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The high frequency (HF) catheter ablation is the gold standard for the therapy of many cardiac tachyarrhythmias, such as atrioventricular node re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia (AVRT) or atrial flutter (AFL). The aim of the study was to simulate the HF ablation of AVNRT, AVRT, AFL and its heat propagation in reference to the supplied power with different electrode material and electrode size. The modeling and simulation were performed with the thermal and electromagnetic simulation software CST® (Computer Simulation Technology, Darmstadt). The modeling and simulation were carried out using ablation catheters with 4 mm tip electrode and 8 mm tip electrode with different electrode materials. Both electrode types were made of platinum and gold respectively. For the measurement of the heat propagation in the heart tissue, the catheters were integrated in the Offenburg heart rhythm model. The HF ablation procedures were performed with the 4 mm platinum tip electrode, with an application duration of 45 seconds and a power output of 40 watts. The HF ablation of the atrioventricular node slow pathway produced a maximum temperature of 66.33 °C. The Kent bundle HF ablation in the left atrium achieved a maximum temperature of 67.14 °C. The HF ablation of the right atrial isthmus resulted 65.96 °C. The 8 mm distal platinum tip electrode and a power output of 60 watts reached 72.85 °C. The 8 mm distal gold tip electrode and a power output of 60 watt reached 64.66 °C, due to the improved thermal conductivity of gold. Virtual heart and ablation electrode models allow the static and dynamic simulation of HF ablation with different electrode material and electrode size. The 3D simulation of the temperature profile may be used to optimize the AVNRT, AVRT and AFL HF ablation.
Die Frage nach der Erforderlichkeit der Benennung eines Datenschutzbeauftragten wird derzeit oft gestellt. Der Beitrag gibt anhand einer Checkliste Leitlinien zu ihrer Beantwortung. Diese richtet sich seit dem 25.5.2018 bei nicht-öffentlichen Stellen (namentlich Unternehmen, aber auch Vereinen) nach Art. 37 DSGVO und § 38 BDSG n.F.
Die Frage nach der Erforderlichkeit der Benennung eines Datenschutzbeauftragten wird derzeit oft gestellt. Der Beitrag gibt anhand einer Checkliste Leitlinien zu ihrer Beantwortung. Diese richtet sich seit dem 25.5.2018 bei nicht-öffentlichen Stellen (namentlich Unternehmen, aber auch Vereinen) nach Art. 37 DSGVO und § 38 BDSG n.F.
BGH "Preisportal"
(2018)
LG Frankfurt/M. "Hooligan"
(2018)
LG München I "Lieferfrist"
(2018)
BGH "Mehrere Werbekanäle"
(2018)
Printed Electronics (PE) is a promising technology that provides mechanical flexibility and low-cost fabrication. These features make PE the key enabler for emerging applications, such as smart sensors, wearables, and Internet of Things (IoTs). Since these applications need secure communication and/or authentication, it is vital to utilize security primitives for cryptographic key and identification. Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) have been adopted widely to provide the secure keys. In this work, we present a weak PUF based on Electrolyte-gated FETs using inorganic inkjet printed electronics. A comprehensive analysis framework including Monte Carlo simulations based on real device measurements is developed to evaluate the proposed PE-PUF. Moreover, a multi-bit PE-PUF design is proposed to optimize area usage. The analysis results show that the PE-PUF has ideal uniqueness, good reliability, and can operates at low voltage which is critical for low-power PE applications. In addition, the proposed multi-bit PE-PUF reduces the area usage around 30%.
Our media-artistic performances and installations, INTERCORPOREAL SPLITS (2010–2013), BUZZ (2014–2015), W ASTELAND (2015–2016), as well as our new collaboration with Bruno Latour , DE\GLOBALIZE (2018–2020), are not just about polyphony. Here, however, we rediscover them under this heading, thus giving them a new twist, while mapping out issues, mechanisms and functional modes of the polyphonic.
Erfolgsfaktorenforschung
(2018)
Qualität hat einen genauen Wert - Wie Qualitätsentscheidungen an Ihrem Wertbeitrag gemessen werden
(2018)
Qualität hat ihren Preis, doch ihr Nutzen wird meist qualitativ begründet. Unternehmen stehen daher vor der Herausforderung, den Nutzen oder Wert von Qualität anhand bestimmter Parameter zu bewerten. Ein Modell zur Wertbeitragsrechnung von Qualitätsmaßnahmen wurde an der Hochschule Offenburg entwickelt und bei Trumpf in der Praxis getestet.
