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Prof. Gitte Lindgaard, from the University of Carleton, Canada, says that viewing only some milliseconds of the first page of a website defines our general opinion about it [1]. For an online-shop, it would therefore be essential to have a first page that is not only pleasing to the eye, but also understandable enough to not loose the attention of the user. More and more companies are nowadays using the Internet not only as a showcase anymore, but as a full-strength selling tool, needing thus to convince their users and clients at first glance. This paper shows the analysis of two online-shops in the magazines’ field thanks to eye-tracking. With the analysis of the testers’ glances and their comments during and after the test, the usability of these two websites has been evaluated.
Elastic constants of components are usually determined by tensile tests in combination with ultrasonic experiments. However, these properties may change due to e.g. mechanical treatments or service conditions during their lifetime. Knowledge of the actual material parameters is key to the determination of quantities like residual stresses present in the medium. In this work the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (ANP) for surface acoustic waves is examined through the derivation of an evolution equation for the amplitude of the second harmonic. Given a certain depth profile of the third-order elastic constants, the dependence of the ANP with respect to the input frequency is determined and on the basis of these results, an appropriate inversion method is developed. This method is intended for the extraction of the depth dependence of the third-order elastic constants of the material from second-harmonic generation and guided wave mixing experiments, assuming that the change in the linear Rayleigh wave velocity is small. The latter assumption is supported by a 3D-FEM model study of a medium with randomly distributed microcracks as well as theoretical works on this topic in the literature.
Extracting horizon surfaces from key reflections in a seismic image is an important step of the interpretation process. Interpreting a reflection surface in a geologically complex area is a difficult and time-consuming task, and it requires an understanding of the 3D subsurface geometry. Common methods to help automate the process are based on tracking waveforms in a local window around manual picks. Those approaches often fail when the wavelet character lacks lateral continuity or when reflections are truncated by faults. We have formulated horizon picking as a multiclass segmentation problem and solved it by supervised training of a 3D convolutional neural network. We design an efficient architecture to analyze the data over multiple scales while keeping memory and computational needs to a practical level. To allow for uncertainties in the exact location of the reflections, we use a probabilistic formulation to express the horizons position. By using a masked loss function, we give interpreters flexibility when picking the training data. Our method allows experts to interactively improve the results of the picking by fine training the network in the more complex areas. We also determine how our algorithm can be used to extend horizons to the prestack domain by following reflections across offsets planes, even in the presence of residual moveout. We validate our approach on two field data sets and show that it yields accurate results on nontrivial reflectivity while being trained from a workable amount of manually picked data. Initial training of the network takes approximately 1 h, and the fine training and prediction on a large seismic volume take a minute at most.
Die vorliegende Pilotstudie untersucht die Anwendbarkeit von Mixed Reality zur Applikation eines externen Fokus während spezifischen Bewegungsaufgaben mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung des Return to Sport Testings. In einem ersten Schritt nahmen daher 9 gesunde FußballerInnen an der Studie teil.
Es wurden Sprünge mittels der speziell entwickelten Mixed Reality Anwendung MotumXR, in drei verschiedenen Bedingungen verglichen. Die erste Bedingung entspricht einem standardisierten vertikalen Sprung ohne spielspezifischen externen Fokus, während die zweite und dritte Bedingung einen Sprung mit spielspezifischem externem Fokus, im Sinne eines simulierten Kopfballs, darstellt. Bedingung zwei und drei unterscheiden sich in der Position der einwerfenden Person, welche den virtuellen Ball leicht versetzt von links oder rechts einwirft. Als Sprungform wurde der Counter Movement Jump gewählt. Es wurden kinetische und kinematische Parameter ermittelt, die es ermöglichen, die Auswirkungen des externen Fokus auf die Sprungbewegung zu erfassen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Bedingungen in folgenden biomechanischen Parametern: Absprungzeit, vertikale maximale Bodenreaktionskraft, maximale Kraftanstiegsrate, maximaler Knieflexionswinkel und maximales Knieflexionsmoment. Die Kopfballsituation mit externem spielspezifischem Fokus weißen höhere maximale vertikale Bodenreaktionskräfte und gesteigerte maximale Knieflexionsmomente auf im Vergleich zu der Bedingung des maximalen Sprungs. Diese Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass die Sprungstrategie entsprechend der Aufgabenstellung angepasst wurde und die Kopfballsituation in der Mixed Reality Umgebung eine realitätsnähere Testung ermöglichen könnte. Die Position des Einwerfers zeigt keinen Einfluss auf die Beinsymmetrie. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Anwendung MotumXR vielversprechende Möglichkeiten für die Weiterentwicklung von RTS-Testungen bietet. Weiterführende Untersuchung, die Personen mit Kreuzbandverletzungen mit einbeziehen, sind nötig, um die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstudie kritisch zu überprüfen.
