Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Conference Proceeding (145) (remove)
Conference Type
- Konferenzartikel (143)
- Konferenz-Abstract (1)
- Sonstiges (1)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (145)
Keywords
- Eingebettetes System (5)
- Kommunikation (5)
- Messung (3)
- Security (3)
- Sensortechnik (3)
- cryptography (3)
- Applikation (2)
- Energieversorgung (2)
- Internet der Dinge (2)
- Internet of Things (2)
- MEMS (2)
- Messtechnik (2)
- NB-IoT (2)
- Netzwerk (2)
- Neural networks (2)
- PKI (2)
- Predictive Maintenance (2)
- TLS (2)
- accelerometer (2)
- certificate management (2)
- efficient training (2)
- printed electronics (2)
- security (2)
- 5G (1)
- 5G mobile communication (1)
- 5G private networks (1)
- 6LoWPAN (1)
- AIN Cantilever (1)
- Abbreviate Injury Scale (1)
- Accident Analysis (1)
- Advanced Driver Assistance System (1)
- Android (1)
- Authentication (1)
- Authorization (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automotive engineering (1)
- Bearings (1)
- Blockchain (1)
- Blockchains (1)
- Bussystem (1)
- Car-2-Car communication (1)
- Car-2-X communication (1)
- Car-to-Car-(C2C)-Communication (1)
- Cascading Style Sheets (1)
- Collision Point (1)
- Computerunterstützte Kommunikation (1)
- Cyber Physical Systems, (1)
- Data breech (1)
- Design (1)
- Drahtloses lokales Netz (1)
- EAP-TLS (1)
- ETAP Simulations (1)
- Economics (1)
- Edge AI (1)
- Education (1)
- Electronic Commerce (1)
- Embedded AI (1)
- Embedded Software (1)
- Embedded Systems (1)
- Energieverbrauch (1)
- Fahrzeug (1)
- Failure analysis (1)
- Fault Classification (1)
- Federated Learning (1)
- Funktechnik (1)
- Gebäudeleittechnik (1)
- Haustechnik (1)
- Hybrid system (1)
- IEC/IEEE 60802 security (1)
- IEEE802.11p/WAVE (1)
- IEEE802.15.4 (1)
- IIoT (1)
- Implementation (1)
- Industrial Blockchain (1)
- Industrie 4.0 (1)
- IoT Security (1)
- IoT security (1)
- Kabel (1)
- LPWAN (1)
- Leistung (1)
- Load Flow Analysis (1)
- Long Term Evolution (1)
- Machine learning (1)
- Machine-to- Machine-(M2M)-Communication (1)
- Manufacturing automation (1)
- Manufacturing industries (1)
- Mobile Computing (1)
- Mobilkommunikation (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monte-Carlo method (1)
- NETCONF security (1)
- Network Test (1)
- Niedrige Energie (1)
- OT security (1)
- PROFINET IO (1)
- PROFINET Security (1)
- Performance evaluation (1)
- Physical Unclonable Functions (1)
- Physical unclonable function (1)
- Power Loss (1)
- Produktion (1)
- RUL (1)
- Radio frequency (1)
- Real-Time Communication (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- Sicherheitstechnik (1)
- Signaltechnik (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Smart Energy Metering (1)
- Smart-UPS (1)
- SmartMAC (1)
- Strahl (1)
- Synchronisation (1)
- System (1)
- TSN security (1)
- TTCN3 (1)
- Target Vehicle (1)
- Testbed (1)
- Testumgebung (1)
- Time Sensitive Networking (1)
- Time Synchronization (1)
- TinyML (1)
- TinyOS (1)
- Total Harmonic Distortion (1)
- Traceability (1)
- Training (1)
- Trust management (1)
- Trägheit (1)
- Ultra-Low Energy (1)
- Ultraweitband (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Unsupervised Learning (1)
- VRU eSafety (1)
- Variational Autoencoders (1)
- Vehicle safety (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Wasserstand (1)
- Wireless IoT (1)
- Wireless M-Bus (1)
- algorithm-based data analysis (1)
- bearing (1)
- bench-marking (1)
- benchmarking (1)
- car2x networks (1)
- cellular radio (1)
- cluster (1)
- computer network management (1)
- credentials (1)
- crossbar (1)
- cybersecurity (1)
- degradation stages (1)
- dickkopf 3 (1)
- e-Mobilität (1)
- embedded systems (1)
- emulation (1)
- fingerprinting (1)
- gyroscope (1)
- hybrid systems (1)
- identification (1)
- industrial Ethernet (1)
- industrial IoT (1)
- industrial communication (1)
- inertial measurement unit (1)
- kabellos (1)
- localization (1)
- machine learning (1)
- machine-to-machine communication (1)