Oxide semiconductors are highly promising candidates for the most awaited, next-generation electronics, namely, printed electronics. As a fabrication route for the solution-processed/printed oxide semiconductors, photonic curing is becoming increasingly popular, as compared to the conventional thermal curing method; the former offers numerous advantages over the latter, such as low process temperatures and short exposure time and thereby, high throughput compatibility. Here, using dissimilar photonic curing concepts (UV–visible light and UV-laser), we demonstrate facile fabrication of high performance In2O3 field-effect transistors (FETs). Beside the processing related issues (temperature, time etc.), the other known limitation of oxide electronics is the lack of high performance p-type semiconductors, which can be bypassed using unipolar logics from high mobility n-type semiconductors alone. Interestingly, here we have found that our chosen distinct photonic curing methods can offer a large variation in threshold voltage, when they are fabricated from the same precursor ink. Consequently, both depletion and enhancement-mode devices have been achieved which can be used as the pull-up and pull-down transistors in unipolar inverters. The present device fabrication recipe demonstrates fast processing of low operation voltage, high performance FETs with large threshold voltage tunability.
Existing ultrasonic stress evaluation methods utilize the acoustoelastic effect for bulk waves propagating in volume, which is unsuitable for a surface treated material, possessing a significant variation in material properties with depth. With knowledge of nonlinear elastic parameters – third-order elastic constants (TOEC) close to the surface of the sample, the acoustoelastic effect might be used with surface acoustic waves. This work is focused on the development of an independent method of TOEC measurement using the effect of nonlinear surface acoustic waves scattering – i.e. the effect of elastic waves interaction in a nonlinear medium.
In this paper, the possible three wave interactions of surface guided waves and bulk waves are described and formulae for the efficiency of harmonic generation and mode mixing are derived. A comparison of the efficiency of surface waves scattering in an isotropic medium for different interaction types is carried out with the help of nonlinear perturbation theory. First results for surface and bulk wave mixing with known second- and third-order elastic constants are shown.
Emotionale Reaktionen von Nutzern auf Stimuli einer interaktiven Anwendung gelten als zentrale Indikatoren für positive oder negative User Experience. Oliver Gasts Untersuchung stellt ein Verfahren vor, das die Messung und Interpretation der Emotionen bei der Nutzung interaktiver Anwendungen ermöglicht. Denn der Erfolg von webbasierten Applikationen, wie z. B. Online-Shops, hängt in sehr hohem Maße von der Erfüllung der Erwartungen des einzelnen Nutzers ab. Mit den Ergebnissen seiner Untersuchung hat der Autor ein Modell erstellt und evaluiert, welches die relevanten Indikatoren für Mimik basierte Emotionsbewertung umfassend aufzeigt.
Entscheidungsfindung: Die Rolle der Kundenemotionen – Was Mimik über Emotion und Entscheidung verrät
(2018)
Conversion-Killer in Onlineshops - Identifikation von Kundenorientierung anhand von Mimikindikatoren
(2018)
Mimik als Ausdrucksform von Emotionen ist, seitdem es die Menschheit gibt, ein zentrales Verständigungsmittel in der Kommunikation. Da das Gegenüber in der Interaktion heute in vielen Situationen des täglichen Lebens eine Maschine ist, wäre es vorstellbar, dass die Mimik als Emotionsträger und Kommunikationsmittel seine Bedeutung verliert. Dies ist ein Irrtum: In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird im Rahmen einer umfassenden Studie festgestellt, dass Mimik von der menschlichen Kommunikation schwer trennbar ist und auch in der Interaktion mit Maschinen unvermindert auftritt. Diese Erkenntnis kann Unternehmen helfen, den Mensch-Maschine-Dialog genau zu analysieren, um erfolgsmindernde Kundenirritationen zu eliminieren und die Abläufe optimal auf die Bedürfnisse der Nutzer anpassen zu können.
