplex-Stähle zeigen unter Lastumkehr aufgrund des komplexen mehrphasigen Gefüges sowie der Neigung zu verschiedenen Ausscheidungsreaktionen einen ausgeprägten Bauschinger-Effekt, welcher bei technischen Umformvorgängen berücksichtigt werden muss. Der Bauschinger-Effekt begründet sich maßgeblich in der Entstehung von Rückspannungen, welche aus dem unterschiedlichen Plastizitätsverhalten der austenitischen und ferritischen Phase resultieren. Instrumentierte Mikroindenter-Versuche in ausgewählten Ferrit- und Austenitkörnern haben gezeigt, dass austenitische Gefügebestandteile durch einen deutlich früheren Fließbeginn sowie eine stärkere Rückplastifizierung während der Entlastung charakterisiert sind. Zudem wurde nachgewiesen, dass Ausscheidungen im Rahmen einer 475°C-Versprödung diesen Phasenunterschied verstärken und somit in einem höheren Bauschinger-Effekt resultieren.
Endress+Hauser Liquid Analysis ist ein erfolgreiches Entwicklungsunternehmen im Bereich der Flüssigkeitsanalyse für Prozesse und Labore. Mit voranschreitender Digitalisierung soll auch das Produktportfolio weiter digitalisiert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es den Entwicklungsprozess von Endress+Hauser Liquid Analysis auf die Eignung zur Entwicklung digitaler Produkte zu untersuchen. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung werden sowohl Literatur als auch mehrere Experten aus dem Fachgebiet zur Rate gezogen. In der Auswertung wird der aktuelle Prozess bewertet und ein geeignetes Prozessmodell für das Unternehmen dargestellt. Das empfohlene Modell wird exemplarisch anhand eines Beispielprojekts aufgezeigt. In einem abschließenden Fazit werden Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse zusammengetragen.
Die Ziele des Projekts waren die Einführung der Zellseparations-Technik „Feldfluss-Fraktionierung“ (FFF) zur Analyse und Fraktionierung von Hefezellen zur Weinherstellung, sowie deren Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung für den Praxiseinsatz, insbesondere Auswahl einer einfachen FFF-Variante, Vereinfachung und Kostenoptimierung, um ein für Weinbaubetriebe erschwingliches FFF-Gerät anbieten zu können. Des Weiteren sollten FFF-Techniken als online Überwachung während des Wein-Fermentationsprozesses untersucht werden. Zur Qualitätsüberwachung war es wünschenswert unerwünschte Veränderungen während des Fermentationsprozesses frühzeitig erkennen zu können, um dann zur Qualitätsoptimierung gezielte Maßnahmen gegen unerwünschte Veränderungen vornehmen zu können. Das Projekt war auch dafür gedacht als Modell-Charakter bzw. als Pilotprojekt für andere auf dem Gärungswege durch Mikroorganismen hergestellte Produkte im Lebensmittel- oder biotechnologischen Bereich zu dienen.
Das hocheffiziente Konzeptfahrzeug Schluckspecht VI (S6) hat im Sommer 2022 am Shell Eco Marathon als bestes Neufahrzeug abgeschlossen. Dennoch war die Reichweite von 560km/kWh nicht ausreichend, um sich gegen die anderen teilnehmenden Teams zu behaupten. Daher werden am Fahrzeug die Komponenten und Systeme ermittelt, welche das meiste Optimierungspotential bergen. Hierbei stechen besonders die Aerodynamik, die Motoransteuerung und die Rollreibung hervor. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der aerodynamischen Optimierung. Zunächst gilt es herauszufinden, welche Bauteile explizit für die Aerodynamik ausschlaggebend sind. Die drei Komponenten, die maßgeblichen Einfluss haben sind: der Grundkörper, die Radkästen und die Fahrwerksflügel. Einen weiteren Einflussfaktor bergen die sich drehenden Räder, da diese jedoch weitestgehend umhaust sind, ist in dieser Hinsicht keine weitere Optimierung erforderlich. Zu Ermittlung der derzeitigen aerodynamischen Werte, vor allem cW, cWA und Geschwindigkeits- und Druckverteilung um das Fahrzeug, wird ein digitales Modell des S6 aufgebaut. An diesem Modell werden Simulationen durchgeführt, die idealisierte Kennwerte liefern. Parallel zur Simulation liefern Versuche am Fahrzeug reale Messdaten. Speziell dafür wird eine neue Versuchsmethode entwickelt: die Konstantfahrtuntersuchung. Bei dieser Untersuchung wird die Vortriebskraft des Fahrzeugs anhand des Motorstroms ermittelt, um so auf die Fahrtwiderstandswerte zu schließen. Zur Erhebung der Messdaten am Fahrzeug wird zudem ein für die Untersuchung angepasster Sensor entwickelt. Diese Untersuchungen liefern plausible Ergebnisse, die jedoch mit denen der Simulation schwer vergleichbar sind. Dies ist bedingt durch die erschwerten Randbedingungen bei der Durchführung der Versuche und beim Aufzeichnen der Messdaten auf der Teststrecke.
