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In bimodal cochlear implant (CI) / hearing aid (HA) users a constant interaural time delay in the order of several milliseconds occurs due to differences in signal processing of the devices. For MED-EL CI systems in combination with different HA types, we have quantified the respective device delay mismatch (Zirn et al. 2015). In the current study, we investigate the effect of the device delay mismatch in simulated and actual bimodal listeners on sound localization accuracy.
To deal with the device delay mismatch in actual bimodal listeners we delayed the CI stimulation according to the measured HA processing delay and two other values. With all delay values highly significant improvements of the rms error in the localization task were observed compared to the test without the delay. The results help to narrow down the optimal patient-specific delay value.
Zeitliche Anpassung führt zu verbesserter Schalllokalisation bei bimodal versorgten CI-/HG-Trägern
(2021)
Bei bimodal versorgten Cochlea-Implantaten (CI) / Hörgerät (HG)-Trägern entsteht durch die unterschiedliche Signalverarbeitung der Geräte eine konstante interaurale Zeitverzögerung in der Größenordnung von mehreren Millisekunden. Für MED-EL CI-Systeme in Kombination mit verschiedenen HG-Typen haben wir den jeweiligen Device-Delay-Mismatch quantifiziert. In der aktuellen Studie untersuchen wir den Einfluss der Device-Delay-Mismatch bei simulierten und tatsächlichen bimodalen Hörern auf die Genauigkeit der Schalllokalisation.
Um den Device-Delay-Mismatch bei bimodal versorgten Patienten zu verringern, haben wir die CI-Stimulation um die gemessene HG-Signallaufzeit und zwei weitere Werte verzögert. Nach einer Angewöhnungsphase war der effektive Winkelfehler bei Verzögerung um die HG-Signallaufzeit hochsignifikant reduziert im Vergleich zu der Testkondition ohne CI-Verzögerung (mittlere Verbesserung: 11 % ; p < .01, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test). Aber auch mit den beiden weiteren Verzögerungswerten wurden Verbesserungen erreicht. Anhand der Ergebnisse lässt sich der optimale patientenspezifische Verzögerungswert näher eingrenzen.
Ziel dieses Ratgebers ist es, die für Unternehmensgründer relevanten juristischen Aspekte aufzuzeigen und diese hierfür zu sensibilisieren. Während Ratgeber zur Ideengewinnung, zur Vermarktung oder auch zu Finanzierungsfragen relativ häufig zu finden sind, werden die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen kaum beleuchtet. Dabei weisen die Komponenten eines Start-up-Marketing unterschiedliche Schwerpunkte und Vertiefungsgrade zum traditionellen Marketingauf. Dieses wird im vorliegenden Ratgeber auch im Hinblick auf die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen berücksichtigt.
Zu Beginn steht die Innovation oder die Geschäftsidee im Mittelpunkt. Diese sowie eine damit verbundene Marke gilt es zu schützen. Weitere zentrale Anfangsüberlegungen betreffen die zu wählende Rechtsform. Wichtige Aspekte sind zudem aus rechtlicher Sicht die Verträge mit den Investoren und diejenigen Rechtsfragen, die mit dem Internet verbunden sind, vor allem der Onlinevertrieb oder die Social-Media-Nutzung. Bei der Vermarktung seiner Leistungen muss ein Start-up-Verantwortlicher rechtliche Fragen möglichst proaktiv berücksichtigen sowie darauf achten, dass sein Verhalten im Wettbewerb nicht durch unlauteres Handeln geprägt wird.
Dieser Ratgeber orientiert sich bei der Vorstellung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen am Ablauf des Gründungsprozesses eines Start-ups:
➢ Anmeldung,
➢ Schutz der Geschäftsidee,
➢ Wahl der Rechtsform und
➢ Marketingaktivitäten.
In diesem einführenden Kapitel geben die Autoren einen Überblick über die Entstehung des Marketing-Controllings, dessen Aufgaben, organisatorische Einbindung in das Unternehmen sowie dessen strategische und operative Ausprägungen. Zudem werden die einzelnen Beiträge dieses Handbuches im Zusammenhang vorgestellt.
Online-Marketing-Controlling
(2021)
Vor dem Hintergrund der zentralen Bedeutung von Online-Marketing-Maßnahmen vor allem im Kontext der Kommunikationspolitik und den hieraus resultierenden steigenden Investitionen werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag verschiedene Online-Marketing-Controlling-Instrumente vorgestellt. Die Darstellung baut auf einem Strukturierungsrahmen auf, um eine Kategorisierung und sinnvolle Beschreibung der Vielzahl an Instrumenten zu gewährleisten. Darüber hinaus wird in dem Beitrag ein umfassender Prozess für das Online-Marketing-Controlling dargestellt.