- metal oxide transistor (1)
- model driven design (1)
- mutual authentication (1)
- performance (1)
- physical unclonable function (1)
- physically unclonable function (PUF) (1)
- predictive maintenance (1)
- primary authentication (1)
- privacy (1)
- radio networks (1)
- real time (1)
- rekeying (1)
- resource efficiency (1)
- secondary surveillance radar (1)
- secure communication (1)
- smart metering (1)
- software defined radio (1)
- sparse backpropagation (1)
- standardization (1)
- subsystem design (1)
- system authenticity (1)
- telecommunication equipment testing (1)
- temperature dependency (1)
- temperature sensor (1)
- thinned ASIC in foil (1)
- transmit beamforming (1)
- wide area networks (1)
- Ökologie (1)
Institute
- ivESK - Institut für verlässliche Embedded Systems und Kommunikationselektronik (101)
- Fakultät Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (E+I) (bis 03/2019) (88)
- Fakultät Elektrotechnik, Medizintechnik und Informatik (EMI) (ab 04/2019) (54)
- Fakultät Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (M+V) (2)
- Fakultät Medien (M) (ab 22.04.2021) (1)
Open Access
- Closed Access (81)
- Closed (31)
- Open Access (28)
- Bronze (9)
- Diamond (4)
- Gold (1)
IPv6 over resource-constrained devices (6Lo) emerged as a de-facto standard for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications especially in home and building automation systems. We provide results of an investigation of the applicability of 6LoWPAN with RPL mesh networks for home and building automation use cases. The proper selection of Trickle parameters and neighbor reachable time-outs is important in the RPL protocol suite to respond efficiently to any path failure. These parameters were analyzed in the context of energy consumption w.r.t the number of control packets. The measurements were performed in an Automated Physical Testbeds (APTB). The results match the recommendation by RFC 7733 for selecting various parameters of RPL protocol suite. This paper shows the relationship between various RPL parameters and control traffic overhead during network rebuild. Comparative measurement results with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in this work showed that 6Lo with RPL outperformed BLE in this use case with less control traffic overheads.
The Internet of Things (IoT) application has becoming progressively in-demand, most notably for the embedded devices (ED). However, each device has its own difference in computational capabilities, memory usage, and energy resources in connecting to the Internet by using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In order for this to be achievable, the WSNs that form the bulk of the IoT implementation requires a new set of technologies and protocol that would have a defined area, in which it addresses. Thus, IPv6 Low Power Area Network (6LoWPAN) was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a standard network for ED. Nevertheless, the communication between ED and 6LoWPAN requires appropriate routing protocols for it to achieve the efficient Quality of Service (QoS). Among the protocols of 6LoWPAN network, RPL is considered to be the best protocol, however its Energy Consumption (EC) and Routing Overhead (RO) is considerably high when it is implemented in a large network. Therefore, this paper would propose the HRPL to enchance the RPL protocol in reducing the EC and RO. In this study, the researchers would present the performance of RPL and HRPL in terms of EC, Control traffic Overhead (CTO) and latency based on the simulation of the 6LoWPAN network in fixed environment using COOJA simulator. The results show HRPL protocol achieves better performance in all the tested topology in terms of EC and CTO. However, the latency of HRPL only improves in chain topology compared with RPL. We found that further research is required to study the relationship between the latency and the load of packet transmission in order to optimize the EC usage.