In dieser Arbeit wird das Verformungsverhalten und die Stabilität des Frontflügels des Formula Student Rennwagens der HS Offenburg untersucht. Die Analyse wird mittels der Finiten-Elemente-Methode durchgeführt (Programm: ANSYS Workbench). In der Simulation wird das Modell mit verschiedenen statischen Kräften belastet, unter anderem die Kräfte aus dem technischen Reglement und die auftretende Abtriebskraft. Neben der Verformung werden auch verschiedene Stabilisierungsmöglichkeiten analysiert. Zusätzlich zu den Simulationsergebnissen selbst werden in dieser Arbeit der Simulationsvorbereitungsprozess sowie die Konstruktion des Frontflügels und Grundlagen der FEM beschrieben. Eine Besonderheit bildet dabei die Verwendung des ANSYS Composite PrePost um die verwendeten Verbundwerkstoffe zu untersuchen.
Das Black Forest Formula Team hat es sich nach der Neugründung im Jahre 2019 zum Ziel gemacht, mit einem eigens konstruierten Elektro-Rennwagen beim Formula Student Germany (folgend FSG genannt) Wettbewerb teilzunehmen.
Zu Beginn der Bachelorarbeit wurde bereits ein Fahrzeugrahmen konstruiert und in der Schweißwerkstatt der Hochschule Offenburg fertig geschweißt. Da bei der Konstruktion der Hauptfokus auf das Fertigstellen eines Rahmens gesetzt wurde, verfolgt diese Bachelorarbeit das Ziel, den Rahmen mittels der Finite Elemente Methode zu analysieren und erste Verbesserungsvorschläge für das Nachfolgerfahrzeug zu erarbeiten. Um sich seinen Möglichkeiten bewusst zu werden, wurde zunächst das Reglement ausgiebig studiert. Nach ausgiebiger Recherche wurde das CAD-Modell des Rahmens für die Simulation vorbereitet, folglich durch verschiedene Lasteinwirkungen simuliert und dessen Auswirkungen analysiert. Um die Simulationsergebnisse zu validieren, wurden die in der Simulation vorkommenden Lasteinwirkungen in der Realität nachgestellt und miteinander verglichen.
Für zukünftig folgende Fahrzeugrahmen werden Verbesserungs- bzw. Optimierungsmethoden erarbeitet, um vor allem das Fahrzeuggewicht zu zu reduzieren und die Steifigkeit möglichst hoch zu halten.
Der Eignungsnachweis von Prüfprozessen ist sowohl für die Industrie, als auch für Forschungszwecke ausschlaggebend. Dabei sind die Genauigkeit, Präzision sowie die Messbeständigkeit der Messergebnisse von der zu untersuchenden Messeinrichtung mit statistischen Methoden auszuwerten. Mit Leitfäden wird unter einer sog. Messsystemanalyse die Fähigkeit einer Messeinrichtung mit den dazugehörigen statistischen Kennwerten beurteilt. Die Messsystemanalyse unterteilt sich in zwei Typen, wobei die Konsistenz bzw. Messdatenstreuung mit den entsprechenden Kennwerten beurteilt werden können. Unter MSA Typ 1 wird anhand Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen von Wiederholmessungen die Konsistenz und Genauigkeit mit den Cg- bzw. Cgk-Indizes bewertet, die höher als 1,33 sein müssen, um die Messeinrichtung als fähig zu klassifizieren. Durch MSA Typ 2 wird die Präzision mit dem % R&R-Kennwert (Wiederholbarkeit & Reproduzierbarkeit) bewertet. Messeinrichtungen mit einem % R&R-Kennwert unterhalb 20 % liefern Messdaten mit einer ausreichenden Präzision, d.h. dass die Mittelwerte der Messdaten nicht signifikant voneinander unterscheiden. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersuchte akustische Messeinrichtung weist einen Cg-Index von 1, 58, einen Cgk-Index von 2, 13 und einen % R&R-Wert von 6, 56 % auf, weshalb die Messdaten mit einer hohen Konsistenz und Präzision erfasst werden.
