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Pure gas adsorption isotherms of CH4 and N2 and their binary mixtures were measured at 273 K, 298 K and 323 K and up to 2 MPa on two different microporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), i.e. the commercially available Basolite® A100 and the recently reported copper-based triazolyl benzoate MOF 3∞[Cu(Me-4py-trz-ia)] (1). The Tòth isotherm model and the vacancy solution model were used to describe the experimentally determined isotherms and proved to be well suited for this purpose. While 1 shows a more homogeneous surface with a nearly constant isosteric heat of adsorption of 18–18.5 kJ mol−1 for CH4 and 12–15 kJ mol−1 for N2, the isosteric heat of adsorption at zero coverage for Basolite® A100 is 19 kJ mol−1 for CH4 and 16.2 kJ mol−1 for N2, decreasing significantly with increasing loading. Binary adsorption isotherms were measured gravimetrically to determine the total adsorbed mass of CH4 and N2. The van Ness method was successfully applied to calculate partial loadings from gravimetrically measured binary adsorption isotherms. Further studies by volumetric–chromatographic experiments support the good correlation between experimental data and predictions by the vacancy solution model (VSM-Wilson) and the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) from pure gas isotherms. The experimental selectivities were determined to be αCH4/N2 = 4.0–5.0 for 1, slightly higher than for Basolite® A100 with αCH4/N2 = 3.4–4.5. These values are in good agreement with predictions for ideal selectivities based on Henry's law constants. From the experimental selectivities the potential of both MOFs in gas separation of CH4 from N2 can be derived.
High pressure adsorption phenomena are discussed for different gases on HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2, commercially available product BasoliteTM C300). Sorption isotherms for hydrogen, nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide on HKUST-1 were measured in the temperature range of 273–343 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa. The calculated surface excess adsorption capacities for all four adsorptive are one of the highest reported in the literature for HKUST-1 samples. All surface excess data were further calculated from the experimental data by using the helium buoyancy correction. A detailed description was given.
Also a procedure to calculate the absolute amount adsorbed from the surface excess amount by using two different models is shown. Using one model, the density and the volume of the adsorbed phase can be calculated. The density of the adsorbed phase ρads corresponds to the liquid density of the adsorptive at its boiling point ρliq,BP. In case of hydrogen no excess maximum was found up to 50 MPa, so that one model could not be applied. Finally, the isosteric heat of adsorption for each gas was calculated by using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.
Das Projekt beinhaltet verschiedene wissenschaftliche Voruntersuchungen für das im Schwarzwald geplante Untergrundlabor GeoLab. Von vier Universitäten / Forschungsinstitutionen wurden vorbereitende geophysikalische, geochemische, geomechanische und geologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Zudem wurde eine Projekt-Management Plattform eingerichtet.
Zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung dieses Berichtes ist das Projekt erwartungsgemäß nahezu abgeschlossen (offizielles Ende: 31. Dezember 2015). Die Geländearbeiten (AP1, AP4) sowie die Laborversuche (AP2, AP3) wurden nahezu vollständig durchgeführt, wobei geringe Restarbeiten in den kommenden Tagen fertig gestellt werden. An den angefallenen Untersuchungsergebnissen erfolgten erste Vorauswertungen; die Interpretation steht jedoch bis auf ein paar wenige Details an der finalen Interpretation. Die reinen theoretischen Ausarbeitungen und Modellierarbeiten sind nahezu fertig gestellt (AP4, AP5). Die Projekt-Management Plattform ist erstellt und läuft (AP6) und wird die Beendigung des Projektes unterstützen.
Instabilities of the interface between two thin liquid films under DC electroosmotic flow are investigated using linear stability analysis followed by an asymptotic analysis in the long-wave limit. The two-liquid system is bounded by two rigid plates which act as substrates. The Boltzmann charge distribution is considered for the two electrolyte solutions and gives rise to a potential distribution in these liquids. The effect of van der Waals interactions in these thin films is incorporated in the momentum equations through the disjoining pressure. Marginal stability and growth rate curves are plotted in order to identify the thresholds for the control parameters when instabilities set in. If the upper liquid is a dielectric, the applied electric field can have stabilizing or destabilizing effects depending on the viscosity ratio due to the competition between viscous and electric forces. For viscosity ratio equal to unity, the stability of the system gets disconnected from the electric parameters like interface zeta potential and electric double-layer thickness. As expected, disjoining pressure has a destabilizing effect, and capillary forces have stabilizing effect. The overall stability trend depends on the complex contest between all the above-mentioned parameters. The present study can be used to tune these parameters according to the stability requirement.