Freiwillige Fachtutorien erreichen aus unterschiedlichen Gründen nicht alle Studierenden. Allein der subjektive Eindruck, dass zu wenige Ressourcen seitens der Hochschule (Übungsräume, studentische Tutoren, lückenlose Stundenplanpassung) oder der Studierenden (Zeit, Motivation) zur Verfügung stünden, führt zu Absenzen bei freiwilligen Präsenztutorien. Um die empfundenen und realen Begrenzungen dieser Veranstaltungen zu verringern, wurden für den Studiengang Maschinenbau die Musterlösungen der Übungsaufgaben Physik und Mathematik in Form von Videoclips erstellt und über die Lernplattform Moodle für alle Studierende des Semesters bereitgestellt. Die Clips beziehen sich jeweils auf eine Teilaufgabe und besitzen die Länge eines typischen Youtube-Tutorials. In etwa 5 Minuten bieten sie dem Zuschauer einen Lösungsweg zu den jeweiligen Übungsaufgaben. Die Studierenden können die Clips alternativ oder ergänzend zur Präsenzveranstaltung nutzen. Bei der Erstellung der Clips wurde auf den Einsatz von Spezialeffekten wie Animationen etc. zugunsten einer effizienten Produktion verzichtet, so dass eine einzelne Lehrperson pro Stunde etwa 10 bis 20 Minuten Videoclips aufzeichnen kann. Die Auswertung der Zugriffszahlen auf die Clip-Dateien ermöglicht eine aufgabengenaue Ermittlung der aktiven Nutzer. Im Betrag wird eine vorläufige Auswertung der Teilnehmerzahl und der Korrelation zwischen Klausurergebnis und Nutzungsgrad präsentiert.
Numerous 2,5-dimethoxy-N-benzylphenethylamines (NBOMe), carrying a variety of lipophilic substituents at the 4-position, are potent agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT2A ) receptors and show hallucinogenic effects. The present study investigated the metabolism of 25D-NBOMe, 25E-NBOMe, and 25N-NBOMe using the microsomal model of pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and the microbial model of the fungi Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans). Identification of metabolites was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS) with a quadrupole time-of-flight (QqToF) instrument. In total, 36 25D-NBOMe phase I metabolites, 26 25E-NBOMe phase I metabolites and 24 25N-NBOMe phase I metabolites were detected and identified in pHLM. Furthermore, 14 metabolites of 25D-NBOMe, 11 25E-NBOMe metabolites, and nine 25N-NBOMe metabolites could be found in C. elegans. The main biotransformation steps observed were oxidative deamination, oxidative N-dealkylation also in combination with hydroxylation, oxidative O-demethylation possibly combined with hydroxylation, oxidation of secondary alcohols, mono- and dihydroxylation, oxidation of primary alcohols, and carboxylation of primary alcohols. Additionally, oxidative di-O-demethylation for 25E-NBOMe and reduction of the aromatic nitro group and N-acetylation of the primary aromatic amine for 25N-NBOMe took place. The resulting 25N-NBOMe metabolites were unique for NBOMe compounds. For all NBOMes investigated, the corresponding 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-X) metabolite was detected. This study reports for the first time 25X-NBOMe N-oxide metabolites and hydroxylamine metabolites, which were identified for 25D-NBOMe and 25N-NBOMe and all three investigated NBOMes, respectively. C. elegans was capable of generating all main biotransformation steps observed in pHLM and might therefore be an interesting model for further studies of new psychoactive substances (NPS) metabolism.
Abstract: Electric field of biventricular (BV) pacing, left ventricular (LV) electrode position and electrical interventricular desynchronization are important parameters for successful cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm and reduced LV ejection fraction. The aim of the study was to evaluate electric pacing field of transesophageal left atrial (LA) pacing and BV pacing with 3D heart rhythm simulation. Bipolar right atrial (RA), right ventricular (RV), LV electrodes and multipolar hemispherical esophageal LA electrodes were modeled with CST (Computer Simulation Technology, Darmstadt). Electric pacing field were simulated with bipolar RA and RV pacing with Solid S (Biotronik) electrode, bipolar LV pacing with Attain 4194 (Medtronic) electrode and bipolar LA pacing with TO8 (Osypka) esophageal electrode. 3D heart rhythm model with esophagus allowed electric pacing field simulation of 4-chamber pacing with bipolar intracardiac RA, RV, LV pacing and bipolar transesophageal LA pacing. The pacing amplitudes were 3V RA pacing amplitude, 50V LA pacing amplitude, 1.5V RV pacing amplitude and 3V LV pacing amplitude with 0.5ms pacing pulse duration. The atrioventricular delay between RA pacing and BV pacing was 140ms atrioventricular pacing delay and simultaneous RV and LV pacing. Electric pacing fields were simulated during the different pacing modes AAI, VVI, DDD and DDD0V. The intracardiac far-field pacing potentials were evaluated with intracardiac electrodes and a distance of 1mm from the electrodes with RA electrode 1.104V, RV electrode 0.703V and LV electrode 1.32V. The transesophageal far-field pacing potential was evaluated with transesophageal electrode and a distance of 10mm from the elelctrode with LA electrode 6.076V. Heart rhythm model simulation with esophagus allows evaluation of electric pacing fields in AAI, VVI, DDD, DDD0V and DDD0D pacing modes. Electric pacing field of RA, RV and LV pacing in combination with LA pacing may additional useful pacing mode in CRT non-responders.