Das hier vorgestellte System verbindet das neue Konzept der Peer-to-Peer-Navigation mit dem Einsatz von Augmented Reality zur Unterstützung von bettseitig durchgeführten externen Ventrikeldrainagen. Das sehr kompakte und genaue Gesamtsystem beinhaltet einen Patiententracker mit integrierter Kamera, eine Augmented-Reality-Brille mit Kamera und eine Punktionsnadel bzw. einen Pointer mit zwei Trackern, mit dessen Hilfe die Anatomie des Patienten aufgenommen wird. Die exakte Position und Richtung der Punktionsnadel wird unter Zuhilfenahme der aufgenommenen Landmarken berechnet und über die Augmented-Reality-Brille für den Chirurgen sichtbar auf dem Patienten dargestellt. Die Methode zur Kalibrierung der statischen Transformationen zwischen Patiententracker und daran befestigter Kamera beziehungsweise zwischen den Trackern der Punktionsnadel sind für die Genauigkeit sehr wichtig und werden hier vorgestellt. Das Gesamtsystem konnte in vitro erfolgreich getestet werden und bestätigt den Nutzen eines Peer-to-Peer-Navigationssystems.
Wireless sensor networks have found their way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring systems have attracted increasing interests of researchers. The main challenges for the applications are scalability of the network size and energy efficiency of the spatially distributed motes. These devices are mostly battery-powered and spend most of their energy budget on the radio transceiver module. A so-called Wake-On-Radio (WOR) technology can be used to achieve a reasonable balance among power consumption, range, complexity and response time. In this paper, a novel design for integration of WOR into IEEE802.1.5.4 is presented, which flexibly allows trade-offs in energy consumption between sender and receiver station, between real-time capability and energy consumption. For identical behavior, the proposed scheme is significantly more efficient than other schemes, which were proposed in recent publications, while preserving backward compatibility with standard IEEE802.15.4 transceivers.
Wireless sensor networks have recently found their way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring system has attracted increasing interests of researchers. Such monitoring applications, in general, don way into a wide range of applications among which environmental monitoring system has attracted increasing interests of researc latency requirements regarding to the energy efficiency. Also a challenge of this application is the network topology as the application should be able to be deployed in very large scale. Nevertheless low power consumption of the devices making up the network must be on focus in order to maximize the lifetime of the whole system. These devices are usually battery-powered and spend most of their energy budget on radio transceiver module. A so-called Wake-On-Radio (WoR) technology can be used to achieve a reasonable balance among power consumption, range, complexity and response time. In this paper, some designs for integration of WOR into IEEE 802.1.5.4 are to be discussed, providing an overview of trade-offs in energy consumption while deploying the WoR schemes in a monitoring system.
The German Weather Service (DWD) releases a heat warning, when the weather forecast provides a warm, humid, sunny, and windless weather condition during the next days. The heat stress is calculated by the so called Klima-Michel model. If the apparent air temperature exceeds ca. 32°C / 38°C, there is a strong / extreme heat stress. The smallest forecast area is each administrative district. As people (and especially the vulnerable population) stay most of the time indoors, the heat health warning system was extended by the prediction of heat stress in typical rooms. Therewith it is feasible to forecast the heat stress using a combination of the outdoor and indoor heat stress. The prediction for the indoor heat stress is based on the same weather forecast like the Heat Health Warning Systems (HHWS).and calculates the heat stress by the PMV-model (predicted mean vote). Based on a sophisticated data analysis and simulation study, realistic but summer-critical living situations were defined and implemented in the building simulation program ESP-r. As the simulation runs especially for extreme weather conditions, a simplified building model cannot be used. Standardized input/output routines and an adaptive handover of start values provide for short run times for each forecast area. Good building designs and urban planning provide effective measures to reduce heat stress in cities. However, we have to also pay attention to the present building stock under climate change and a higher heat-wave risk. The extended German HHWS provide information for the emergency services to support the social assistants during heat waves.
Extended Reality (XR) durchläuft aktuell einen rasanten Entwicklungsprozess. Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die Wirtschaft sind vielfältig und die Bedeutung der neuartigen Technologie steigt kontinuierlich. Insbesondere der rapide Preisverfall der benötigten Hardware führt zu einer zunehmenden Markdurchdringung, wodurch sich XR-Systeme auf dem Massenmarkt etabliert haben.
Die Veröffentlichung richtet sich an Unternehmer, die sich einen Überblick über XR verschaffen möchten und abwägen, ob die Technologie in ihre Unternehmensprozesse eingebunden werden soll. Um die Entscheidung zu erleichtern, gibt die Publikation Auskunft über zentrale Aspekte wie Entwicklungsstand, Projektablauf und Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Aufgrund des enormen Potenzials der Technologien empfehlen die Autoren, dass Unternehmen frühzeitig Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser Technologien evaluieren. Die Planung und Umsetzung setzen allerdings immer ein durchdachtes und systematisches Vorgehen voraus.
