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High pressure adsorption phenomena are discussed for different gases on HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2, commercially available product BasoliteTM C300). Sorption isotherms for hydrogen, nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide on HKUST-1 were measured in the temperature range of 273–343 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa. The calculated surface excess adsorption capacities for all four adsorptive are one of the highest reported in the literature for HKUST-1 samples. All surface excess data were further calculated from the experimental data by using the helium buoyancy correction. A detailed description was given.
Also a procedure to calculate the absolute amount adsorbed from the surface excess amount by using two different models is shown. Using one model, the density and the volume of the adsorbed phase can be calculated. The density of the adsorbed phase ρads corresponds to the liquid density of the adsorptive at its boiling point ρliq,BP. In case of hydrogen no excess maximum was found up to 50 MPa, so that one model could not be applied. Finally, the isosteric heat of adsorption for each gas was calculated by using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.
Introduction: Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) with atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) optimized biventricular pacing (BV) is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients with electrical interventricular conduction delay (IVCD). The aim of the study was to compare AV and VV delay optimization with cardiac output (CO) and acceleration index (ACI) impedance cardiographic (ICG) methods.
Methods: HF patients with IVCD 86.8 ± 33 ms (n=15, age 66 ± 10 years; 2 females, 13 males), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class 3.1 ± 0.4, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 21.3 ± 7.8 % and QRS duration 176.1 ± 31.7 ms underwent AV and VV delay optimization with CO and ACI methods (Cardioscreen, Medis GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany). After evaluation of optimal AV delay, we evaluated optimal VV delay during simultaneous LV and right ventricular (RV) pacing (LV=RV), LV before RV pacing (LV-RV) and RV before LV pacing (RV-LV).
Results: Optimal VV delay was -12.3 ± 25.9 ms LV-RV pacing with VV delay range from -80 ms LV-RV pacing to +20 ms RV-LV pacing and RV=LV pacing. Optimal AV delay after atrial sensing was 108.6 ± 20.3 ms (n=14) and optimal AV delay after atrial pacing 190 ± 14.1 ms (n=2) with AV delay range from 80 ms to 200 ms. RV versus BV pacing mode resulted in improvement of CO from 3.4 ± 1.2 l/min to 4.4 ± 1.4 l/min (p<0.001) and ACI from 0.667 ± 0.227 1/s² to 0.834 ± 0.282 1/s² (p<0.002). During 34 ± 26 month BV pacing, the NYHA class improved from 3.1 ± 0.4 to 2.1 ± 0.4 (p<0.001).
Conclusion: AV and VV delay optimized BV pacing acutely improve ICG CO and ACI and their NYHA class during long-term follow-up. ICG may be a simple and useful technique to optimize AV and VV delay in CRT.
In-vivo and in-vitro comparison of implant-based CRT optimization - What provide new algorithms?
(2011)
Introduction: In cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), individual AV delay (AVD) optimization can effectively increase hemodynamics and reduce non-responder rate. Accurate, automatic and easily comprehensible algorithms for the follow-up are desirable. QuickOpt is the first attempt of a semi-automatic intracardiac electrogram (IEGM) based AVD algorithm. We aimed to compare its accuracy and usefulness by in-vitro and in-vivo studies.
Methods: Using the programmable ARSI-4 four-chamber heart rhythm and IEGM simulator (HKP, Germany), the QuickOpt feature of an Epic HF system (St. Jude, USA) was tested in-vitro by simulated atrial IEGM amplitudes between 0.3 and 3.5mV during both, manual and automatic atrial sensing between 0.2 and 1.0mV. Subsequently, in 21 heart failure patients with implanted biventricular defibrillators, QuickOpt was performed in-vivo. Results of the algorithm for VDD and DDD stimulation were compared with echo AV delay optimization.
Results: In-vitro simulations demonstrated a QuickOpt measuring accuracy of ± 8ms. Depending on atrial IEGM amplitude, the algorithm proposed optimal AVD between 90 and 150ms for VDD and between 140 and 200ms for DDD operation, respectively. In-vivo, QuickOpt difference between individual AVD in DDD and VDD mode was either 50ms (20pts) or 40ms (1pt). QuickOpt and echo AVD differed by 41 ± 25ms (7 – 90ms) in VDD and by 18 ± 24ms (17-50ms) in DDD operation. Individual echo AVD difference between both modes was 73 ± 20ms (30-100ms).