Aspekte der Motivation
(2018)
Lithium-ion pouch cells with lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anode and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, NCA) cathode were investigated experimentally with respect to their electrical (0.1C…4C), thermal (5 °C…50 °C) and long-time cycling behavior. The 16 Ah cell exhibits an asymmetric charge/discharge behavior which leads to a strong capacity-rate effect, as well as a significantly temperature-dependent capacity (0.37 Ah ∙ K−1) which expresses as additional high-temperature feature in the differential voltage plot. The cell was cycled for 10,000 cycles inbetween the nominal voltage limits (1.7–2.7 V) with a symmetric 4C constant-current charge/discharge protocol, corresponding to approx. 3400 equivalent full cycles. A small (0.192 mΩ/1000 cycles) but continuous increase of internal resistance was observed. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), this could be identified to be caused by the NCA cathode, while the LTO anode showed only minor changes during cycling. The temperature-corrected capacity during 4C cycling exhibited a decrease of 1.28%/1000 cycles. The 1C discharge capacity faded by only 4.0% for CC discharge and 2.3% for CCCV discharge after 10,000 cycles. The cell thus exhibits very good internal-resistance stability and excellent capacity retention even under harsh (4C continuous) cycling, demonstrating the excellent stability of LTO as anode material.
Markenbewertung
(2018)
Hintergrund: Richtung und Stärke des elektrischen Feldes (E-Feld) der biventrikulären (BV) Stimulation und elektrische interventrikuläre Desynchronisation sind bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz und verbreitertem QRS Komplex von Bedeutung für den Erfolg der kardialen Resynchronisationstherapie (CRT). Das 3D Herzrhythmusmodell (HRM) ermöglicht die
Simulation von CRT und Hochfrequenz (HF) Ablation. Das Ziel der Studie besteht in der Integration von Schrittmacher- und Ablationselektroden in das HRM zur E-Feld Simulation der BV Stimulation und thermischen Feld (T-Feld) Simulation der HF Ablation von Vorhofflimmern (AF).
Methoden: Es wurden fünf multipolare linksventrikuläre (LV) Elektroden, eine epikardiale LV Elektrode, vier bipolare rechtsatriale (RA) Elektroden, zwei rechtsventrikuläre (RV) Elektroden und ein HF Ablationskatheter mit CST (Computer Simulation Technology, Darmstadt) modelliert und das HRM (Schalk et al: Clin Res Cardiol 106, Suppl 1, April 2017, P1812) um den Koronarvenensinus (CS) erweitert (HRM-CS). E-Feld Simulationen bei vorhofsynchroner BV Stimulation und bei RA Stimulation mit RV und LV Ableitung erfolgten mit den Elektroden Select Secure 3830, Capsure VDD-2 5038 und Attain OTW 4194 im HRM+CS (Fig.). F-Feld Simulationen der HF Ablation von AF bei CRT wurden mit integriertem Ablationskatheter AlCath G FullCircle (Biotronik) simuliert.
