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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der simulativen Untersuchung von Strömung und Wärmeübergang im Kontext von Vorkammerzündsystemen. Dies geschieht im Rahmen der Entwicklung eines Gasmotors mit gasgespülter Vorkammer. Entscheidene Größen für die Strömung und Arbeitsweise in einer Vorkammerzündkerze sind die Geometrie und Anordnung der Überströmbohrungen, das Vorkammervolumen und die Form der Vorkammer. Die Betrachtung wird dafür aufgeteilt in die Themen Spaltströmungen, Wärmeübergang und drallbehaftete Strömungen. Diese werden zunächst isoliert betrachtet und letztendlich in einem Anwendungsfall zusammengeführt. Für die Betrachtung von Spaltströmungen werden unterschiedliche Platten mit Bohrlöchern zu verschiedenen Drücken, Durchmessern und Plattenstärken durchströmt und der Wärmeübergang und der Drall werden mithilfe einer durch Leitbleche gelenkte Strömung in einem beheizten Rohr untersucht. Die Zusammenführung der Themen wird anhand einer Anströmvorrichtung für Brenngase auf Motorzylinder durchgeführt. Dabei erreichen die Gase hohe Temperaturen und aufgrund von hohen Drücken und Spaltströmungen große Geschwindigkeiten.
Für die Simulation werden die Programme Ansys Fluent und Ansys Forte verwendet. Während ersteres primär für die Simulation von Strömungen verwendet wird, ist Forte speziell aufgebaut, um in Verbrennungsmotoren neben der Berechnung der Strömung auch die Einspritzung von Kraftstoff, die Verbrennung dessen und die resultierenden Schadstoffe zu berechnen. Da die Ergebnisse aus Forte eine große Gewichtung in der Beurteilung der Entwicklungsarbeit des Gasmotors hat, muss Forte selbst validiert werden. Dies wird durchgeführt anhand der angesprochenen Teilthemen und verglichen mit Messungen aus der Literatur und Simulationsergebnissen in Fluent.
Editorial
(2022)
Editorial
(2022)
Editorial
(2022)
Editorial
(2022)
Editorial
(2022)
Editorial
(2022)
Sweaty has already participated several times in RoboCup soccer competitions (Adult Size). Now the work is focused on stabilizing the gait. Moreover, we would like to overcome the constraints of a ZMP-algorithm that has a horizontal footplate as precondition for the simplification of the equations. In addition we would like to switch between impedance and position control with a fuzzy-like algorithm that might help to minimize jerks when Sweaty’s feet touch the ground.
Decarbonisation Strategies in Energy Systems Modelling: Biochar as a Carbon Capture Technology
(2022)
The energy system is changing since some years in order to achieve the climate goals from the Paris Agreement which wants to prevent an increase of the global temperature above 2 °C. Decarbonisation of the energy system has become for governments a big challenge and different strategies are being stablished. Germany has set greenhouse gas reduction limits for different years and keeps track of the improvement made yearly. The expansion of renewable energy systems (RES) together with decarbonisation technologies are a key factor to accomplish this objective.
This research is done to analyse the effect of introducing biochar, a decarbonisation technology, and study how it will affect the energy system. Pyrolysis is the process from which biochar is obtained and it is modelled in an open-source energy system model. A sensibility analysis is made in order to assess the effect of changing the biomass potential and the costs for pyrolysis.
The role of pyrolysis is analysed in the form of different future scenarios to evaluate the impact. The CO2 emission limits from the years 2030 and 2045 are considered to create the scenarios, as well as the integration of flexibility technologies. Four scenarios in total are assessed and the result from the sensibility analysis considering pyrolysis are always compared to the reference scenario, where pyrolysis is not considered.
Results show that pyrolysis has a bigger impact in the energy system when the CO2 limit is low. Biochar can be used to compensate the emissions from other conventional power plant and achieve an energy transition with lower costs. Furthermore, it was also found that pyrolysis can also reduce the need of flexibility. This study also shows that the biomass potential and the pyrolysis costs can affect a lot the behaviour of pyrolysis in the energy system.
BACKGROUND
Various neutral and alkaline peptidases are commercially available for use in protein hydrolysis under neutral to alkaline conditions. However, the hydrolysis of proteins under acidic conditions by applying fungal aspartic peptidases (FAPs) has not been investigated in depth so far. The aim of this study, thus, was to purify a FAP from the commercial enzyme preparation, ROHALASE® BXL, determine its biochemical characteristics, and investigate its application for the hydrolysis of food and animal feed proteins under acidic conditions.
RESULTS
A Trichoderma reesei derived FAP, with an apparent molecular mass of 45.8 kDa (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SDS-PAGE) was purified 13.8-fold with a yield of 37% from ROHALASE® BXL. The FAP was identified as an aspartate protease (UniProt ID: G0R8T0) by inhibition and nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS studies. The FAP showed the highest activity at 50°C and pH 4.0. Monovalent cations, organic solvents, and reducing agents were tolerated well by the FAP. The FAP underwent an apparent competitive product inhibition by soy protein hydrolysate and whey protein hydrolysate with apparent Ki-values of 1.75 and 30.2 mg*mL−1, respectively. The FAP showed promising results in food (soy protein isolate and whey protein isolate) and animal feed protein hydrolyses. For the latter, an increase in the soluble protein content of 109% was noted after 30 min.
CONCLUSION
Our results demonstrate the applicability of fungal aspartic endopeptidases in the food and animal feed industry. Efficient protein hydrolysis of industrially relevant substrates such as acidic whey or animal feed proteins could be conducted by applying fungal aspartic peptidases. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Significant improvements in module performance are possible via implementation of multi-wire electrodes. This is economically sound as long as the mechanical yield of the production is maintained. While flat ribbons have a relatively large contact area to exert forces onto the solar cell, wires with round cross section reduce this contact area considerably – in theory to an infinitively thin line. Therefore, the local stresses induced by the electrodes might increase to a point that mechanical production yields suffer unacceptably.
In this paper, we assess this issue by an analytical mechanical model as well as experiments with an encapsulant-free N.I.C.E. test setup. From these, we can derive estimations for the relationship between lay-up accuracy and expected breakage losses. This paves the way for cost-optimized choices of handling equipment in industrial N.I.C.E.-wire production lines.
Micronization of biochar (BC) may ease its application in agriculture. For example, fine biochar powders can be applied as suspensions via drip-irrigation systems or can be used to produce grnulated fertilizers. However, micronization may effect important physical biochar properties like the water holding capacity (WHC) or the porosity.
Weitsprung mit und ohne Unterschenkelprothese – gleiche Sportart, unterschiedliche Disziplinen
(2022)
The majority of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in team sports are non-contact injuries, with cutting maneuvers identified as high-risk tasks. Young female handball players have been shown to be at greater risk for ACL injuries than males. One risk factor for ACL injuries is the magnitude of the knee abduction moment (KAM). Cutting technique variables on foot placement, overall approach and knee kinematics have been shown to influence the KAM. Since injury risk is believed to increase with increasing task complexity, the purpose of the study was to test the effect of task complexity on technique variables that influence the KAM in female handball players during fake-and-cut tasks.