Extended Performance Measurements of Scalable 6LoWPAN Networks in an Automated Physical Testbed
(2015)
IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks, also known as 6LoWPAN, is becoming more and more a de facto standard for such communications for the Internet of Things, be it in the field of home and building automation, of industrial and process automation, or of smart metering and environmental monitoring. For all of these applications, scalability is a major precondition, as the complexity of the networks continuously increase. To maintain this growing amount of connected nodes a various 6LoWPAN implementations are available. One of the mentioned was developed by the authors' team and was tested on an Automated Physical Testbed for Wireless Systems at the Laboratory Embedded Systems and Communication Electronics of Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, which allows the flexible setup and full control of arbitrary topologies. It also supports time-varying topologies and thus helps to measure performance of the RPL implementation. The results of the measurements prove an excellent stability and a very good short and long-term performance also under dynamic conditions. In all measurements, there is an advantage of minimum 10% with regard to the average times, like global repair time; but the advantage with reagr to average values can reach up to 30%. Moreover, it can be proven that the performance predictions from other papers are consistent with the executed real-life implementations.
The present work describes an extension of current slope estimation for parameter estimation of permanent magnet synchronous machines operated at inverters. The area of operation for current slope estimation in the individual switching states of the inverter is limited due to measurement noise, bandwidth limitation of the current sensors and the commutation processes of the inverter's switching operations. Therefore, a minimum duration of each switching state is necessary, limiting the final area of operation of a robust current slope estimation. This paper presents an extension of existing current slope estimation algorithms resulting in a greater area of operation and a more robust estimation result.
As emissions reach record levels, governments must implement and strengthen climate policies for the global pathway to net‐zero emissions by 2050. Climate finance plays a crucial role in the net‐zero transition. It refers to local, national, or transnational financing seeking to support mitigation and adaptation actions that address climate change. Public export–import banks (EXIMs) and government export credit agencies (ECAs) are highly influential actors for climate action. Although there is no consensus among EXIMs and ECAs on how to define climate finance, 20 institutions assessed in this research give evidence that they strongly support climate‐action‐related transactions: EXIM and ECA financing, guarantees, and insurance amounted to EUR 6.7–8.4 billion in 2020, much more than estimated by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). However, the results also reveal that EXIM and ECA lending, guarantee, and insurance activities must rise substantially in order to contribute to climate finance volumes required by 2030 as estimated by CPI. To retain their current proportion relative to other climate finance flows, assessed institutions would need to increase their climate financing 6.8 times to up to EUR 57.4 billion by 2030.
The global pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 requires governments to implement and strengthen climate policies as global emissions are reaching record level. Climate finance plays a crucial role in the net zero transition. It refers to local, national or transnational financing seeking to support mitigation and adaptation actions that address climate change. Public export-import banks (EXIMs) and government export credit agencies (ECAs) are highly influential actors for climate action. Although there is no consensus among EXIMs and ECAs on how to define climate finance, 20 institutions assessed in this report give evidence that they significantly support climate action related transactions: EXIM and ECA financing and insurance amounted to EUR 6.7-8.4 billion in 2020, much more than estimated by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). However, the results also show that EXIM and ECA lending and insurance activities must rise substantially in order to contribute to the climate finance volumes required by 2030 as estimated by CPI. To retain their current proportion relative to other climate finance flows, assessed institutions would need to increase their climate financing 6.8 times to between EUR 45.3 billion and EUR 57.4 billion by 2030.
This work compares the performance of Bluetooth Mesh implementations on real chipsets against the ideal implementation of the specification. Measurements are taken in experimental settings and reveal non-idealities in the underlying Bluetooth Low Energy specification in real chipsets and in the implementation of Mesh, which introduces an unruly transmission as well as reception behavior. These effects lead to an impact on transmission rate, reception rate, latency, as well as a more significant impact on the average power consumption.
Nowadays, the wide majority of Europeans uses smartphones. However, touch displays are still not accessible by everyone. Individuals with deafblindness, for example, often face difculties in accessing vision-based touchscreens. Moreover, they typically have few fnancial resources which increases the need for customizable, low-cost assistive devices. In this work-in-progress, we present four prototypes made from low-cost, every-day materials, that make modern pattern lock mechanisms more accessible to individuals with vision impairments or even with deafblindness. Two out of four prototypes turned out to be functional tactile overlays for accessing digital 4-by-4 grids that are regularly used to encode dynamic dot patterns. In future work, we will conduct a user study investigating whether these two prototypes can make dot-based pattern lock mechanisms more accessible for individuals with visual impairments or deafblindness.
The increasing diffusion of rapidly developing AI technologies led to the idea of the experiment to combine TRIZ-based automated idea generation with the natural language processing tool ChatGPT, using the chatbot to interpret the automatically generated elementary solution principles. The article explores the opportunities and benefits of a novel AI-enhanced approach to teaching systematic innovation, analyses the learning experience, identifies the factors that affect students' innovation and problem-solving performance, and highlights the main difficulties students face, especially in interdisciplinary problems.