Acoustic waves are investigated which are guided at the edge (apex line) of a wedge-shaped elastic body or at the edge of an elastic plate. The edges contain a periodic sequence of modifications, consisting either of indentations or inclusions with a different elastic material which gives rise to high acoustic mismatch. Dispersion relations are computed with the help of the finite element method. They exhibit zero-group velocity points on the dispersion branches of edge-localized acoustic modes. These special points also occur at Bloch-Floquet wavenumbers away from the Brillouin zone boundary. Deep indentations lead to flat branches corresponding to largely non-interacting, Einstein-oscillator like vibrations of the tongues between the grooves of the periodic structure. Due to the nonlinearity of the elastic media, quantified by their third-order elastic constants, an acoustic mode localized at a periodically modified edge generates a second harmonic which partly consists of surface and plate modes propagating into the elastic medium in the direction vertical to the edge. This acoustic radiation at the second-harmonic frequency is investigated for an elastic plate and a truncated sharp-angle wedge with periodic inclusions at their edges. Unlike nonlinear bulk wave generation by surface acoustic waves in an interdigital structure, surface and plate mode radiation by edge-localized modes can be visualized directly in laser-ultrasound experiments.
Beschrieben wird die Kombination Gold/Titan als Edelmetall-Legierung die sich durch die hohe Biokompatibilität im Vergleich zu anderen Legierungsmetallen bei der Implantatprothetik auszeichnet. Motiviert wird die Anwendung durch die Tatsache, daß einzelne der in aufbrennfähigen Edelmetallegierungen vorhandenen Komponenten vermehrt zu Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen bei Patienten Anlaß gaben. Ziel ist mit möglichst nur einer Legierung einen möglichst breiten Indikationsbereich abzudecken. Dies läßt die Verwendung von Titan als Bestandteil hochgoldhaltiger Legierungen erstrebenswert erscheinen. Anhand eines Patientenfalles wird der Einsatz der Goldbasislegierung 'Esteticor Vision' der Firma Cendres & Metaux dargestellt. Die Legierung setzt sich zusammen aus 98.2 % Gold, 1,7 % Titan, 0,1 % Iridium. Die technischen Daten erlauben eine universelle Einsetzbarkeit. Präpariert wurde ein Langzeitprovisorium nach Knochenaufbau im Bereich der atrophierten Alveolarfortsätze. Das Aufschmelzen der Legierung erfolgt unter Schutzgas in Graphittiegeln um Oxidbildung zu vermeiden. Die guten Fließeigenschaften ermöglichen die Ausbildung selbst filigranster Bereiche der Restauration was zu einem in Form und Funktion gelungenen Ergebnis führt. Biokompatibilität, Sicherheit, Kosten/Nutzen-Verhältnis und der Wunsch nach einer einzigen goldfarbenen Legierung für möglichst viele Indikationen werden nach Meinung des Autors durch die beschriebene Legierung erfüllt.
A prototype multiwavelength sensor able to characterise soot emissions in Diesel exhaust in terms of size and concentration has been tested against other methods for diesel particle measurements like electrical mobility sizing (SMPS) and raw exhaust gravimetric sampling (RES). Measurements carried out with the prototype sensor were correlated with the SMPS by assuming spherical and/or fractal aggregate morphology of the particles. Correlation of RES gravimetric data against the sensor and the SMPS led to the calculation of the solid density for soot particles to be 2.3 gr/cm3.
Die Auswirkungen der Entlüftung auf den Spritzgießablauf, das Formteil sowie das Verhalten bei teilevakuierter Kavität wurden im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit untersucht. Die negativen Folgen für Formteil, Werkzeug und Spritzgießablauf, die aus einer ungenügenden Werkzeugentlüftung resultieren, werden aufgezeigt. Die grundsätzlichen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Werkzeugentlüftungen sind zusammengestellt. In Versuchsreihen wurde das Entlüftungsverhalten bei teilevakuierter Kavität bei konstantem Einspritzdruck untersucht sowie der Einfluß der Werkzeugentlüftung bei unterschiedlichen Spalttiefen des Entlüftungskanals ermittelt. Die wichtigsten Resultate und konstruktiven Auslegungskriterien bezüglich der Entlüftungselemente, des Einspritzens unter teilevakuierter Kavität und des Einflusses der Werkzeugentlüftung, welche aus den Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Diplomarbeit hervorgehen, sind zusammengefaßt.
