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Nach einer Darstellung des thermodynamischen Verhaltens von Thermoelementen und dem Vergleich mit realen Thermo-elementen der DIN-Reihe 43710 wird der prinzipielle Aufbau von Meßsystemen mit Thermoelementen und Meßverstärkern behandelt. Ein Verfahren zur Linearisierung der Ausgangskennlinie mit einem mehrstufigen Summenverstärker wird beschrieben. Der Einfluß des Linearisierungsverfahrens auf das Meßergebnis wird allgemein untersucht und anhand eines praxisnahen Beispiels für eine Fe-CuNi-Thermoelement quantitativ berechnet.
Anhand der formelmäßigen Beschreibung des Linearisierungsverfahrens wird der Einfluß der Vergleichsstellen-Temperatur auf das Meßergebnis quantitativ untersucht und an Beispielen erläutert. Daraus werden die Randbedingungen für die Vergleichsstellen-Temperatur hergeleitet und schaltungstechnische Realisierungen für die Kompensation der Temperaturdrift von Vergleichsstellen beschrieben.
The embedding of microwave devices is treated by applying the finite-difference method to three-dimensional shielded structures. A program package was developed to evaluate electromagnetic fields inside arbitrary transmission-line connecting structures and to compute the scattering matrix. The air bridge, the transition through a wall, and the bond wire are examined as interconnecting structures. Detailed results are given and discussed regarding the fundamental behavior of embedding.
Der Entwurf von Strukturen zum reflexionsarmen Einbetten von Halbleiterbauteilen in Mikrostreifenleitungsschaltungen gestaltet sich mit steigender Frequenz kritischer. Deshalb wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das es ermöglicht, das Streuverhalten solcher Strukturen unter Anwendung der dreidimensionalen Finite-Differenzen-Methode auf die Maxwellschen Gleichungen numerisch zu berechnen. Hierauf aufbauend wurde das Programmpaket F3D entwickelt. Das Streuverhalten einer Verbindung zweier GaAs-Chips durch eine dielektrische Wand wird in Abhängigkeit von Geometrieparametern diskutiert. Außerdem werden Ersatzschaltbilder unterschiedlicher Komplexität für CAD-Anwendungen vorgestellt. Diese ermöglichen zudem eine rechenzeiteffektive Optimierung dieser Struktur, die somit Filteraufgaben übernehmen kann. Dies wird am Beispiel eines Tiefpasses gezeigt.
It is demonstrated that microwave structures incorporating dielectric resonators (DR) are accurately characterised by means of a 3-dimensional finite-difference CAD package. All major assumptions made so far have been dropped, offering the possibility of a rigorous analysis of the embedding of dielectric resonators into microwave structures. In particular, a finite thickness for the microstrip conductor has been taken into account. The coupling of the DR to a microstrip placed in a metallic housing has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. Theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement and give new insight into DR coupling to microstrip circuits.
Im Rahmen des Kontinentalen Tiefbohrprogramms der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB) wurde im September 1987 in der Oberpfalz bei Windischeschenbach mit der Vorbohrung begonnen, die im Frühjahr des letzten Jahres bei einer Tiefe von 4000m erfolgreich abgeschlossen wurde. Mit der in diesem Jahr beginnenden Hauptbohrung will man 10 bis 12km tief in das Erdinnere vorstoßen. Nicht nur anhand von Gesteins- und Flüssigkeitsproben, sondern auch mit Hilfe von Meßsonden werden umfangreiche geophysikalische Daten gewonnen. Der Aufsatz beschreibt, wie die magnetische Suszeptibilität von Gesteinen bis ca. 300°C Umgebungstemperatur und einem Druck von 2kbar gemessen wird und die Daten über ein 14km langes Bohrlochkabel von der Sonde zum Steuerrechner übertragen werden.
The advantages of the coupled-mode (COM) formalism and the transmission-matrix approach are combined in order to create exact and computationally efficient analysis and synthesis tools for the design of coupled surface acoustic wave resonator filters. The models for the filter components, in particular gratings, interdigital transducers (IDTs) and multistrip couplers (MSCs), are based on the COM approach that delivers closed-form expressions. To determine the pertinent COM parameters, the COM differential equations are solved and the solution is compared with analytically derived expressions from the transmission-matrix approach and the Green's function method. The most important second-order effects, such as energy storage, propagation loss, and mechanical and electrical loading, are fully taken into account. As an example, a two-pole, acoustically coupled resonator filter at 914.5 MHz on AT quartz is investigated. Excellent agreement between theory and measurement is found.
Eine Regelung zur optimalen Kraftschlußausnutzung von Lokomotiven setzt das Erreichen folgender Ziele voraus: Frühzeitiges Erkennen der Schleudergrenze zur Vermeidung von Gleitvorgängen; Fahren eines optimalen Kraftschlusses vom Fahr- und Bremsbetrieb ohne Überschreitung des Kraftschlußmaximums und schnelle Anpassung an wechselnde Arbeitspunkte, zum Beispiel an wechselnde Schienenzustände. Die vorgestellte optimale Regelung der Kraftschlußausnutzung erfaßt Schleuder- und Gleitzustände, die mit bisher eingesetzten Verfahren nicht erkannt werden können und ist Basis für ein Konzept, das ein quasi permanentes Fahren in der Nähe des Kraftschlußmaximums ermöglicht.