Finding clusters in high dimensional data is a challenging research problem. Subspace clustering algorithms aim to find clusters in all possible subspaces of the dataset, where a subspace is a subset of dimensions of the data. But the exponential increase in the number of subspaces with the dimensionality of data renders most of the algorithms inefficient as well as ineffective. Moreover, these algorithms have ingrained data dependency in the clustering process, which means that parallelization becomes difficult and inefficient. SUBSCALE is a recent subspace clustering algorithm which is scalable with the dimensions and contains independent processing steps which can be exploited through parallelism. In this paper, we aim to leverage the computational power of widely available multi-core processors to improve the runtime performance of the SUBSCALE algorithm. The experimental evaluation shows linear speedup. Moreover, we develop an approach using graphics processing units (GPUs) for fine-grained data parallelism to accelerate the computation further. First tests of the GPU implementation show very promising results.
Exploiting Dissent: Towards Fuzzing-based Differential Black Box Testing of TLS Implementations
(2017)
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is one of the most widely used security protocols on the internet. Yet do implementations of TLS keep on suffering from bugs and security vulnerabilities. In large part is this due to the protocol's complexity which makes implementing and testing TLS notoriously difficult. In this paper, we present our work on using differential testing as effective means to detect issues in black-box implementations of the TLS handshake protocol. We introduce a novel fuzzing algorithm for generating large and diverse corpuses of mostly-valid TLS handshake messages. Stimulating TLS servers when expecting a ClientHello message, we find messages generated with our algorithm to induce more response discrepancies and to achieve a higher code coverage than those generated with American Fuzzy Lop, TLS-Attacker, or NEZHA. In particular, we apply our approach to OpenssL, BoringSSL, WolfSSL, mbedTLS, and MatrixSSL, and find several real implementation bugs; among them a serious vulnerability in MatrixSSL 3.8.4. Besides do our findings point to imprecision in the TLS specification. We see our approach as present in this paper as the first step towards fully interactive differential testing of black-box TLS protocol implementations. Our software tools are publicly available as open source projects.
In this paper, the time- and temperature-dependent cyclic ratchetting plasticity of the nickel-based alloy IN100 is experimentally investigated in strain-controlled experiments in the temperature range from 300 °C to 1050 °C. To this end, uniaxial material tests are performed with complex loading histories designed to activate phenomena as strain rate dependency, stress relaxation as well as the Bauschinger effect, cyclic hardening and softening, ratchetting and recovery from hardening. Plasticity models with different levels of complexity are presented that consider these phenomena, and a strategy is derived to determine the multitude of temperature-dependent material properties of the models in a step-by-step procedure based on sub-sets of experimental data of isothermal experiments. The models and the material properties are validated based on the results of non-isothermal experiments. A good description of the time- and temperature-dependent cyclic ratchetting plasticity of IN100 is obtained for isothermal as well as non-isothermal loading with models including ratchetting terms in the kinematic hardening law and the material properties obtained with the proposed strategy.
UAVs (engl. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) sind in den vergangenen Jahren auch außerhalb militärischer und wissenschaftlicher Nutzung beliebter geworden. Für autonome Fluganwendungen ist die Überwachung der Umgebung zwingend notwendig. In dieser Arbeit wird ein experimenteller Ansatz zur Hinderniserkennung mit Radar- und Lidarsensorik präsentiert. Dieser setzt sich aus der Kollisionsvermeidung der Flugsteuerung px4, einem Nvidia Jetson TX2 als Flugbegleitcomputer und den Sensoren Slamtec RPLidar A2M6 und Texas Instruments AWR1443 Radar zusammen. Insgesamt wurden drei verschiedene Hardwarekomponenten getestet. Zur Auswertung der Versuche wird eine durch Python OS-unabhängige Auswertesoftware entwickelt und implementiert. Die Versuchsplanung setzt sich aus drei Versuchen mit jeweils fünf in Geometrie und Textur unterschiedlichen Hindernissen zusammen. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass der eingesetzte Lidar gegenüber dem Radar Vorteile auf kurze Distanz aufweist. Zur Reproduzierbarkeit von Experimenten auf kurzer Distanz wird die Entwicklung eines fixen Messaufbaus empfohlen.
Es ist von großem Nutzen, wenn energieeffiziente Leichtbaufahrzeuge einen effizienten und leichten Antrieb besitzen. Der aktuell verbaute Hatz-Dieselmotor des Schluckspecht S5 erfüllt diese Anforderungen nur teilweise. Aus diesem Grund wird der Motor zukünftig durch einen leichteren und effizienteren ethanolbetriebenen Ottomotor ersetzt. Da der Versuchsmotor keineswegs an die Anforderungen des Shell Ecomarathons angepasst ist und bis auf dessen Hubraum von 125 cm³ kaum Motordaten vorhanden sind, gilt es den Versuchsmotor verbrauchsoptimal zu applizieren. Die vorliegende Abschlussarbeit befasst sich mit den experimentellen Untersuchungen und einigen Optimierungen des ethanolbetriebenen Ottomotors am Motorenprüfstand. Um in Zukunft die Durchführung der Untersuchungen zu gewährleisten und den bestmöglichen Betrieb des Versuchsmotors zu garantieren, ist es elementar alle optimierten Bauteile für den Kraftstoff Ethanol auszulegen. Neben der Überarbeitung des Kraftstoffsystems liegt das Hauptaugenmerk hierbei auf der Optimierung des Kolbens und der Nockenwelle. Durch den optimierten Kolben soll die Verdichtung des Verbrennungsmotors erhöht und durch die optimierte Nockenwelle die Ventilsteuerzeiten perfektioniert werden. Demnach besteht die Aufgabe die Bauteile zu besorgen, die Fertigung zu koordinieren und den Umbau der optimierten Komponenten zu realisieren. Des Weiteren erfolgt die Konstruktion einer Kupplung, welche in Zukunft zwischen Verbrennungsmotor und Elektromotor montiert werden soll. Ein zentrale Tätigkeit ist die Fehlerbeseitigung am Motorenprüfstand, sodass der Versuchsalltag reibungslos abläuft. Die letzte Tätigkeit umfasst die Durchführung der experimentellen Untersuchungen des Verbrennungsmotors sowie das Anlegen von Kennfeldern, welche einen effizienten Motorlauf garantieren. Das Betriebskennfeld hinsichtlich der Last und Drehzahl wird mittels verschiedener Einstellparameter appliziert. Zur Unterstützung dienen dabei die Kalibrierungssoftware EcoCal und die Indizierungssoftware IndiCom.