Global energy demand is still on an increase during the last decade, with a lot of impact on the climate change due to the intensive use of conventional fossil-based fuels power plants to cover this demand. Most recently, leaders of the globe met in 2015 to come out with the Paris Agreement, stating that the countries will start to take a more responsible and effective behaviour toward the global warming and climate change issues. Many studies have discussed how the future energy system will look like with respecting the countries’ targets and limits of greenhouse gases and their CO2 emissions. However, these studies rarely discussed the industry sector in detail even though it is one of the major role players in the energy sector. Moreover, many studies have simulated and modelled the energy system with huge jumps of intervals in terms of years and environmental goals. In the first part of this study, a model will be developed for the German electrical grid with high spatial and temporal resolutions and different scenarios of it will be analysed meticulously on shorter periods (annual optimization), with different flexibilities and used technologies and degrees of innovations within each scenario. Moreover, the challenge in this research is to adequately map the diverse and different characteristics of the medium-sized industrial sector. In order to be able to take a first step in assessing the relevance of the industrial sector in Germany for climate protection goals, the industrial sector will be mapped in PyPSA-Eur (an open-source model data set of the European energy system at the level of the transmission network) by detailing the demand for different types of industry and assigning flexibilities to the industrial types. Synthetically generated load profiles of various industrial types are available. Flexibilities in the industrial sector are described by the project partner Fraunhofer IPA in the GaIN project and can be used. Using a scenario analysis, the development of the industrial sector and the use of flexibilities are then to be assessed quantitatively.
One of the main problematics of the seals tests is the time and money consuming they are. Up to now, there are few tries to do a digitalisation of a test where the seals behaviour can be known.
This work aims to digitally reproduce a seal test to extract their behaviour when working under different operation conditions to see their impact on the pimp’s efficiency. In this thesis, due to the Lomaking effect, the leakage and the forces applied on the stator will be the base of analysis.
First of all, among all the literature available for very different kind of seals and inner patterns, it has been chosen the most appropriate and precise data. The data chosen is “Test results for liquid Damper Seals using a Round-Hole Roughness Pattern for the Stator” from Fayolle, P. and “Static and Rotordynamic Characteristics of Liquid Annular Seals with Circumferentially/Grooved Stator and Smooth Rotor using three levels of circumferential Inlet-Fluid” from Torres J.M.
From the literature, dimensions of the test rig and the seals will be extracted to model them into a 3D CAD software. With the 3D CAD digitalisation, the fluid volumes for a rotor-centred position, meaning without eccentricity, will be extracted, and used. The following components have been modelled:
- Smooth Annular Liquid Seal (Grooved Rotor)
- Grooved Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
- Round-Hole Pattern Annular Liquid Seal (𝐻𝑑=2 𝑚𝑚) (Smooth Rotor)
- Straight Honeycomb Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
- Convergent Honeycomb Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
- Smooth Rotor / Smooth Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
As there is just one test rig, all the components have been adapted to the different dimensions of the seals by referencing some measures. This allows to test any seal with the same test rig.
Afterwards a CFD simulation that will be used to obtain leakage and stator forces. The parameters that will be changed are the rotational velocity of the fluid (2000 rpm, 4000 rpm, and 6000 rpm) and the pressure drop (2,068 bar, 4,137 bar, 6,205 bar, and 8,274 bar).
Those results will be compared to the literature ones, and they will determine if digitalisation can be validated or not. Even though the relative error is higher than 5% but the tendency is the same and it is thought that by changing some parameters the test results can be even closer to the literature ones.
To date, many experiments have been performed to study how the internal geometrical shapes of the annular liquid seal can reduce internal leakage and increase pump efficiency. These can be time-consuming and expensive as all rotordynamic coefficients must be determined in each case.
Nowadays, accurate simulation methods to calculate rotordynamic coefficients of annular seals are still rare. Therefore, new numerical methods must be designed and validated for annular seals.
The present study aims to contribute to this labour by providing a summary of the available test rig and seals dimensions and experimental results obtained in the following experiments:
− Kaneko, S et al., Experimental Study on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Liquid Annular Convergent-Tapered Seals with Honeycomb Roughness Pattern (2003) [1] − J. Alex Moreland, Influence of pre-swirl and eccentricity in smooth stator/grooved rotor liquid annular seals, static and rotordynamic characteristics (2016) [2]
A 3D CAD simulation with Siemens NX Software of the test rig used in J. Alex Moreland’s experiment has been made. The following annular liquid seals have also been 3D modelled, as well as their fluid volume:
− Smooth Annular Liquid Seal (SS/GR) (J. Alex Moreland experiment)
− Grooved Annular Liquid Seal (GS/SR)
− Round-Hole Pattern Annular Liquid Seal (𝐻𝑑=2 mm) (GS/SR)
− Straight Honeycomb Annular Liquid Seal (GS/SR)
− Convergent Honeycomb Annular Liquid Seal (No. 3) (GS/SR)
− Smooth Annular Liquid Seal (SS/SR) (S. Kaneko experiment)
In the case of the seals used in S. Kaneko’s experiments, the test rig has been adapted to each seal, defining interpart expressions which can be easily modified.