In the last decade, IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks, also known as 6LoWPAN, has well evolved as a primary contender for short range wireless communication and holds the promise of an Internet of Things, which is completely based on the Internet Protocol. In the meantime, various 6LoWPAN implementations are available, be it open source or commercial. One of these implementations, which was developed by the authors' team, was tested on an Automated Physical Testbed for Wireless Systems at the Laboratory Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics of Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, which allows the flexible setup and full control of arbitrary topologies. It also supports time-varying topologies and thus helps to measure performance of the RPL implementation. The results of the measurements show a very good stability and short-term and long-term performance also under dynamic conditions. In addition, it can be proven that the performance predictions from other papers are consistent with real-life implementations.
The monitoring of industrial environments ensures that highly automated processes run without interruption. However, even if the industrial machines themselves are monitored, the communication lines are currently not continuously monitored in todays installations. They are checked usually only during maintenance intervals or in case of error. In addition, the cables or connected machines usually have to be removed from the system for the duration of the test. To overcome these drawbacks, we have developed and implemented a cost-efficient and continuous signal monitoring of Ethernet-based industrial bus systems. Several methods have been developed to assess the quality of the cable. These methods can be classified to either passive or active. Active methods are not suitable if interruption of the communication is undesired. Passive methods, on the other hand, require oversampling, which calls for expensive hardware. In this paper, a novel passive method combined with undersampling targeting cost-efficient hardware is proposed.
6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks) is gaining more and more attraction for the seamless connectivity of embedded devices for the Internet of Things. It can be observed that most of the available solutions are following an open source approach, which significantly leads to a fast development of technologies and of markets. Although the currently available implementations are in a pretty good shape, all of them come with some significant drawbacks. It was therefore decided to start the development of an own implementation, which takes the advantages from the existing solutions, but tries to avoid the drawbacks. This paper discussed the reasoning behind this decision, describes the implementation and its characteristics, as well as the testing results. The given implementation is available as open-source project under [15].
A highly scalable IEEE802.11p communication and localization subsystem for autonomous urban driving
(2013)
The IEEE802.11p standard describes a protocol for car-to-X and mainly for car-to-car-communication. It has found its place in hardware and firmware implementations and is currently tested in various field tests. In the research project Ko-TAG, which is part of the research initiative Ko-FAS, cooperative sensor technology is developed for the support of highly autonomous driving. A secondary radar principle based on communication signals enables localization of objects with simultaneous data transmission. It mainly concentrates on the detection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users (VRU), but also supports pre crash safety applications. Thus it is mainly targeted for the support of traffic safety applications in intra-urban scenarios. This contribution describes the Ko-TAG part of the overall initiative, which develops a subsystem to improve the real-time characteristics of IEEE802.11p needed for precise time of flight real-time localization. In doing this, it still fits into the regulatory schemes. It discusses the approach for definition and verification of the protocol design, while maintaining the close coexistence with existing IEEE802.11p subsystems. System simulations were performed and hardware was implemented. Test results are shown in the last part of the paper.
The IEEE802.11p standard describes a protocol for car-to-X and mainly for car-to-car-communication. It has found its place in hardware and firmware implementations and is currently tested in various field tests. In the research project Ko-TAG, which is part of the research initiative Ko-FAS, cooperative sensor technology is developed and its benefit for traffic safety applications is evaluated. A secondary radar principle based on communication signals enables localization of objects with simultaneous data transmission. It mainly concentrates on the detection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users (VRU), but also supports pre crash safety applications. The Ko-TAG proposal enriches the current IEEE802.11p real-time characteristics needed for precise time-of-flight real-time localization. This contribution describes the development of a subsystem, which extends the functionality of IEEE802.11p and fits into the regulatory schemes. It discusses the approach for definition and verification of the protocol design, while maintaining the close coexistence with existing IEEE802.11p subsystems. System simulations were performed and hardware was implemented. The next step will be field measurements to verify the simulation results.
In recent years, predictive maintenance tasks, especially for bearings, have become increasingly important. Solutions for these use cases concentrate on the classification of faults and the estimation of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL). As of today, these solutions suffer from a lack of training samples. In addition, these solutions often require high-frequency accelerometers, incurring significant costs. To overcome these challenges, this research proposes a combined classification and RUL estimation solution based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. This solution relies on a hybrid feature extraction approach, making it especially appropriate for low-cost accelerometers with low sampling frequencies. In addition, it uses transfer learning to be suitable for applications with only a few training samples.