Die hohen Produktionskosten verhindern derzeit weitere industrielle Anwendungen des Rührreibschweißens (engl. friction stir welding, FSW), selbst wenn eine deutlich höhere Ermüdungsfestigkeit der Verbindungen im Vergleich zum konventionellen Lichtbogenschweißen erreicht werden kann. Eine höhere Schweißgeschwindigkeit kann zwar die Kosten senken, wirkt sich aber negativ auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit der FSW-Verbindungen aus. Als mögliche Lösung wurde das hydrostatische Festwalzen angewandt, um die Ermüdungsfestigkeit artgleicher und ungleicher FSW-Verbindungen aus den Legierungen EN AW 5083 und EN AW 6082 zu verbessern, die mit unterschiedlichen Schweißgeschwindigkeiten hergestellt wurden. Zusätzlich wurde die Ermüdungsfestigkeit direkt mit konventionell durch Metall-Inertgasschweißen (MIG) hergestellten Verbindungen und mit Grundwerkstoffproben aus EN AW 5083 verglichen. Die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit im geschweißten Zustand wurde durch Messungen der Oberflächenrauigkeit und der Eigenspannung charakterisiert. Ermüdungsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Ermüdungsfestigkeit der Verbindungen zu quantifizieren. Nach dem Festwalzen wurden ähnliche Druckeigenspannungen für artgleiche und ungleiche Verbindungen ermittelt. Für festgewalzte artgleiche Verbindungen aus EN AW 5083 wurde keine Verbesserung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit festgestellt. In diesem Zustand lag die Ermüdungslebensdauer der Probe jedoch im Bereich des Grundmaterials. Somit wurde eine signifikant niedrigere Ermüdungslebensdauer und eine hohe Verbesserung der Ermüdungslebensdauer durch Festwalzen für ungleiche Verbindungen erreicht. Eine Erhöhung der Schweißgeschwindigkeit von 300 mm/min auf 800 mm/min verringerte die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Mischschweißverbindungen in diesem Fall stark.
Die in diesem Aufsatz angesprochenen drei Skype-Performances, die wir im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2013 durchgeführt haben, fokussieren nicht auf die trennenden Momente der handelnden Subjekte und ihrer Medien, sondern verfolgen eine radikal verkörperte, techno-ökologische Sichtweise. Im Kern untersuchen wir erweiterte Phänotypen , die durch das fortlaufende Parasitiert-Werden unserer Organismen durch die elektronischen Kanäle entstehen. So gesehen verbinden sich via Skype keine getrennten Personen und Orte, sie bilden vielmehr über die Präsenzerfahrung u.a. von Stimme, Haut und Rhythmus eine gemeinsame Umwelt und öffnen temporär einen ‚Dritten Raum‘ bzw. einen ‚Dritten Körper‘. Mensch, Maschine und Umwelt entwickeln durch die Medialisierung eine emergente Bezogenheit organischer und anorganischer Milieus, eine taktil/haptisch-mediale, verkörperte Ökologie. Das ist eine zentrale Annahme unserer Versuchsreihen.
The production of potable water in dry areas nowadays is mainly done by the desalination of seawater. State of the art desalination plants usually are built with high production capacities and consume a lot of electrical energy or energy from primary resources such as oil. This causes difficulties in rural areas, where no infrastructure is available neither for the plants’ energy supply nor the distribution of the produced potable water. To address this need, small, self-sustaining and locally operated desalination plants came into the focus of research. In this work, a novel flash evaporator design is proposed which can be driven either by solar power or by low temperature waste heat. It offers low operation costs as well as easy maintenance. The results of an experimental setup operated with water at a feed flow rate of up to 1,600 l/h are presented. It is shown that the proof of concept regarding efficient evaporation as well as efficient gas-liquid separation is provided successfully. The experimental evaporation yield counts for 98 % of the vapor content that is expected from the vapor pressure curve of water. Neither measurements of the electrical conductivity of the gained condensate, nor the analysis of the vapor flow by optical methods show significant droplet entrainment, so there are no concerns regarding the purity of the produced condensate for the use as drinking water.