This paper treats the interaction between acoustic modes and light (Brillouin scattering) in a single mode optical fibre. Different observed spectra of the Brillouin backscattering in several fibres have been already reported. In order to have a clear idea of the process, we made a simulation to be able to `draw' the theoretical Brillouin spectrum of an optical fibre and to identify the origin of the observed backscattered lines.
First, the model and the computation method used in our simulation are described. Second, the experimentally observed spectra of two real fibres are compared with their computed spectra. Real spectra and simulated spectra are in good agreement.
Our work provides an interesting tool to investigate the changes in the Brillouin spectrum when the input parameters (characteristics of an optical fibre) vary. This should give useful indications to people working on systems which use Brillouin backscattering.
Formal verification (FV) is considered by many to be complicated and to require considerable mathematical knowledge for successful application. We have developed a methodology in which we have added formal verification to the verification process without requiring any knowledge of formal verification languages. We use only finite-state machine notation, which is familiar and intuitive to designers. Another problem associated with formal verification is state-space explosion. If that occurs, no result is returned; our method switches to random simulation after one hour without results, and no effort is lost. We have compared FV against random simulation with respect to development time, and our results indicate that FV is at least as fast as random simulation. FV is superior in terms of verification quality, however, because it is exhaustive.
The flow field-flow fractionation (FIFFF) technique is a promising method for separating and analysing particles and large size macromolecules from a few nanometers to approximately 50 μm. A new fractionation channel is described featuring well defined flow conditions even for low channel heights with convenient assembling and operations features. The application of the new flow field-flow fractionation channel is proved by the analysis of pigments and other small particles of technical interest in the submicrometer range. The experimental results including multimodal size distributions are presented and discussed.
An algorithm is presented that has successfully been utilized in practice for several years. It improves data analysis in chromatography. The program runs in an extremely reliable way and evaluates chromatographic raw data with an acceptable error. The algorithm requires a minimum of preliminaries and integrates even unsmoothed noisy data correctly.
We generalize the fluid flow problem of an oscillating flat plate (II. Stokes problem) in two directions. We discuss first the oscillating porous flat plate with superimposed blowing or suction. The second generalization is concerned with an increasing or decreasing velocity amplitude of the oscillating flat plate. Finally we show that a combination of both effects is possible as well.
Shapes and structures of vortex breakdown phenomena in rotating fluids are visualized. We investigate the flow in a cylindrical container and in a cone between two spherical surfaces. The primary swirling flow is induced by the rotating upper disk in the cylindrical case and by the lower boundary in the spherical case. The upper surface can be fixed with a no slip condition or can be a stress-free surface. Depending on these boundary conditions and on the Reynolds number novel structures of recirculation zones are realized. Experiments are done to visualize the topological structure of the flow and to determine their existence range as function of the geometry and rotation rate. A comparison between the experimental and theoretical approach shows a good agreement in respect to the topological structures of the flows.
Der Beitrag beschreibt wichtige Eckdaten und Ergebnisse der Kraftschlußregelung, die in der Lokomotive 12X auf internationalen Strecken erprobt wurde, und mit der auch zukünftige Projekte ausgestattet werden. Diese werden nicht nur von weiteren technischen Verbesserungen profitieren, sondern auch von geringerem Aufwand für die Inbetriebsetzung.
Rotating flow systems are often used to study stability phenomena and structure developments. The closed spherical gap problem is generalized into an open flow system by superimposing a mass flux in meridional direction. The basic solutions at low Reynolds numbers are described by analytical methods. The nonlinear supercritical solutions are simulated numerically and realized in experiments. Novel steady and time-dependent modes of flows are obtained. The extensive results concern the stability behaviour, non-uniqueness of supercritical solutions, symmetry behaviour and transitions between steady and time-dependent solutions. The experimental investigations concern the visualization of the various instabilities and the quatitative description of the flow structures including the laminar-turbulent transition. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results shows good agreement within the limit of rotational symmetric solutions from the theory.
In this paper a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) scanner is presented in which a special fibre arrangement is used as HPTLC plate scanning interface. Measurements are taken with a set of 50 fibres at a distance of 400 to 500 μm above the HPTLC plate. Spatial resolutions on the HPTLC plate of better than 160 μm are possible. It takes less than 2 min to scan 450 spectra simultaneously in a range of 198 to 610 nm. The basic improvement of the item is the use of highly transparent glass fibres which provide excellent transmission at 200 nm and the use of a special fibre arrangement for plate illumination and detection.
High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a frequently used separation technique which works well for quantification of caffeine and quinine in beverages. Competing separation techniques, e.g. high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography (GC), are not suitable for sugar-containing samples, because these methods need special pretreatment by the analyst. In HPTLC, however, it is possible to separate ‘dirty’ samples without time-consuming pretreatment, because disposable HPTLC plates are used. A convenient method for quantification of caffeine and quinine in beverages, without sample pretreatment, is presented below. The basic theory of in-situ quantification in HPTLC by use of remitted light is introduced and discussed. Several linearization models are discussed.
A home-made diode-array scanner has been used for quantification; this, for the first time, enables simultaneous measurements at different wavelengths. The new scanner also enables fluorescence evaluation without further equipment. Simultaneous recording at different wavelengths improves the accuracy and reliability of HPTLC analysis. These aspects result in substantial improvement of in-situ quantitative densitometric analysis and enable quantification of compounds in beverages.