Ergebnisse: HRM-CS ermöglichte 3D E-Feld Simulationen bei vorhofsynchroner bipolarer BV Stimulation und bei bipolarer RA Stimulation mit bipolarer RV und LV Ableitung. RV und LV Stimulation erfolgten zeitgleich bei einer Amplitude von 3 V an der LV Elektrode und 1 V an der RV Elektrode mit einer Impulsbreite von jeweils 0,5 ms. Die von der BV Stimulationen erzeugten Fernpotentiale konnten von der RA Elektrode wahrgenommen werden. Das Fernpotential an der RA Elektrodenspitze betrug 32,86 mV und in 1 mm Abstand von der RA Elektrodenspitze ergab sich ein Fernpotential von 185,97 mV. HRM-CS ermöglichte 3D T-Feld Simulationen der HF Ablation von AF bei CRT. Das T-Feld bei HF Ablation des AV-Knotens wurde mit einer anliegenden Leistung von 5 W bei 420 kHz an der distalen 8 mm Ablationselektrode simuliert. Die Temperatur an der Katheterspitze betrug nach 5 s Ablationsdauer 88,66 °C, in 1 mm Abstand von der Katheterspitze im Myokard 42,17 °C und in 2 mm Abstand 37,49 °C.
Schlussfolgerungen: HRM-CS und Elektrodenmodelle ermöglichen die 3D Simulationen von E-Feldern bei vorhofsynchroner BV Stimulation, RA Stimulation mit RV und LV Wahrnehmung und von T-Feldern bei HF Ablation. E-Feld Simulationen von RA, RV und LV Stimulation und Sensing können möglicherweise zur Vorhersage von CRT Respondern genutzt werden.
Targeting complex fractionated atrial electrocardiograms by automated algorithms during ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation has produced conflicting outcomes in previous electrophysiological studies and catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate atrial and ventricular high frequency fractionated electrical signals with signal averaging technique.
Methods: Signal averaging electrocardigraphy allows high resolution ECG technique to eliminate interference noise signals in the recorded ECG. The algorithm use automatic ECG trigger function for signal averaged transthoracic, transesophageal and intra-cardiac ECG signals with novel LabVIEW software.
Results: The analysis in the time domain evaluated fractionated atrial signals at the end of the signal averaged P-wave and fractionated ventricular signals at the end of the QRS complex. We evaluated atrial flutter in the time domain with two-to-one atrioventricular conduction, 212.0 ± 4.1 ms atrial cycle length, 426.0 ± 8.2 ms ventricular cycle length, 58.2 ± 1.8 ms P-wave duration, 119.6 ± 6.4 ms PQ duration, 103.0 ± 2.4 ms QRS duration and 296.4 ± 6.8 ms QT duration. The analysis in the frequency domain evaluated high frequency fractionated atrial signals during the P-wave and high frequency fractionated ventricular signals during QRS complex.
Conclusions: Spectral analysis of signal averaging electrocardiography with novel LabVIEW software can be utilized to evaluate atrial and ventricular conduction delays in patients with atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Complex fractionated atrial and ventricular electrocardiograms may be useful parameters to evaluate electrical cardiac bradycardia and tachycardia signals in atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia ablation.
Nachhaltiges Marketing
(2018)
Solar irradiance prediction is vital for the power management and the cost reduction when integrating solar energy. The study is towards a ground image based solar irradiance prediction which is highly dependent on the cloud coverage. The sky images are collected by using ground based sky imager (fisheye lens). In this work, different algorithms for cloud detection being a preparation step for their segmentation are compared.
The fisheye camera has been widely studied in the field of ground based sky imagery and robot vision since it can capture a wide view of the scene at one time. However, serious image distortion is a major drawback hindering its wider use. To remedy this, this paperproposes a lens calibration and distortion correction method for detecting clouds and forecasting solar radiation. Finally, the radial distortion of the fisheye image can be corrected by incorporating the estimated calibration parameters. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This paper deals with the detection and segmentation of clouds on high-dynamic-range (HDR) images of the sky as well as the calculation of the position of the sun at any time of the year. In order to predict the movement of clouds and the radiation of the sun for a short period of time, the clouds thickness and position have to be known as precisely as possible. Consequently, the segmentation algorithm has to provide satisfactory results regardless of different weather, illumination and climatic conditions. The principle of the segmentation is based on the classification of each pixel as a cloud or as a sky. This classification is usually based on threshold methods, since these are relatively fast to implement and show a low computational burden. In order to predict if and when the sun will be covered by clouds, the position of the sun on the images has to be determined. For this purpose, the zenith and azimuth angles of the sun are determined and converted into XY coordinates.