The aim of this work is the application and evaluation of a method to visually detect markers at a distance of up to five meters and determine their real-world position. Combinations of cameras and lenses with different parameters were studied to determine the optimal configuration. Based on this configuration, camera images were taken after proper calibration. These images are then transformed into a bird's eye view using a homography matrix. The homography matrix is calculated with four-point pairs as well as with coordinate transformations. The obtained images show the ground plane un distorted, making it possible to convert a pixel position into a real-world position with a conversion factor. The proposed approach helps to effectively create data sets for training neural networks for navigation purposes.
The precise positioning of mobile systems is a prerequisite for any autonomous behavior, in an industrial environment as well as for field robotics. The paper describes the set up for an experimental platform and its use for the evaluation of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms. Two approaches are compared. First, a local method based on point cloud matching and integration of inertial measurement units is evaluated. Subsequent matching makes it possible to create a three-dimensional point cloud that can be used as a map in subsequent runs. The second approach is a full SLAM algorithm, based on graph relaxation models, incorporating the full sensor suite of odometry, inertial sensors, and 3D laser scan data.
Our media-artistic performances and installations, INTERCORPOREAL SPLITS (2010–2013), BUZZ (2014–2015), W ASTELAND (2015–2016), as well as our new collaboration with Bruno Latour , DE\GLOBALIZE (2018–2020), are not just about polyphony. Here, however, we rediscover them under this heading, thus giving them a new twist, while mapping out issues, mechanisms and functional modes of the polyphonic.
This work presents the results of experimental operation of a solar-driven climate system using mixed-integer nonlinear model predictive control (MPC). The system is installed in a university building and consists of two solar thermal collector fields, an adsorption cooling machine with different operation modes, a stratified hot water storage with multiple inlets and outlets as well as a cold water storage. The system and the applied modeling approach is described and a parallelized algorithm for mixed-integer nonlinear MPC and a corresponding implementation for the system are presented. Finally, we show and discuss the results of experimental operation of the system and highlight the advantages of the mixed-integer nonlinear MPC application.
The following contribution deals with the growth of cracks in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tested specimens of Inconel 718 measured by using the replica method. The specimens are loaded with different strain rates. The material shows a significantly higher crack growth rate if the strain rate is decreased. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is adopted to identify the failure mechanism and the misorientation relationship of failed grain boundaries in secondary cracks. The analyzed cracks propagated mainly transgranular but also intergranular failure can be observed in some areas. It is found that grain boundaries with coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundary structure are generally less susceptible for intergranular failure than grain boundaries with random misorientation. For modeling the experimentally identified crack behavior an existing model for fatigue crack growth based on the mechanism of time dependent elastic–plastic crack tip blunting is enhanced to describe environmental effects based on the mechanism of oxygen diffusion at the crack tip. For the diffusion process the temperature dependent parabolic diffusion law is assumed. As a result, the time dependent cyclic crack tip opening displacement (DCTOD) is used as representative value to describe both mechanisms. Thus, most
of the included model parameters characterize the deformation behavior of the material and can be determined by independent material tests. With the determined material properties, the proposed model describes the experimentally measured crack growth curves very well. The model is validated based on predictions of the number of cycles to failure of LCF as well as in-phase and out-of-phase TMF tests in the temperature range between room temperature and 650 °C.
Lithium-ion pouch cells with lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anode and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, NCA) cathode were investigated experimentally with respect to their electrical (0.1C…4C), thermal (5 °C…50 °C) and long-time cycling behavior. The 16 Ah cell exhibits an asymmetric charge/discharge behavior which leads to a strong capacity-rate effect, as well as a significantly temperature-dependent capacity (0.37 Ah ∙ K−1) which expresses as additional high-temperature feature in the differential voltage plot. The cell was cycled for 10,000 cycles inbetween the nominal voltage limits (1.7–2.7 V) with a symmetric 4C constant-current charge/discharge protocol, corresponding to approx. 3400 equivalent full cycles. A small (0.192 mΩ/1000 cycles) but continuous increase of internal resistance was observed. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), this could be identified to be caused by the NCA cathode, while the LTO anode showed only minor changes during cycling. The temperature-corrected capacity during 4C cycling exhibited a decrease of 1.28%/1000 cycles. The 1C discharge capacity faded by only 4.0% for CC discharge and 2.3% for CCCV discharge after 10,000 cycles. The cell thus exhibits very good internal-resistance stability and excellent capacity retention even under harsh (4C continuous) cycling, demonstrating the excellent stability of LTO as anode material.
In the present paper, the influence of locally varying microstructures in case of an AlSi12 cast aluminium alloy is investigated by means of extracting the test pieces from different removal positions and low cycle fatigue tests. The temperature-dependent damage mechanisms, the material specific defect types, sizes and their influence on the fatigue properties of two AlSi7 and AlSi12 cast aluminium alloys are studied. An extreme value statistics methodology is applied to predict maximum defect sizes expected in a critical surface volume from two-dimensional metallographic micrographs. A damage map for the AlSi12 cast aluminium alloy is presented explaining the influence of the temperature- and load-dependent damage mechanisms on the observed isothermal and thermomechanical lifetime behavior.