Afterwards, it has been done a CFD simulation of the Smooth Annular Liquid Seal using Ansys CFX Software. To do so, the fluid volume geometry has been simplified to do a first approximation. Results have been compared for an eccentricity 𝜀0=0.00 for the following ranges of rotor speeds and differential of pressure:
− Δ𝑃= 2.07, 4.14, 6.21, and 8.27 bar,
− 𝜔= 2, 4, 6 and 8 krpm.
Even results obtained have the same trend as the one proportionated by the literature, they cannot be validated as the error is above 5%. It is also observed that as the pressure drop increases, the relative error decreases considerably.
Over the last few decades, several grid coupling techniques for hierarchically refined Cartesian grids have been developed to provide the possibility of varying mesh resolution in lattice Boltzmann methods. The proposed schemes can be roughly categorized based on the individual grid transition interface layout they are adapted to, namely cell-vertex or cell-centered approaches, as well as a combination of both. It stands to reason that the specific properties of each of these grid-coupling algorithms influence the stability and accuracy of the numerical scheme. Consequently, this naturally leads to a curiosity regarding the extent to which this is the case. The present study compares three established grid-coupling techniques regarding their stability ranges by conducting a series of numerical experiments for a square duct flow, including various collision models. Furthermore the hybrid-recursive regularized collision model, originally introduced for cell-vertex algorithms with co-located coarse and fine grid nodes, has been adapted to cell-centered and combined methods.
The Lattice Boltzmann Method is a useful tool to calculate fluid flow and acoustic effects at the same time. Although the acoustic perturbation is much smaller than normal pressure differences in fluid flow, this direct calculation is a great advantage of the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). But each border used in calculation produces a multitude of reflections with the acoustic waves, which lead to an unusable result. Therefore, it is worked on different absorbing techniques.
In this thesis three absorbing layer techniques are described, explained and reviewed with different simulations. The absorbing layers are implemented in a basic LBM code in C++, and with this umpteen simulations within a box were performed to compare the different absorbing layers. The Doppler effect and a cylinder flow are also examined to compare the damping efficiencies.
The three studied absorbing techniques are the sponge layer, the perfectly matched layer and a force based Term II absorbing layer. The sponge layer is easy to implement but gives worse results than a calculation without any absorbing layer. The perfectly matched layer and a force based absorbing term provide very good results but the perfectly matched layer has problems with instability. The force based absorbing layer represents the best compromise between the additional computation time due the absorbing layer and the achieved damping efficiency.
Soot particles emitted from a light duty (LD) Volkswagen diesel engine running at different operating points (speed and torque levels) are analyzed for mean size determination using a laser‐based three Wavelength Extinction Method (3‐WEM). For this reason, collected soot samples are suspended using an appropriate sample preparation technique with optimized conditions of sonication as it revealed its effect on the soot mean particle size measured by 3‐WEM.
An online Scanning Mobility Particle Analyzer (SMPS) is also used to measure soot emission at identical engine operating points. Size values obtained from SMPS are lower than those of suspended soot samples obtained from 3‐WEM. The size discrepancies are mainly related to the required sample preparation procedure employed for 3‐WEM measurements. The engine operating points affect, differently, the size measurements obtained from SMPS and 3‐WEM.
Sedimentation Field‐Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) is used for density determination of soot samples based on size measurements of fractions collected at peak maxima of fractograms using the off‐line hyphenation with 3‐WEM. It is assumed that a size dependent separation of soot particles occurred with a uniform particle density over the whole size distribution. An average density value is used for the conversion of soot fractograms to size distributions. Discrepancies are also found with size distribution profiles obtained from SMPS for the same engine operating points, due to the sample preparation procedure employed for SdFFF measurements.
Photovoltaic-heat pump (PV-HP) combinations with battery and energy management systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to increase the autarchy and utilization of self-generated PV electricity. This trend is driven by the ongoing electrification of the heating sector and the growing disparity between growing electricity costs and reducing feed-in tariffs in Germany. Smart control strategies can be employed to control and optimize the heat pump operation to achieve higher self-consumption of PV electricity. This work presents the evaluation results of a smart-grid ready controlled PV-HP-battery system in a single-family household in Germany, using 1-minute-high-resolution field measurement data. Within 12 months evaluation period, a self-consumption of 43% was determined. The solar fraction of the HP amounts to 36%, enabled also due to higher set temperatures for space heating and domestic hot water production. Accordingly, the SPF decreases by 4.0% the space heating and by 5.7% in the domestic hot water mode. The combined seasonal performance factor for the heat pump system increases from 4.2 to 6.7, when only considering the electricity taken from the grid and disregarding the locally generated electricity supplied from photovoltaic and battery units.