Uncontrollable manufacturing variations in electrical hardware circuits can be exploited as Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). Herein, we present a Printed Electronics (PE)-based PUF system architecture. Our proposed Differential Circuit PUF (DiffC-PUF) is a hybrid system, combining silicon-based and PE-based electronic circuits. The novel approach of the DiffC-PUF architecture is to provide a specially designed real hardware system architecture, that enables the automatic readout of interchangeable printed DiffC-PUF core circuits. The silicon-based addressing and evaluation circuit supplies and controls the printed PUF core and ensures seamless integration into silicon-based smart systems. Major objectives of our work are interconnected applications for the Internet of Things (IoT).
The desire to connect more and more devices and to make them more intelligent and more reliable, is driving the needs for the Internet of Things more than ever. Such IoT edge systems require sound security measures against cyber-attacks, since they are interconnected, spatially distributed, and operational for an extended period of time. One of the most important requirements for the security in many industrial IoT applications is the authentication of the devices. In this paper, we present a mutual authentication protocol based on Physical Unclonable Functions, where challenge-response pairs are used for both device and server authentication. Moreover, a session key can be derived by the protocol in order to secure the communication channel. We show that our protocol is secure against machine learning, replay, man-in-the-middle, cloning, and physical attacks. Moreover, it is shown that the protocol benefits from a smaller computational, communication, storage, and hardware overhead, compared to similar works.
A Localization System Using Inertial Measurement Units from Wireless Commercial Handheld Devices
(2013)
This paper describes a newly developed technology for the calculation of trajectories of mobile objects, which is based on commercially available sensors being integrated into modern mobile phones and other gadgets. First, a step counting technique was implemented. Second, a novel step length estimator is proposed. These two algorithms utilize the data from accelerometer sensor only. Third, the heading information was obtained using a gyroscope with complementary filter in quaternion form. The combined algorithm was implemented on a low-power ARM processor to provide the trajectory points relative to an initial point. The proposed technique was tested by 10 subjects, in different shoes with different paces. The dependence of the performance of the technology on the attaching point of the mobile device is weak. The proposed algorithms have better balance and estimation accuracy and depend in less degree on the variety in physical parameters of people in comparison with the existing techniques. In experiments inertial measurement units were mounted in different places, i.e. in the hand, in trousers or in T-shirt pockets. The return position error did not exceed 5% of the total travelled distance for all performed tests.
Cryptographic protection of messages requires frequent updates of the symmetric cipher key used for encryption and decryption, respectively. Protocols of legacy IT security, like TLS, SSH, or MACsec implement rekeying under the assumption that, first, application data exchange is allowed to stall occasionally and, second, dedicated control messages to orchestrate the process can be exchanged. In real-time automation applications, the first is generally prohibitive, while the second may induce problematic traffic patterns on the network. We present a novel seamless rekeying approach, which can be embedded into cyclic application data exchanges. Although, being agnostic to the underlying real-time communication system, we developed a demonstrator emulating the widespread industrial Ethernet system PROFINET IO and successfully use this rekeying mechanism.
When designing and installing Indoor Positioning Systems, several interrelated tasks have to be solved to find an optimum placement of the Access Points. For this purpose, a mathematical model for a predefined number of access points indoors is presented. Two iterative algorithms for the minimization of localization error of a mobile object are described. Both algorithms use local search technique and signal level probabilities. Previously registered signal strengths maps were used in computer simulation.
As cyber-attacks and functional safety requirements increase in Operational Technology (OT), implementing security measures becomes crucial. The IEC/IEEE 60802 draft standard addresses the security convergence in Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN) for industrial automation.We present the standard’s security architecture and its goals to establish end-to-end security with resource access authorization in OT systems. We compare the standard to our abstract technology-independent model for the management of cryptographic credentials during the lifecycles of OT systems. Additionally, we implemented the processes, mechanisms, and protocols needed for IEC/IEEE 60802 and extended the architecture with public key infrastructure (PKI) functionalities to support complete security management processes.
