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Structures for interconnecting active microwave semiconductor-devices, e.g. FET's and MIC's, with the electrical surrounding or with each other have to be designed more and more carefully when increasing the desired upper frequency limit. Therefore, several connecting structures for device embedding have been examined. Mainly, their applicability for the frequency range from 10 GHz to 100 GHz was considered. Additionally, different equivalent circuits were developed to approximately describe their behaviour for CAD-applications.
The advantages of the coupling-of-modes (COM) formalism and the transmission-matrix approach are combined to create exact and computationally efficient analysis and synthesis CAD tools for the design of SAW-resonator filters. The models for the filter components, especially gratings, interdigital transducers (IDTs). and multistrip couplers (MSCs), are based on the COM approach, which delivers closed-form expressions. In order to determine the relevant COM parameters, the integrated COM differential equations are compared with analytically derived expressions from the transmission-matrix approach. The most important second-order effects such as energy storage, propagation loss and mechanical and electrical loading are fully taken into account. As an example, the authors investigate a two-pole, acoustically coupled resonator filter at 914.5 MHz on AT quartz. Excellent agreement between theory and measurement is found.
An investigation is underway regarding the usefulness of altazimuth-mounting telescopes' incorporation of laser gyros for pointing and fiber gyros with extremely small random-walk coefficient for telescope inertial stabilization during tracking. A star tracker is expected to help stabilize long-term gyro bias. Gyro and telescope specifications have been derived by means of computer simulations and systems analyses.
A polarization mode dispersion measurement set-up based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer was realized. Measurements were carried out on short high-birefringent fibers and on long standard telecommunication single-mode fibers. In order to ensure high accurate results, special emphasis was placed on the evaluation of the interference pattern. The procedure will be described in detail and practical measurement results will be presented.
The prototype of an optical gyro encoder (OGE) has been successfully tested on the NTT telescope in September '93. The OGE consists of a ring laser gyro and a fiber optic gyro with their input axis parallel. The gyro outptu signals are compensated for earth rotation and misalignment and are subsequently integrated to get the angles. An adaptive digital control loop locks the fiber optic gyro to the laser gyro data. Thus the combined output has the precision of the laser gyro and the low noise of the fiber optic gyro. Specifically, the bias stability is better than 2 X 10-3 deg/h, the scale factor accuracy better than 1 ppm, the random walk coefficient better than 5 X 10-4 deg/(root)h and the resolution better than 3 X 10-4 arcsec. The OGE has been mounted in the altitude and in the azimuthy axis of the telescope. The data were compared with the telescope disk encoder data. The test data show that the pointing accuracy is about 1 arcsec and the tracking accuracy 0.1 arcsec over a time of 30 seconds. This accuracy is sufficient for the very large telescope, for instance.
This paper treats the Brillouin backscattering in a single mode optical fiber and its implications on the Brillouin Ring Laser Gyroscope (BRLG). The BRLG consists of a fiber ring cavity in which stimulated Brillouin scattering is induced and provides two resonant counterpropagating backscattered waves. If this cavity is rotating around its axis, the backscattered waves get different resonant frequencies because of the Sagnac effect. The frequency difference is proportional to the rotation rate (Omega) by inducing a frequency offset between the counterpropagating waves. Some reported Brillouin spectra exhibit several peaks, which means that one pump wave provides at least two backscattered waves with distinguishable frequencies. In order to understand this multi-backscattering and to take advantage of it for the BRLG, we present results of a simulation of the Brillouin backscattering in a single mode optical fiber.
Vortex breakdown phenomena in rotating fluids are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The fluid is contained in a cone between two spherical surfaces. The primary swirling motion is induced ba the rotating lower boundary. The upper surface can be fixed with non-slip condition or can be a stress-free surface. Depending on these boundary conditions and on the Reynolds number, novel structures of recirculation zones are realized. The axisymmetric flow patterns are simulated numerically by a finite difference method. Experiments are done to visualize the topological structure of the flow pattern and to observe the existence ranges of the different recirculating flows. The comparison between theory and experiment shows good agreement with respect to the topological structure of the flow.
A system for the on-line/in-line measurement of soot particle sizes and concentrations in the undiluted exhaust gas of diesel engines was developed and successfully tested. The unit uses the individual attenuations of three different laser wavelengths and is combined with an optical cell (white principle) with adjustable path lengths from 2.5 to 15 meters.