Social-Media-Controlling
(2021)
Social Media spielen in immer mehr Organisationen für unterschiedliche Zielsetzungen eine wichtige Rolle. Entsprechend wächst auch die Bedeutung der Kontrolle der in Social Media durchgeführten Aktivitäten. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages werden zunächst die zentralen Funktionen eines Social-Media-Controllings vorgestellt und ein Prozess zu dessen sinnvoller Umsetzung beschrieben. Auf Basis einer Übersicht bestehender Kennzahlenmodelle wird dann im weiteren Verlauf ein umfassendes Kennzahlenmodell entwickelt.
Extended Reality (XR) durchläuft aktuell einen rasanten Entwicklungsprozess. Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die Wirtschaft sind vielfältig und die Bedeutung der neuartigen Technologie steigt kontinuierlich. Insbesondere der rapide Preisverfall der benötigten Hardware führt zu einer zunehmenden Markdurchdringung, wodurch sich XR-Systeme auf dem Massenmarkt etabliert haben.
Die Veröffentlichung richtet sich an Unternehmer, die sich einen Überblick über XR verschaffen möchten und abwägen, ob die Technologie in ihre Unternehmensprozesse eingebunden werden soll. Um die Entscheidung zu erleichtern, gibt die Publikation Auskunft über zentrale Aspekte wie Entwicklungsstand, Projektablauf und Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Aufgrund des enormen Potenzials der Technologien empfehlen die Autoren, dass Unternehmen frühzeitig Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser Technologien evaluieren. Die Planung und Umsetzung setzen allerdings immer ein durchdachtes und systematisches Vorgehen voraus.
Social-Media-Marketing ist für Kommunen ein wichtiges Instrument, mit ihren vielfältigen Zielgruppen zu interagieren. Gerade vor dem Hintergrund der zahlreichen Herausforderungen, mit denen Kommunen konfrontiert sind, bieten Social-Media-Aktivitäten großes Potenzial, diesen zumindest partiell zu begegnen. Ein erfolgreicher Einsatz von Social Media setzt einen gut durchdachten Planungsprozess voraus. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages werden ein solcher Planungsprozess sowie einige wichtige Implementierungsmöglichkeiten für Kommunen vorgestellt.
Despite increasing budgets for social media activities and a wide variety of performance measurement possibilities, many companies do not measure the performance of their social media activities. Research shows that those companies that measure the performance of social media activities use incorrect, too few or inappropriate metrics. A central problem is that there is often an inadequate performance measurement process. This article presents a process that focuses on the objectives of social media activities. In phase one of this process, suitable metrics are selected and target values are defined based on these objectives. In phase two, data are collected and analysed. Finally, actions are defined. The developed process helps companies to measure the performance of their social media activities.
Strategische Analysetechniken ermöglichen langfristig eine strukturierte Erfassung unternehmensinterner Ressourcen in Ausrichtung auf den Markt. Die hier beschriebenen Basis-Techniken umfassen das Produkt-Lebenszyklusanalyse-Modell, verschiedene Typen der Portfolio-Analyse, die Wertketten-Analyse und die SWOT-Analyse. Diese Techniken unterstützen das Marketing-Controlling, Geschäftsfeld- und Marktanalysen für das Management zu erstellen und strategische Handlungsoptionen abzuleiten.
This article presents a comparative experimental study of the electrical, structural and chemical properties of large‐format, 180 Ah prismatic lithium iron phosphate (LFP)/graphite lithium‐ion battery cells from two different manufacturers. These cells are particularly used in the field of stationary energy storage such as home‐storage systems. The investigations include (1) cell‐to‐cell performance assessment, for which a total of 28 cells was tested from each manufacturer, (2) electrical charge/discharge characteristics at different currents and ambient temperatures, (3) internal cell geometries, components, and weight analysis after cell opening, (4) microstructural analysis of the electrodes via light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, (5) chemical analysis of the electrode materials using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and (6) mathematical analysis of the electrode balances. The combined results give a detailed and comparative insight into the cell characteristics, providing essential information needed for system integration. The study also provides complete and self‐consistent parameter sets for the use in cells models needed for performance prediction or state diagnosis.