In this work, the influence of superimposed high cycle fatigue on the LCF/HCF and TMF/HCF lifetime is investigated for two cast aluminium alloys of the types AlSi7 and AlSi12. The replica technique is used to examine the short crack growth behavior under pure LCF and LCF/HCF loading. The observed short crack growth evolution explains the observed lifetime reduction with increasing HCF amplitudes.
Detailed material investigations of the fatigue behavior of two cast aluminium alloys used in combustion engines are presented. The network of intermetallic phases of both aluminium alloys is characterized by means of detailed energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In order to investigate the temperature-dependent fatigue behavior of the materials, tensile, low cycle and thermomechanical fatigue tests are performed over a wide temperature and loading range. The influence of the temperature dependence on the experimental results is discussed.
Experimental Investigation of the Air Exchange Effectiveness of Push-Pull Ventilation Devices
(2020)
The increasing installation numbers of ventilation units in residential buildings are driven by legal objectives to improve their energy efficiency. The dimensioning of a ventilation system for nearly zero energy buildings is usually based on the air flow rate desired by the clients or requested by technical regulations. However, this does not necessarily lead to a system actually able to renew the air volume of the living space effectively. In recent years decentralised systems with an alternating operation mode and fairly good energy efficiencies entered the market and following question was raised: “Does this operation mode allow an efficient air renewal?” This question can be answered experimentally by performing a tracer gas analysis. In the presented study, a total of 15 preliminary tests are carried out in a climatic chamber representing a single room equipped with two push-pull devices. The tests include summer, winter and isothermal supply air conditions since this parameter variation is missing till now for push-pull devices. Further investigations are dedicated to the effect of thermal convection due to human heat dissipation on the room air flow. In dependence on these boundary conditions, the determined air exchange efficiency varies, lagging behind the expected range 0.5 < εa < 1 in almost all cases, indicating insufficient air exchange including short-circuiting. Local air exchange values suggest inhomogeneous air renewal depending on the distance to the indoor apertures as well as the temperature gradients between in- and outdoor. The tested measurement set-up is applicable for field measurements.
Microscale trigeneration systems are highly flexible in their operation and thus offer the technical possibility for peak load shifting in building demand side management. However to harness their potential modern control methods such as model predictive control must be implemented for their optimal scheduling. In literature the need for experimental investigation of microscale trigeneration systems to identify typical characteristics of the components and their interactions has been identified. On a real-life setup control specific information of the components is collected and lessons learnt during commissioning of the equipment is shared. The data is analysed to draw the vital characteristics of the system and it will be used for creating models of the components that can be utilised for optimal control.
Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) is a 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standardized cellular technology, adopted for 5G and optimized for massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC). Applications are anticipated around infrastructure monitoring, asset management, smart city and smart energy applications. In this paper, we evaluate the suitability of NB-IoT for private (campus) networks in industrial environments, including complex cloud-based applications around process automation. An end-to-end system has been developed, comprising of a sensor unit connected to a NB-IoT modem, a base station (gNodeB) equipped with a beamforming array and a local (private) network architecture comprising a sensor management system in the edge cloud. The experimental study includes field tests in realistic industrial environments with latency, reliability and coverage measurements. The results show a good suitability of NB-IoT for process automation with high scalability, low-power requirements and moderate latency requirements.
Drawing off the technical flexibility of building polygeneration systems to support a rapidly expanding renewable electricity grid requires the application of advanced controllers like model predictive control (MPC) that can handle multiple inputs and outputs, uncertainties in forecast data, and plant constraints amongst other features. In this original work, an economic-MPC-based optimal scheduling of a real-world building energy system is demonstrated and its performance is evaluated against a conventional controller. The demonstration includes the steps to integrate an optimisation-based supervisory controller into a standard building automation and control system with off-the-shelf HVAC components and usage of state-of-art algorithms for solving complex nonlinear mixed integer optimal control problems. With the MPC, quantitative benefits in terms of 6–12% demand-cost savings and qualitative benefits in terms of better controller adaptability and hardware-friendly operation are identified. Further research potential for improving the MPC framework in terms of field-level stability, minimising constraint violations, and inter-system communication for its deployment in a prosumer-network is also identified.
Experimental and numerical investigations into the forming of tailored strips and tailored tubes
(2008)
Through the application of tailored strips and tailored tubes, the wall thickness of components can be manufactured in a load-optimised manner. Thus, it is also possible to optimise component weight. Prior to the application of tailored products, wall thicknesses and the respective degree of deformation as well as the welding seam position can be determined in a FEM (finite element method) simulation. These results are then verified in test series on transfer presses and tube bending machines, with the necessary tool adaptations being determined in the process. This results in weight and cost reductions for deep-drawn components and tube sections. Moreover, this means that especially with regard to tubes, multiple sections can be combined in one component. A feasibility study shows that the level of possible weight and cost savings depends on the respective component geometry and load situation. Additional costs for the production of tailored products and - if necessary - tool modifications also need to be considered. Thus, the amount of savings possible for a part can only be determined on an individual basis.