Human-robot collaboration plays a strong role in industrial production processes. The ISO/TS 15066 defines four different methods of collaboration between humans and robots. So far, there was no robotic system available that incorporates all four collaboration methods at once. Especially for the speed and separation monitoring, there was no sensor system available that can easily be attached directly to an off-the-shelf industrial robot arm and that is capable of detecting obstacles in distances from a few millimeters up to five meters. This paper presented first results of using a 3D time-of-flight camera directly on an industrial robot arm for obstacle detection in human-robot collaboration. We attached a Visionary-T camera from SICK to the flange of a KUKA LBR iiwa 7 R800. With Matlab, we evaluated the pictures and found that it works very well for detecting obstacles in a distance range starting from 0.5 m and up to 5 m.
Die Untersuchungen der Hochschule Offenburg zeigen, dass es durch organische Korrosionsschutzschichten im Kraftfluss von Schraubenverbindungen nicht zu einem verfrühten Abschalten der streckgrenzengesteuerten Schraubmontage kommt. Die fünf untersuchten Lacksysteme zeigten ein sehr unterschiedliches Reibverhalten, der Anzugsvorgang wurde jedoch zuverlässig bei Erreichen der Schraubenstreckgrenze beendet. Durch den ermittelten Drehmoment/Drehwinkelverlauf lässt sich das streckgrenzengesteuerte Anzugsverfahren als Analystetool einsetzen, wodurch für den jeweiligen Schraubfall auch Rückschlüsse auf anderen Anzugsverfahren getroffen werden können. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, dass Pulverlacksysteme widerstandsfähiger gegen die bei der Montage wirkenden Belastungen sind und eine Montage direkt auf Lack ermöglichen können.
Vorrichtung (2) zur Analyse von Urin, umfassend: – eine Zuführ- und Abführeinrichtung (7), welche zur Zuführung einer bestimmten Urinmenge in eine wenigstens einen Analysebereich (8) aufweisende Analysekammer (9) eines Urinteststreifens (10) und zur Abführung einer bestimmten Urinmenge aus einer wenigstens einen Analysebereich (8) aufweisenden Analysekammer (9) eines Urinteststreifens (10) eingerichtet ist, wobei die Zuführ- und Abführeinrichtung (7) wenigstens ein bewegbar gelagertes Zuführ- und/oder Abführelement (28, 29) zum Zuführen einer bestimmten Urinmenge in einen Zuführbereich (33) der Analysekammer (9) des Urinteststreifens (10) und/oder zum Abführen einer bestimmten Urinmenge aus einem Abführbereich (34) der Analysekammer (9) des Urinteststreifens (10) aufweist, und – eine Erfassungseinrichtung (11), welche zur Erfassung einer zumindest abschnittsweisen Änderung wenigstens eines optisch erfassbaren Parameters, welcher sich in Abhängigkeit der Zusammensetzung einer diesen kontaktierenden Urinmenge optisch erfassbar verändert, des oder eines entsprechenden Analysebereichs (8) des oder eines entsprechenden Urinteststreifens (10) sowie zur Erzeugung einer Erfassungsinformation, welche wenigstens einen optisch erfassten Parameter des oder eines entsprechenden Analysebereichs (8) oder eine Änderung eines solchen beschreibt, eingerichtet ist.
Hot work tools are subjected to complex thermal and mechanical loads during hot forming processes. Locally, the stresses can exceed the material’s yield strength in highly loaded areas as e.g. in small radii in die cavities. To sustain the high loads, the hot forming tools are typically made of martensitic hot work steels. While temperatures for annealing of the tool steels usually lie in the range between 400 and 600 °C, the steels may experience even higher temperatures during hot forming, resulting in softening of the material due to coarsening of strengthening particles. In this paper, a temperature dependent cyclic plasticity model for the martensitic hot work tool steel 1.2367 (X38CrMoV5-3) is presented that includes softening due to particle coarsening and that can be applied in finite-element calculations to assess the effect of softening on the thermomechanical fatigue life of hot work tools. To this end, a kinetic model for the evolution of the mean size of secondary carbides based on Ostwald ripening is coupled with a cyclic plasticity model with kinematic hardening. Mechanism-based relations are developed to describe the dependency of the mechanical properties on carbide size and temperature. The material properties of the mechanical and kinetic model are determined on the basis of tempering hardness curves as well as monotonic and cyclic tests.