Treadmills are essential to the study of human and animal locomotion as well as for applied diagnostics in both sports and medicine. The quantification of relevant biomechanical and physiological variables requires a precise regulation of treadmill belt velocity (TBV). Here, we present a novel method for time-efficient tracking of TBV using standard 3D motion capture technology. Further, we analyzed TBV fluctuations of four different treadmills as seven participants walked and ran at target speeds ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 m/s. Using the novel method, we show that TBV regulation differs between treadmill types, and that certain features of TBV regulation are affected by the subjects’ body mass and their locomotion speed. With higher body mass, the TBV reductions in the braking phase of stance became higher, even though this relationship differed between locomotion speeds and treadmill type (significant body mass × speed × treadmill type interaction). Average belt speeds varied between about 98 and 103% of the target speed. For three of the four treadmills, TBV reduction during the stance phase of running was more intense (> 5% target speed) and occurred earlier (before 50% of stance phase) unlike the typical overground center of mass velocity patterns reported in the literature. Overall, the results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring TBV during locomotor research and applied diagnostics. We provide a novel method that is freely accessible on Matlab’s file exchange server (“getBeltVelocity.m”) allowing TBV tracking to become standard practice in locomotion research.
Objective: To identify and evaluate the evidence of the most relevant running-related risk factors (RRRFs) for running-related overuse injuries (ROIs) and to suggest future research directions.
Design: Systematic review considering prospective and retrospective studies. (PROSPERO_ID: 236832)
Data sources: Pubmed. Connected Papers. The search was performed in February 2021.
Eligibility criteria: English language. Studies on participants whose primary sport is running addressing the risk for the seven most common ROIs and at least one kinematic, kinetic (including pressure measurements), or electromyographic RRRF. An RRRF needed to be identified in at least one prospective or two retrospective studies.
Results: Sixty-two articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Levels of evidence for specific ROIs ranged from conflicting to moderate evidence. Running populations and methods applied varied considerably between studies. While some RRRFs appeared for several ROIs, most RRRFs were specific for a particular ROI. The biomechanical measurements performed in many studies would have allowed for consideration of many more RRRFs than have been reported, highlighting a potential for more effective data usage in the future.
Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive overview of RRRFs for the most common ROIs, which might serve as a starting point to develop ROI-specific risk profiles of individual runners. Future work should use macroscopic (big data) approaches involving long-term data collections in the real world and microscopic approaches involving precise stress calculations using recent developments in biomechanical modelling. However, consensus on data collection standards (including the quantification of workload and stress tolerance variables and the reporting of injuries) is warranted.
Activities for rehabilitation and prevention are often lengthy and associated with pain and frustration. Their playful enrichment (hereafter: gamification) can counteract this, resulting in so-called “exergames”. However, in contrast to games designed solely for entertainment, the increased motivation and immersion in gamified training can lead to a reduced perception of pain and thus to health deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor activities continuously. However, only an AI-based system able to generate autonomous interventions could vacate the therapists’ costly time and allow better training at home. An automated adjustment of the movement training’s difficulty as well as individualized goal setting and control are essential to achieve such autonomy. This article’s contribution is two-fold: (1) We portray the potentials of gamification in the health area. (2) We present a framework for smart rehabilitation and prevention training allowing autonomous, dynamic, and gamified interactions.
Governments have restricted public life during the COVID-19 pandemic, inter alia closing sports facilities and gyms. As regular exercise is essential for health, this study examined the effect of pandemic-related confinements on physical activity (PA) levels. A multinational survey was performed in 14 countries. Times spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as well as in vigorous physical activity only (VPA) were assessed using the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form). Data were obtained for leisure and occupational PA pre- and during restrictions. Compliance with PA guidelines was calculated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). In total, n = 13,503 respondents (39 ± 15 years, 59% females) were surveyed. Compared to pre-restrictions, overall self-reported PA declined by 41% (MVPA) and 42.2% (VPA). Reductions were higher for occupational vs. leisure time, young and old vs. middle-aged persons, previously more active vs. less active individuals, but similar between men and women. Compared to pre-pandemic, compliance with WHO guidelines decreased from 80.9% (95% CI: 80.3–81.7) to 62.5% (95% CI: 61.6–63.3). Results suggest PA levels have substantially decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stakeholders should consider strategies to mitigate loss in PA in order to preserve health during the pandemic.