Conclusion: The study demonstrates the value of in-vitro studies. It predicted QuickOpt deficiencies regarding IEGM amplitude dependent AVD proposals constrained to fixed individual differences between DDD and VDD mode. Consequently, in-vivo, the algorithm provided AVD of predominantly longer duration than echo in both modes. Accepting echo individualization as gold standard, QuickOpt should not be used alone to optimize AVD in CRT patients.
Auch wenn kaum eine andere Branche in Deutschland durch die weltweite Finanzkrise so stark getroffen wurde wie der Maschinenbau, gehört dieser nach wie vor zu den erfolgreichsten Branchen (vgl. VDMA 2010). In vielen Produktsegmenten sind deutsche Maschinenbauer Weltmarktführer. Jedoch stehen sie seit einigen Jahren Herausforderungen gegenüber, die zu einem Umdenken und einer Neuausrichtung führen. Insbesondere das nach wie vor existente Problem der Produktpiraterie sowie die zumeist aus den asiatischen Räumen eingetretenen Wettbewerber, die für einen enormen Preisdruck sorgen, haben in den letzten Jahren dazu geführt, dass Standardmaschinen nur noch eine geringe Profitabilität aufweisen. Mit produktbegleitenden Dienstleistungen (Services) hingegen lasst sich mit durchschnittlich 21 % eine rund viermal so hohe operative Marge realisieren wie mit Maschinen (vgl. Schmiedeberg/Strahle/Bendig 2010, S. 3). Annahmen gehen davon aus, dass Services das Potenzial haben, einen Umsatzanteil von bis zu 35 % und damit einen Gewinnanteil von bis zu 60 % zu erreichen.
A simple model is introduced that describes the interaction of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) with a 2D periodic array of objects on the surface that give rise to internal resonances. Such objects may be high-aspect ratio structures like micro-pillars fabricated of a material different from that of the substrate. The model allows for an approximate determination of the band structure for the acoustic modes in such systems. Results are presented for the dependence on structural parameters of a total bandgap in the non-radiative regime of a semi-infinite substrate, and it is shown how the frequency and radiation damping of vibrational modes can be determined that are associated with defects in the periodic 2D array.
LG Berlin "Like Button"
(2011)
This study presents some results from a monitoring project with night ventilation and earthto-air heat exchanger. Both techniques refer to air-based low-energy cooling. As these technologies are limited to specific boundary conditions (e.g. moderate summer climate, low temperatures during night, or low ground temperatures, respectively), water-based low-energy cooling may be preferred in many projects. A comparison of the night-ventilated building with a ground-cooled building shows major differences in both concepts.
In dem abgeschlossenen Vorhaben „Entwicklung von Rechenmodellen zur Lebensdauervorhersage von Motorbauteilen unter thermisch-mechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung“ der Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen e. V. (FVV) wurde am Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM in Freiburg ein Materialmodell zur Lebensdauervorhersage thermomechanisch belasteter Komponenten entwickelt. Das Modell basiert auf einem viskoplastischen Verformungsmodell für Eisengusswerkstoffe und einem mechanismenbasierten Modell für Mikrorisswachstum zur Lebensdauervorhersage.
Medienmarketing
(2011)
An analytical and numerical study of the wobbling dynamics of friction disks is presented. Of particular interest is the excitation mechanism taking into account two contrarian effects both originating in dry friction: the circulatory terms describing the energy input due to the sliding contacts and the friction induced damping which stabilizes the system. Balance of these terms determines the instability domain in the parameter space. It is shown that there is a slip threshold so that, if the slip is under this limit, the system remains stable. If the slip is larger than this limit, then the criterion of stability is determined by the relation between the friction coefficient and the internal damping. The limit cycle appearing in the unstable domain is also investigated. It is shown that the limit cycle can be described as a kind of a regular reverse precession of the wobbling disc. Its amplitude is limited by the geometric nonlinearity and partial contact loss. Analytic results are compared with numeric simulations.
Optical Möbius Strip
(2011)
Existing approaches solving multi-vehicle pickup and delivery problems with soft time windows typically use common benchmark sets to verify their performance. However, there is a gap from these benchmark sets to real world problems with respect to instance size and problem complexity. In this paper we show that a combination of existing approaches together with improved heuristics is able to deal with the instance sizes and complexity of real world problems. The cost savings potential of the heuristics is compared to human dispatching plans generated from the data of a European carrier.