The title expresses goals the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) has been working toward for some time. This report extends concepts and objectives developed while working on an earlier effort for effective interactive digital maps on the Internet. That work was reported to the 1998 DMT Workshop in Champaign, Illinois (Ross, 1998). The current project goes beyond previous efforts that focused on methods for serving the contents of a geographic information system (GIS); the points, lines, and polygons representing features of the digital geologic map and the data in the attribute tables of the GIS describing those features.
The importance of obtaining simultaneous particle size and concentration values has grown up with continuing discussion of the health effects, of internal combustion engine generated particulate emissions and in particular of Diesel soot emissions. In the present work an aerosol measurement system is described that delivers information about particle size and concentration directly from the undiluted exhaust gas.
Using three laser diodes of different wavelengths which form one parallel light beam, each spectral attenuation is analysed by a single detector and the particle diameter and concentration is evaluated by the use of the Mie theory and shown on-line at a frequency of 1 Hz. The system includes an optical long-path-cell (White principle) with an adjustable path length from 2.5 to 15 m, which allows the analysis within a broad concentration range.
On-line measurements of the particulate emissions in the hot, undiluted exhaust of Diesel engines are presented under stationary and transient engine’s load conditions. Mean particle diameters well below 100 nm are detected for modern Diesel engines. The measured particle concentration corresponds excellently with the traditional gravimetrical measurements of the diluted exhaust. Additionally, measurements of particle emissions (mostly condensed hydricarbons) from a two-stroke engine are presented and discussed.
A prototype multiwavelength sensor able to characterise soot emissions in Diesel exhaust in terms of size and concentration has been tested against other methods for diesel particle measurements like electrical mobility sizing (SMPS) and raw exhaust gravimetric sampling (RES). Measurements carried out with the prototype sensor were correlated with the SMPS by assuming spherical and/or fractal aggregate morphology of the particles. Correlation of RES gravimetric data against the sensor and the SMPS led to the calculation of the solid density for soot particles to be 2.3 gr/cm3.
HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) is a well known and versatile separation method which shows many advantages when compared to other separation techniques. The method is fast and inexpensive and does not need time-consuming pretreatments. For visualisation of the sample distribution on a HPTLC-plate we developed a new and sturdy HPTLC-scanner. The scanner allows simultaneous registrations of spectra in a range from 198 nm to 612 nm with a spectral resolution of better than 0.8 nm. The on-plate spatial resolution is better than 160 μm. The measurement of 450 spectra in one separation track does not need more than two minutes. The new diode-array scanner offers a fast survey over a TLC-separation and makes various chemometric applications possible. For compound identification a cross-correlation function is described to compare UV sample spectra with appropriate library data. The cross-correlation function herein described can also be used for purity testing. Unresolved peaks can be virtually separated by use of a least squares fit algorithm. In summary, the diode arry system delivers much more information than the commonly used TLC-scanner.
HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) is a well known and versatile separation method which shows a lot of advantages and options in comparison to other separation techniques. The method is fast and inexpensive and does not need time-consuming pretreatments. Using fiber-optic elements for controlled light-guiding, the TLC-method was significantly improved: the new HPTLC-system is able to measure simultaneously at different wavelengths without destroying the plate surface or the analytes on the surface. For registration of the sample distribution on a HPTLC-plate we developed a new and sturdy diode-array HPTLC- scanner which allows registration of spectra on the TLC- plates in the range of 198 nm to 610 nm with a spectral resolution better than 1.2 nm. The spatial resolution on plate is better than 160 micrometers . In the spectral mode, the new HPTLC-scanner delivers much more information than the commonly used TLC-scanner. The measurement of 450 spectra of one separation track does not need more than three minutes. However, in the fixed wavelength mode the contour plot can be measured within 15 seconds. In this case, the signal will be summarized and averaged over a spectral range having FWHM from 10 nm to 25 nm depending on the substance under test. The new diode-array HPTLC-scanner makes various chemometric applications possible. The new method can be used easily in clinical diagnostic systems easily, e.g. for blood and uring investigations. In addition, new applications are possible. For example, the rich structured PAHs were studied. Although the separation is incomplete the 16 compounds can be quantified using suitable wavelengths.
Time Resolved Measurements of Soot Concentrations and Mean Particle Sizes during EUDC and ECE Cycles
(2002)
The central purpose of this paper is to present a novel framework supporting the specification, the implementation and retrieval of media streaming services. It provides an integrated service development environment comprising of a streaming service model, a service specification language and several implementation and retrieval tools. Our approach is based on a clear separation of a streaming service specification, and its implementation by a distributed application and can be used for different streaming paradigms, e.g. push and pull services.