The transformation of the building energy sector to a highly efficient, clean, decentralised and intelligent system requires innovative technologies like microscale trigeneration and thermally activated building structures (TABS) to pave the way ahead. The combination of such technologies however presents a scientific and engineering challenge. Scientific challenge in terms of developing optimal thermo-electric load management strategies based on overall energy system analysis and an engineering challenge in terms of implementing these strategies through process planning and control. Initial literature research has pointed out the need for a multiperspective analysis in a real life laboratory environment. To this effect an investigation is proposed wherein an analytical model of a microscale trigeneration system integrated with TABS will be developed and compared with a real life test-rig corresponding to building management systems. Data from the experimental analysis will be used to develop control algorithms using model predictive control for achieving the thermal comfort of occupants in the most energy efficient and grid reactive manner. The scope of this work encompasses adsorption cooling based microscale trigeneration systems and their deployment in residential and light commercial buildings.
Experiences with a telecare platform integration of ZigBee sensors into a middleware platform
(2012)
Most E-Learning projects tend to separate learning activities from everyday work. This paper presents an approach where closer integration between learning and work is achieved by integrating multimedia services into manufacturing processes. The goal of E-Learning services integration in manufacturing is, through the development of new multimedia solutions, to accelerate and enhance the ability of manufacturing industry to capitalise on the emergence of a powerful global information infrastructure. In this paper we suggest to combine the areas of media streaming services and manufacturing processes, by providing electronic learning offerings as collections of media streaming services. The key components of our approach are 1) an xml based streaming service specification language, 2) automated configuration of distributed E-Learning streaming applications, 3) web services for searching, registration, and creation of E-Learning streaming services.
Bluetooth Low Energy extends the Bluetooth standard in version 4.0 for ultra-low energy applications through the extensive usage of low-power sleeping periods, which inherently difficult in frequency hopping technologies. This paper gives an introduction into the specifics of the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol, shows a sample implementation, where an embedded device is controlled by an Android smart phone, and shows the results of timing and current consumption measurements.
Decrease of non-responder rate is the main chal-lenge in cardiac resynchronization therapy. The problem could be solved, partly, in the follow-up by consequent indi-vidualization of hemodynamic pacing parameters. The eso-phageal electrogram feature of the Biotronik ICS 3000 programmer was used in the follow-up of 20 heart failure patients carrying implants for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Adverse hemodynamic programming of the sensed and paced AV delay could be easily observed and replaced by the individual optimal duration in 3 patients (15%) VDD and DDD operation.This result proves the value of esophageal electrogram recording CRT follow-up.
Background: Increasing awareness of the importance of evidence-based medicine is demonstrated not only by an increasing number of articles addressing it but also by a specialty-wide evidence-based medicine initiative. The authors critically analyzed the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials published in this Journal over a 21-year period (1990 to 2010).
Methods: A hand search was conducted, including all issues of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery from January of 1990 to December of 2010. All randomized controlled trials published during this time period were identified with the Cochrane decision tree for identification of randomized controlled trials. To assess the quality of reporting, a modification of the checklist of the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials Statement was used.
Results: Of 7121 original articles published from 1990 to 2010 in the Journal, 159 (2.23 percent) met the Cochrane criteria. A significant increase in the absolute number of randomized controlled trials was seen over the study period (p < 0.0001). The median quality of these trials from 1990 to 2010 was "fair," with a trend toward improved quality of reporting over time (p = 0.127).
Conclusions: A favorable trend is seen with respect to an increased number of published randomized controlled trials in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Adherence to standard reporting guidelines is recommended, however, to further improve the quality of reporting. Consideration may be given to providing information regarding the quality of reporting in addition to the "level of evidence pyramid," thus facilitating critical appraisal.
This paper presents a framework for numerical building validation enhancement based on detailed building specifications from in-situ measurements and evidence-based validation assessment undertaken on a detached sustainable lightweight building in a semi-arid climate. The validation process has been undergone in a set of controlled experiments – a free-float period, and steady-state internal temperatures. The validation was conducted for a complete year with a 1-min time step for the hourly indoor temperature and the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) energy consumption. The initial baseline model was improved by three series of validation steps per three different field measurements including thermal transmittance, glazing thermal and optical properties, and airtightness. Then, the accurate and validated model was used for building energy efficiency assessment in 12 regions of Morocco. This study aims to assess the effect of accurate building characteristics values on the numerical model enhancement. The initial CV(RMSE) and NMBE have improved respectively from 14.58 % and −11.23 %–7.85 % and 1.86 % for the indoor temperature. Besides, from 31.17 % to 14.37 %–20.57 % and 9.77 % for energy consumption. The findings demonstrate that the lightweight construction with the use of a variable refrigerant flow system could be energy efficient in the southern regions of Morocco.