This paper presents a novel low-jitter interface between a low-cost integrated IEEE802.11 chip and a FPGA. It is designed to be part of system hardware for ultra-precise synchronization between wireless stations. On physical level, it uses Wi-Fi chip coexistence signal lines and UART frame encoding. On its basis, we propose an efficient communication protocol providing precise timestamping of incoming frames and internal diagnostic mechanisms for detecting communication faults. Meanwhile it is simple enough to be implemented both in low-cost FPGA and commodity IEEE802.11 chip firmware. The results of computer simulation shows that developed FPGA implementation of the proposed protocol can precisely timestamp incoming frames as well as detect most of communication errors even in conditions of high interference. The probability of undetected errors was investigated. The results of this analysis are significant for the development of novel wireless synchronization hardware.
A novel approach of a testbed for embedded networking nodes has been conceptualized and implemented. It is based on the use of virtual nodes in a PC environment, where each node executes the original embedded code. Different nodes are running in parallel and are connected via so-called virtual interfaces. The presented approach is very efficient and allows a simple description of test cases without the need of a network simulator. Furthermore, it speeds up the process of developing new features.
In recent years, the topic of embedded machine learning has become very popular in AI research. With the help of various compression techniques such as pruning, quantization and others compression techniques, it became possible to run neural networks on embedded devices. These techniques have opened up a whole new application area for machine learning. They range from smart products such as voice assistants to smart sensors that are needed in robotics. Despite the achievements in embedded machine learning, efficient algorithms for training neural networks in constrained domains are still lacking. Training on embedded devices will open up further fields of applications. Efficient training algorithms would enable federated learning on embedded devices, in which the data remains where it was collected, or retraining of neural networks in different domains. In this paper, we summarize techniques that make training on embedded devices possible. We first describe the need and requirements for such algorithms. Then we examine existing techniques that address training in resource-constrained environments as well as techniques that are also suitable for training on embedded devices, such as incremental learning. At the end, we also discuss which problems and open questions still need to be solved in these areas.
The Metering Bus, also known as M-Bus, is a European standard EN13757-3 for reading out metering devices, like electricity, water, gas, or heat meters. Although real-life M-Bus networks can reach a significant size and complexity, only very simple protocol analyzers are available to observe and maintain such networks. In order to provide developers and installers with the ability to analyze the real bus signals easily, a web-based monitoring tool for the M-Bus has been designed and implemented. Combined with a physical bus interface it allows for measuring and recording the bus signals. For this at first a circuit has been developed, which transforms the voltage and current-modulated M-Bus signals to a voltage signal that can be read by a standard ADC and processed by an MCU. The bus signals and packets are displayed using a web server, which analyzes and classifies the frame fragments. As an additional feature an oscilloscope functionality is included in order to visualize the physical signal on the bus. This paper describes the development of the read-out circuit for the Wired M-Bus and the data recovery.
The authentication method of electronic devices, based on individual forms of correlograms of their internal electric noises, is well-known. Specific physical differences in the components – for example, caused by variations in production quality – cause specific electrical signals, i.e. electric noise, in the electronic device. It is possible to obtain this information and to identify the specific differences of the individual devices using an embedded analog-to-digital converter (ADC). These investigations confirm the possibility to identify and authenticate electronic devices using bit templates, calculated from the sequence of values of the normalized autocorrelation function of noise. Experiments have been performed using personal computers. The probability of correct identification and authentication increases with increasing noise recording duration. As a result of these experiments, an accuracy of 98.1% was achieved for a 1 second-long registration of EM for a set of investigated computers.
Wireless communication technologies play a major role to enable megatrends like Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0. The Narrowband Wireless WAN (NBWWAN) introduced to meet the long range and low power requirements of spatially distributed wireless communication use cases. These networks introduce additional challenges in testing because the network topology and RF characteristics become particularly complex and thus a multitude of different scenarios must be tested. This paper describes the infrastructure for automated testing of radio communication and for systematic measurements of the network performance of NBWWAN.