In this paper, the temperature dependent cyclic mechanical properties of the martensitic hot work tool steel 1.2367 after tempering are investigated. To this end, hardness measurements as well as monotonic and cyclic tests at temperatures in the range from room temperature to 650 °C are performed on material tempered for different tempering times and temperatures. To describe the observed time and temperature dependent softening during tempering a kinetic model for the evolution of the mean size of secondary carbides based on Ostwald ripening is developed. Furthermore, mechanism-based as well as phenomenological relations for the cyclic mechanical properties of the Ramberg-Osgood model depending on carbide size and temperature are introduced. A good overall agreement of the measured and the calculated stress-strain hysteresis loops for different temperatures and heat treatments is obtained using the determined material properties of the kinetic and mechanical model.
Implementation of interdisciplinary student teams in design education for additive manufacturing
(2018)
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are becoming increasingly popular in all areas of product development. Therefore, it is imperative that students be taught Design for AM. However, due to the rapid development of new methods and materials for AM, it does not make sense to only teach particular design guidelines, as these can quickly become obsolete. Rather, students should acquire the competence to develop guidelines themselves, that take into account the current state of the art. Thus, they will be able to react to changing processes and new materials
in the future. In order to convey the independent development of design guidelines for additive manufacturing by students, a new concept was developed, which is presented in this contribution. In this process, the learning goal is worked out by a group of students on the basis of a practical
task. The group consists of an interdisciplinary team in order to combine different competencies and to provide different perspectives on the task. A case study will show the design and manufacture of a miniature aircraft using Fused Layer Modelling. The aim of the development is above all the design for additive manufacturing. In addition, a low use of resources in combination with lightweight construction should be achieved. In the implementation of the task, the students are confronted with challenging aerodynamic design of wings as well as with the economic evaluation of the development process. An examination of the level of knowledge before and after the case study examines the learning success.
Various methods of Digital Manufacturing (DM) have been available for the manufacturing of physical architectural models for several years. This paper highlights the advantages of 3D printing for digital manufacturing of detailed architectural models. In particular, the representation of architectural details and textures is treated. Furthermore, two new methods are being developed in order to improve the conditions for the application of digital manufacturing of architectural models.
Besides of conventional CAD systems, new, cloudbased CAD systems have also been available for some years. These CAD systems designed according to the principle of software as a service (SaaS) differ in some important features from the conventional CAD systems. Thus, these CAD systems are operated via a browser and it is not necessary to install the software on a computer. The CAD-data is stored in the cloud and not on a local computer or central server. This new approach should also facilitate the sharing and management of data. Finally, many of these new CAD systems are available as freeware for education purposes, so the universities can save license costs. The chances and risks of cloud-based systems will first be analyzed in this paper. Then two leading cloud-based CAD systems will be researched. During the process, the technical performance range these new systems offer for the product development will be initially checked and reviewed. For this purpose, various criteria are worked out and the CAD software is evaluated using these criteria. In addition, the criteria are weighted by their importance for design education. This allows one to conclude which capabilities the different CAD system offers for use in education.
Nowadays, robotic systems are an integral part of many orthopedic interventions. Stationary robots improve the accuracy but also require adapted surgical workflows. Handheld robotic devices (HHRDs), however, are easily integrated into existing workflows and represent a more economical solution. Their limited range of motion is compensated by the dexterity of the surgeon. This work presents control algorithms for HHRDs with multiple degrees of freedom (DOF). These algorithms protect pre- or intraoperatively defined regions from being penetrated by the end effector (e.g., a burr) by controlling the joints as well as the device’s power. Accuracy tests on a stationary prototype with three DOF show that the presented control algorithms produce results similar to those of stationary robots and much better results than conventional techniques. This work presents novel and innovative algorithms, which work robustly, accurately, and open up new opportunities for orthopedic interventions.
Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick der Möglichkeiten kontextbewusster Systeme und erläutert, wie diese die Autonomie zugleich erweitern und begrenzen können. Anwendungsbeispiele wie autonomes Fahren, Rehabilitation, industrielle Arbeit und Robotik zeigen die technischen Möglichkeiten auf. Neben der Erkennung von räumlichen Details werden auch die Potenziale der Erkennung von Emotionen beschrieben. Dabei wird zugunsten der Allgemeinverständlichkeit auf eine tiefe technische Detaillierung verzichtet, zugleich aber auf die jeweils relevante Forschungsliteratur verweisen.