The compliant nature of distal limb muscle-tendon units is traditionally considered suboptimal in explosive movements when positive joint work is required. However, during accelerative running, ankle joint net mechanical work is positive. Therefore, this study aims to investigate how plantar flexor muscle-tendon behavior is modulated during fast accelerations. Eleven female sprinters performed maximum sprint accelerations from starting blocks, while gastrocnemius muscle fascicle lengths were estimated using ultrasonography. We combined motion analysis and ground reaction force measurements to assess lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics, and to estimate gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit length during the first two acceleration steps. Outcome variables were resampled to the stance phase and averaged across three to five trials. Relevant scalars were extracted and analyzed using one-sample and two-sample t-tests, and vector trajectories were compared using statistical parametric mapping. We found that an uncoupling of muscle fascicle behavior from muscle-tendon unit behavior is effectively used to produce net positive mechanical work at the joint during maximum sprint acceleration. Muscle fascicles shortened throughout the first and second steps, while shortening occurred earlier during the first step, where negative joint work was lower compared with the second step. Elastic strain energy may be stored during dorsiflexion after touchdown since fascicles did not lengthen at the same time to dissipate energy. Thus, net positive work generation is accommodated by the reuse of elastic strain energy along with positive gastrocnemius fascicle work. Our results show a mechanism of how muscles with high in-series compliance can contribute to net positive joint work.
Disruptive innovations can solve major global challenges. However, the system in Germany does not sufficiently favor the development of such innovations. The disruptive output of leading nations like the United States puts increasing pressure on Germany’s innovation leadership. The German innovation agency SPRIND was founded in 2019 and is a suitable instrument to promote disruptive innovations. The SPRIND itself cites the American innovation agency DARPA, which has been promoting disruptive innovations since 1958, a role model. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of DARPA and SPRIND. To answer the research question, secondary sources were used. In addition, two expert interviews were conducted with employees of SPRIND. The result of this paper is a systematic comparison that identifies the key differences and similarities between the two agencies. SPRIND is based on DARPA in key success factors, such as the person-centered approach, funding instruments or risk management. However, compared to DARPA, SPRIND has a major disadvantage; namely several administrative hurdles which inhibit agile action.
This paper presents the development of an energy harvesting solution for a driven tool holder. The tool holder environment was analysed, a test stand built and the designed electromagnetic rotation harvester was evaluated. The reported harvester is based on low cost off-the-shelf components and 3D printed parts. The utilisation of SMD coils allows easy adaptation to changing parameters of the integration area. Energy harvesting in tool holders enables predictive maintenance or condition monitoring in the industrial production. These capabilities are mandatory nowadays in regards of IIoT. A reliable energy source is key for continuous monitoring. Changing batteries becomes obsolete. The results provide useful insight for future harvesters.
Emerging applications in soft robotics, wearables, smart consumer products or IoT-devices benefit from soft materials, flexible substrates in conjunction with electronic functionality. Due to high production costs and conformity restrictions, rigid silicon technologies do not meet application requirements in these new domains. However, whenever signal processing becomes too comprehensive, silicon technology must be used for the high-performance computing unit. At the same time, designing everything in flexible or printed electronics using conventional digital logic is not feasible yet due to the limitations of printed technologies in terms of performance, power and integration density. We propose to rather use the strengths of neuromorphic computing architectures consisting in their homogeneous topologies, few building blocks and analog signal processing to be mapped to an inkjet-printed hardware architecture. It has remained a challenge to demonstrate non-linear elements besides weighted aggregation. We demonstrate in this work printed hardware building blocks such as inverter-based comprehensive weight representation and resistive crossbars as well as printed transistor-based activation functions. In addition, we present a learning algorithm developed to train the proposed printed NCS architecture based on specific requirements and constraints of the technology.
Printed electronics (PE) offers flexible, extremely low-cost, and on-demand hardware due to its additive manufacturing process, enabling emerging ultra-low-cost applications, including machine learning applications. However, large feature sizes in PE limit the complexity of a machine learning classifier (e.g., a neural network (NN)) in PE. Stochastic computing Neural Networks (SC-NNs) can reduce area in silicon technologies, but still require complex designs due to unique implementation tradeoffs in PE. In this paper, we propose a printed mixed-signal system, which substitutes complex and power-hungry conventional stochastic computing (SC) components by printed analog designs. The printed mixed-signal SC consumes only 35% of power consumption and requires only 25% of area compared to a conventional 4-bit NN implementation. We also show that the proposed mixed-signal SC-NN provides good accuracy for popular neural network classification problems. We consider this work as an important step towards the realization of printed SC-NN hardware for near-sensor-processing.