Die Folgen ungenügender Entlüftung wurden durch Umfragen bei Konstrukteuren und Werkzeugmachern aus sechs Betrieben ermittelt und sind für Formteil, Werkzeug, Spritzgießprozeß ebenso tabellarisch wie die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Entlüftungen (in der Trennebene und Kavität) dargestellt. Im Rahmen einer Diplomarbeit wurden mit Hilfe eines speziellen Versuchswerkzeuges die Auswirkungen der Entlüftung auf den Spritzgießablauf, das Formteil und das Verhalten bei teilevakuierter Kavität (der Einfluß des Evakuierungsgrades auf die gemittelte Füllhöhe wird anhand einer Kurve erläutert) untersucht. Die Konstanz der Werkzeuginnendrücke, die Berechenbarkeit der Druckabfälle (Tabelle mit Druckabfällen in Abhängigkeit der Entlüftungsspaltgeometrie), die Entlüftungselemente (bewegliche haben den Vorzug der Selbstreinigung) und das Einspritzen unter teilevakuierter Kavität werden beschrieben. Der Einfluß der Werkzeugentlüftung umfaßt die Spalttiefe des Entlüftungskanals, die Größe des Expansionsraumes und den Anschluß an die Dichtkante des Expansionsraumes.
Uphill training is applied to induce specific overload on the musculoskeletal system to improve sprinting mechanics. This study aimed to identify unique kinematic features of uphill sprinting at different slopes and to suggest practical implications based on comparisons we early stance phase. At take-off, steeper slopes induced significantly more extended joint angles and higher ROMs during the late stance phase. Compared with moderate slopes, more anti-phase coordination patterns were detected at steeper slopes. Thus, uphill sprinting at steeper slopes shares essential kinematic features with the early acceleration phase of level sprinting. Moderate inclinations induce biomechanical adaptations similar to those in the late acceleration phase of level sprinting. Hence, the specific transfer of uphill sprinting to acceleration depends on the slope inclinations.
Packed beds serve as thermal energy storages (TES) and heat exchangers (HEX) in different technological applications. In this paper, a general heterogeneous model of heat transfer in packed beds is developed. It is implemented by lumped element formulation in object-oriented modeling language Modelica and is successful validated with data sets taken from two different experiments reported in literature.
The main advantages of the introduced model are the general, theory-based approach and the lumped element formulation in Modelica. The first point mentioned above should allow to simulate a packed bed TES/HEX without the necessity applying measured data for model calibration or to apply specific heat transfer correlations with restricted application. The second point establishes the possibility to integrate the TES/HEX model within plant models of larger scale without increasing the simulation time drastically.
Physics-based Modeling of the Electric Arc furnace Process using Object-Oriented Language Modelica
(2016)
Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are complex industrial plants whose actual behavior depends upon numerous factors. Due to its energy intensive operation, the EAF process has always been subject to optimization efforts. For these reasons, several models have been proposed in literature to analyze and predict different modes of operation. Most of these models focused on the processes inside the vessel itself. The present paper introduces a dynamic, physics-based model of a complete EAF plant which consists of the four subsystems vessel, electric system, electrode regulation, and off-gas system. Furthermore the solid phase is not treated to be homogenous but a simple spatial discretization is employed. Hence it is possible to simulate the energy input by electric arcs and fossil fuel burners depending on the state of the melting progress. The model is implemented in object-oriented, equation-based language Modelica. The simulation results are compared to literature data.
Radiation is an important means of heat transfer inside an electric arc furnace (EAF).
To gain insight into the complex processes of heat transfer inside the EAF vessel, not only radiation from the surfaces but also emission and absorption of the gas phase and the dust cloud need to be considered.
Furthermore, the radiative heat exchange depends on the geometrical configuration which is continuously changing throughout the process.
The present paper introduces a system model of the EAF which takes into account the radiative heat transfer between the surfaces
and the participating medium. This is attained by the development of a simplified geometrical model,
the use of a weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model, and a simplified consideration of dust radiation.
The simulation results were compared with the data of real EAF plants available in literature.
Raman spectra from three different binary gasoline-ethanol blends (with ratios 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15) have been obtained by using a low-cost, frequency precise Fourier-transform Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman) prototype. The spectral information is presented in the range of 0 to 3500 cm-1 with a resolution of 1.66 cm-1, which is greater than the required for most liquid and solid chemical samples. This set-up delivers spectral information about the sample with a reduced spectral deviation compared to theoretical values (less than 0.4 cm-1 without compensation for instrumental response). The robust and highly fexible FT-Raman prototype presented for the spectral analysis, consisting mainly of a Michelson interferometer and a self-designed photon counter, is able to deliver high resolution and frequency precise Raman spectra from the gasoline-ethanol blends comparable to the obtained by using commercial devices. This FT-Raman set-up does not need additional complex hardware or software control and relies on re-sampling and interpolation algorithms. The qualitative spectral information obtained has been used to calculate the proportion of gasoline and ethanol present in the used chemical samples without using extra calibrations methods or chemical markers.