Social robots are robots interacting with humans not only in collaborative settings, but also in personal settings like domestic services and healthcare. Some social robots simulate feelings (companions) while others just help lifting (assistants). However, they often incite both fascination and fear: what abilities should social robots have and what should remain exclusive to humans? We provide a historical background on the development of robots and related machines (1), discuss examples of social robots (2) and present an expert study on their desired future abilities and applications (3) conducted within the Forum of the European Active and Assisted Living Programme (AAL). The findings indicate that most technologies required for the social robots' emotion sensing are considered ready. For care robots, the experts approve health-related tasks like drawing blood while they prefer humans to do nursing tasks like washing. On a larger societal scale, the acceptance of social robots increases highly significantly with familiarity, making health robots and even military drones more acceptable than sex robots or child companion robots for childless couples. Accordingly, the acceptance of social robots seems to decrease with the level of face-to-face emotions involved.
We present the design of a system combining augmented reality (AR) and gamification to support elderly persons’ rehabilitation activities. The system is attached to the waist; it collects detailed movement data and at the same time augments the user’s path by projections. The projected AR-elements can provide location-based information or incite movement games. The collected data can be observed by therapists. Based on this data, the challenge level can be more frequently adapted, keeping up the patient’s motivation. The exercises can involve cognitive elements (for mild cognitive impairments), physiological elements (rehabilitation), or both. The overall vision is an individualized and gamified therapy. Thus, the system also offers application scenarios beyond rehabilitation in sports. In accordance with the methodology of design thinking, we present a first specification and a design vision based on inputs from business experts, gerontologists, physiologists, psychologists, game designers, cognitive scientists and computer scientists.
Deafblindness is a condition that limits communication capabilities primarily to the haptic channel. In the EU-funded project SUITCEYES we design a system which allows haptic and thermal communication via soft interfaces and textiles. Based on user needs and informed by disability studies, we combine elements from smart textiles, sensors, semantic technologies, image processing, face and object recognition, machine learning, affective computing, and gamification. In this work, we present the underlying concepts and the overall design vision of the resulting assistive smart wearable.
Modelling detailed chemistry in lithium-ion batteries: Insight into performance, ageing and safety
(2018)
SAP S/4HANA, das neue ERP-System der SAP SE, wird einem Funktionscheck im Bereich des Produktionscontrollings unterzogen. Ermittelte Anforderungen an die IT-Unterstützung eines modernen Produktionscontrolling-Konzeptes werden auf ihre Umsetzbarkeit mit SAP S/4HANA evaluiert und anschließend in einem realitätsnahen End-to-End-Szenario implementiert. Im aktuellen Release-Stand treten an mehreren Stellen noch funktionale Lücken auf, die nur über den Rückgriff auf Technologien und Oberflächen des Vorgängers SAP ECC geschlossen werden können.
Wer sich mit der Fragestellung von Autonomie – verstanden im ursprünglichen Sinn von Selbständigkeit und Unabhängigkeit – im Zusammenhang mit Kreation und Gestaltung beschäftigt, merkt schnell, dass bei aller Modernität der heutigen Digitaltechniken ein uraltes Thema auftaucht: die grundsätzliche Abhängigkeit des schöpferischen Aktes von Technik und Material, von Handwerk und Produktionsbedingungen.
Wer sich mit Digitalisierungsbestrebungen an Schulen befasst, stellt fest, dass die Tragweite der intendierten Transformation von Bildungseinrichtungen zu automatisierten Lernfabriken durch Digitaltechnik nur von Wenigen realisiert wird. Viele Beteiligte (wollen) glauben, es ginge nur um eine bessere technische Ausstattung der Lehreinrichtungen zur Unterstützung der Lehrkräfte – und übersehen, dass mit Kybernetik und Behaviorismus zwei den Menschen determinierende Theorien eine Renaissance erleben. Vertreter dieser Disziplinen glauben daran, dass sowohl der einzelne Mensch wie ganze Gesellschaften oder Sozialgemeinschaften wie ein Maschinenpark programmiert und gesteuert werden könne. Dabei werden Lernprozesse zu Akten der systematischen Selbstentmündigung umdefiniert: die Zurichtung der Lernenden auf abfragbare Kompetenzen mit Hilfe von Algorithmen und Software.
Bildung statt Profilbildung
(2018)
Der Spion im Klassenzimmer
(2018)