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VDI Standard 4521: Status
(2016)
VDI Guideline 4521 Part 1: “Inventive problem solving with TRIZ: Part 1 – Fundamentals and definitions” has been published on 2015-04-01. The standard will sharpen the image of TRIZ, facilitate cooperation, and support studying and teaching. It is not a textbook but concisely summarizes basic assumptions of TRIZ and its terminology. It gives an overview on specific methods and tools which will be described in the following parts.
In this work, we consider a duty-cycled wireless sensor network with the assumption that the on/off schedules are uncoordinated. In such networks, as all nodes may not be awake during the transmission of time synchronization messages, nodes will require to re-transmit the synchronization messages. Ideally a node should re-transmit for the maximum sleep duration to ensure that all nodes are synchronized. However, such a proposition will immensely increase the energy consumption of the nodes. Such a situation demands that there is an upper bound of the number of retransmissions. We refer to the time a node spends in re-transmission of the control message as broadcast duration. We ask the question, what should be the broadcast duration to ensure that a certain percentage of the available nodes are synchronized. The problem to estimate the broadcast duration is formulated so as to capture the probability threshold of the nodes being synchronized. Results show the proposed analytical model can predict the broadcast duration with a given lower error margin under real world conditions, thus demonstrating the efficiency of our solution.
Transthoracic impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive method for determination of hemodynamic parameters. The basic principle of transthoracic ICG is the measurement of electrical conductivity of the thorax over the time. The aim of the study was the analysis of hemodynamic parameters from healthy individuals and the evaluation of various hemodynamic monitoring devices. Fourteen men (mean age 25 ± 4.59 years) and twelve women (mean age 24 ± 3.5 years) were measured during the cardiovascular engineering laboratory at Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany. The ICG recordings were measured with the devices CardioScreen 1000, CardioScreen 2000 and TensoScreen with the corresponding Software Cardiovascular Lab 2.5 (Medis Medizinische Messtechnik GmbH, Illmenau, Germany). In order to create identical frame conditions, all measurements were recorded in the same position and for the same duration. Various positions were simulated from horizontal lying position to vertical standing position. Altogether, more than 30 hemodynamic parameters were measured.
BACKGROUND:
While hearing aids for a contralateral routing of signals (CROS-HA) and bone conduction devices have been the traditional treatment for single-sided deafness (SSD) and asymmetric hearing loss (AHL), in recent years, cochlear implants (CIs) have increasingly become a viable treatment choice, particularly in countries where regulatory approval and reimbursement schemes are in place. Part of the reason for this shift is that the CI is the only device capable of restoring bilateral input to the auditory system and hence of possibly reinstating binaural hearing. Although several studies have independently shown that the CI is a safe and effective treatment for SSD and AHL, clinical outcome measures in those studies and across CI centers vary greatly. Only with a consistent use of defined and agreed-upon outcome measures across centers can high-level evidence be generated to assess the safety and efficacy of CIs and alternative treatments in recipients with SSD and AHL.
METHODS:
This paper presents a comparative study design and minimum outcome measures for the assessment of current treatment options in patients with SSD/AHL. The protocol was developed, discussed, and eventually agreed upon by expert panels that convened at the 2015 APSCI conference in Beijing, China, and at the CI 2016 conference in Toronto, Canada.
RESULTS:
A longitudinal study design comparing CROS-HA, BCD, and CI treatments is proposed. The recommended outcome measures include (1) speech in noise testing, using the same set of 3 spatial configurations to compare binaural benefits such as summation, squelch, and head shadow across devices; (2) localization testing, using stimuli that rove in both level and spectral content; (3) questionnaires to collect quality of life measures and the frequency of device use; and (4) questionnaires for assessing the impact of tinnitus before and after treatment, if applicable.
CONCLUSION:
A protocol for the assessment of treatment options and outcomes in recipients with SSD and AHL is presented. The proposed set of minimum outcome measures aims at harmonizing assessment methods across centers and thus at generating a growing body of high-level evidence for those treatment options.
We herein present a topology design method based on local optimality criteria which has been implemented in an open source Navier-Stokes solver for turbulent flows. Our method aims for the fast generation of geometry proposals in the early conceptual phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first local criteria approach utilizing a wall function turbulence model in order to consider turbulent flows. In order to allow for the growth as well as the shrinkage, or even the formation or disappearance of structural features, a topological approach is chosen. By introducing a volume fraction parameter, we distinguish between fluid and solid properties in each control volume. The fluid-solid interface is represented by an immersed boundary method using a piecewise linear surface reconstruction.
Wireless communication systems more and more become part of our daily live. Especially with the Internet of Things (IoT) the overall connectivity increases rapidly since everyday objects become part of the global network. For this purpose several new wireless protocols have arisen, whereas 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks) can be seen as one of the most important protocols within this sector. Originally designed on top of the IEEE802.15.4 standard it is a subject to various adaptions that will allow to use 6LoWPAN over different technologies; e.g. DECT Ultra Low Energy (ULE). Although this high connectivity offers a lot of new possibilities, there are several requirements and pitfalls coming along with such new systems. With an increasing number of connected devices the interoperability between different providers is one of the biggest challenges, which makes it necessary to verify the functionality and stability of the devices and the network. Therefore testing becomes one of the key components that decides on success or failure of such a system. Although there are several protocol implementations commonly available; e.g., for IoT based systems, there is still a lack of according tools and environments as well as for functional and conformance testing. This article describes the architecture and functioning of the proposed test framework based on Testing and Test Control Notation Version 3 (TTCN-3) for 6LoWPAN over ULE networks.
Phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, are very important substances that occur in various medicinal plants. They show different pharmacological activities which might be useful in the therapy of many diseases. Phenolic compounds have achieved an increasing interest over the last years because these compounds are easily oxidized and, thus, act as strong antioxidants. We present the chemiluminescence of different phenolic compounds measured directly on high-performance thin-layer chromatography LiChrospher® plates using the oxalic acid derivative bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) in conjunction with H2O2. Our results indicate that chemiluminescence intensity increases with an ascending number of phenolic groups in the molecule. The method can be used to detect phenolic compounds in beverages like coffee, tea, and wine.
This paper describes the new Sweaty II humanoid adult size robot trying to qualify for the RoboCup 2016 adult size humanoid competition. Based on experiences during RoboCup 2014, the Sweaty robot has been completely redesigned to a new robot Sweaty II. A major change is the use of linear actuators for the legs. Another characteristic is its indirect actuation by means of rods. This allows a variable transmission ratio depending on the angle of a joint.
After having described many different aspects of our team software in previous years, in this paper we take the freedom to describe the magmaChallenge framework provided by the magmaOffenburg team. The framework is used as a benchmark tool to run different challenges like the running challenge in 2014 or the kick accuracy challenge in 2015. This description should serve as a documentation to simplify the maintenance by the community and to add new benchmarks in the future.
The effect of fluctuating maskers on speech understanding of high-performing cochlear implant users
(2016)
Objective: The present study evaluated whether the poorer baseline performance of cochlear implant (CI) users or the technical and/or physiological properties of CI stimulation are responsible for the absence of masking release. Design: This study measured speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in continuous and modulated noise as a function of signal to noise ratio (SNR). Study sample: A total of 24 subjects participated: 12 normal-hearing (NH) listeners and 12 subjects provided with recent MED-EL CI systems. Results: The mean SRT of CI users in continuous noise was −3.0 ± 1.5 dB SNR (mean ± SEM), while the normal-hearing group reached −5.9 ± 0.8 dB SNR. In modulated noise, the difference across groups increased considerably. For CI users, the mean SRT worsened to −1.4 ± 2.3 dB SNR, while it improved for normal-hearing listeners to −18.9 ± 3.8 dB SNR. Conclusions: The detrimental effect of fluctuating maskers on SRTs in CI users shown by prior studies was confirmed by the current study. Concluding, the absence of masking release is mainly caused by the technical and/or physiological properties of CI stimulation, not just the poorer baseline performance of many CI users compared to normal-hearing subjects. Speech understanding in modulated noise was more robust in CI users who had a relatively large electrical dynamic range.
The aim of this data collection is to enforce evidence of SCS effectiveness in treating neuropathic chronic pain and the very low percentage of undesired side effects of complications reported in our case series suggests that all implants should be performed by similarly well-trained and experienced professionals.
The paper conceptualizes the systemic approach for enhancing innovative and competitive capacity of industrial companies (named as Advanced Innovation Design Approach – AIDA) including analysis, optimizations and further development of the innovation process and promoting the innovation climate in industrial companies. The innovation process is understood as a holistic stage-gate system comprising following typical phases with feedback loops and simultaneous auxiliary or follow-up processes: uncovering of solution-neutral customer needs, technology and market trends, identification of the needs and problems with high market potential and formulation of the innovation tasks and strategy, idea generation and problem solving, evaluation and enhancement of solution ideas, creation of innovation concepts based on solution ideas, evaluation of the innovation concepts as well as implementation, validation and market launch of chosen innovation concepts. The article presents the current state of innovation research and discusses the actual status of innovation process in the industrial environment. It defines the future research tasks for amplification of the innovation process with self-configuration, self-optimization, self-diagnostics and intelligent information processing and communication.
Covert channels have been known for a long time because of their versatile forms of appearance. For nearly every technical improvement or change in technology, such channels have been (re-)created or known methods have been adapted. For example, the introduction of hyperthreading technology has introduced new possibilities for covert communication between malicious processes because they can now share the arithmetic logical unit as well as the L1 and L2 caches, which enable establishing multiple covert channels. Even virtualization, which is known for its isolation of multiple machines, is prone to covert- and side-channel attacks because of the sharing of resources. Therefore, it is not surprising that cloud computing is not immune to this kind of attacks. Moreover, cloud computing with multiple, possibly competing users or customers using the same shared resources may elevate the risk of illegitimate communication. In such a setting, the “air gap” between physical servers and networks disappears, and only the means of isolation and virtual separation serve as a barrier between adversary and victim. In the work at hand, we will provide a survey on vulnerable spots that an adversary could exploit trying to exfiltrate private data from target virtual machines through covert channels in a cloud environment. We will evaluate the feasibility of example attacks and point out proposed mitigation solutions in case they exist.
Automobile premium brands operate globally, which is undoubtedly required, because, for the most part, domestic markets are either decreasing or stagnating. China has become today the most important and biggest car market. Recently selling has become challenging because urban areas are well penetrated, and in poorly penetrated rural areas, incomes are low. This is particularly alarming for German brands, because of their premium orientation. Simultaneously, the after-sales market in China has been growing continuously. As a result, this market has a huge potential, which is likewise attractive because it has been scientifically proven across industries that after-sales services are high-margin profit drivers. Despite its great significance, the Chinese automobile after-sales market remains insufficiently researched, especially in terms of critical success factors and cultural influences, which therefore was the starting point for a study. The results will presented and interpreted now in this new working-paper.