In the year 2009 several data privacy scandals have hit the headlines where major corporations had a legitimate need for detecting fraud conducted by their own employees, but chose inappropriate measures for data screening. This contribution presents architectures and pseudonymization technology for privacy compliant fraud screening or fraud detection, in order to reduce the number of undiscovered fraud cases and to reduce the time to discovery.
Introduction: Patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) requires quantification of left ventricular conduction delay (LVCD). After implantation of biventricular pacing systems, individual AV delay (AVD) programming is essential to ensure hemodynamic response. To exclude adverse effects, AVD should exceed individual implant-related interatrial conduction times (IACT). As result of a pilot study, we proposed the development of a programmer-based transoesophageal left heart electrogram (LHE) recording to simplify both, LVCD and IACT measurement. This feature was implemented into the Biotronik ICS3000 programmer simultaneously with 3-channel surface ECG.
Methods: A 5F oesophageal electrode was perorally applied in 44 heart failure CRT-D patients (34m, 10f, 65±8 yrs., QRS=162±21ms). In position of maximum left ventricular deflection, oesophageal LVCD was measured between onsets of QRS in surface ECG and oesophageal left ventricular deflection. Then, in position of maximum left atrial deflection (LA), IACT in VDD operation (As-LA) was calculated by difference between programmed AV delay and the measured interval from onset of left atrial deflection to ventricular stimulus in the oesophageal electrogram. IACT in DDD operation (Ap-LA) was measured between atrial stimulus and LA..
Results: LVCD of the CRT patients was characterized by a minimum of 47ms with mean of 69±23ms. As-LA and Ap-LA were found to be 41±23ms and 125±25ms, resp., at mean. In 7 patients (15,9%), IACT measurement in DDD operation uncovered adverse AVD if left in factory settings. In this cases, Ap-LA exceeded the factory AVD. In 6 patients (13,6%), IACT in VDD operation was less than or equal 10ms indicating the need for short AVD.
Conclusion: Response to CRT requires distinct LVCD and AVD optimization. The ICS3000 oesophageal LHE feature can be utilized to measure LVCD in order to justify selection for CRT. IACT measurement simplifies AV delay optimization in patients with CRT systems irrespective of their make and model.
Crystal structures of two metal–organic frameworks (MFU‐1 and MFU‐2) are presented, both of which contain redox‐active CoII centres coordinated by linear 1,4‐bis[(3,5‐dimethyl)pyrazol‐4‐yl] ligands. In contrast to many MOFs reported previously, these compounds show excellent stability against hydrolytic decomposition. Catalytic turnover is achieved in oxidation reactions by employing tert‐butyl hydroperoxide and the solid catalysts are easily recovered from the reaction mixture. Whereas heterogeneous catalysis is unambiguously demonstrated for MFU‐1, MFU‐2 shows catalytic activity due to slow metal leaching, emphasising the need for a deeper understanding of structure–reactivity relationships in the future design of redox‐active metal–organic frameworks. Mechanistic details for oxidation reactions employing tert‐butyl hydroperoxide are studied by UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy and XRPD measurements. The catalytic process accompanying changes of redox states and structural changes were investigated by means of cobalt K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. To probe the putative binding modes of molecular oxygen, the isosteric heats of adsorption of O2 were determined and compared with models from DFT calculations. The stabilities of the frameworks in an oxygen atmosphere as a reactive gas were examined by temperature‐programmed oxidation (TPO). Solution impregnation of MFU‐1 with a co‐catalyst (N‐hydroxyphthalimide) led to NHPI@MFU‐1, which oxidised a range of organic substrates under ambient conditions by employing molecular oxygen from air. The catalytic reaction involved a biomimetic reaction cascade based on free radicals. The concept of an entatic state of the cobalt centres is proposed and its relevance for sustained catalytic activity is briefly discussed.
Today's network landscape consists of quite different network technologies, wide range of end-devices with large scale of capabilities and power, and immense quantity of information and data represented in different formats. Research on 3D imaging, virtual reality and holographic techniques will result in new user interfaces (UI) for mobile devices and will increase their diversity and variety. A lot of efforts are being done in order to establish open, scalable and seamless integration of various technologies and content presentation for different devices including mobile considering individual situation of the end user. This is very difficult because various kinds of devices used by different users or in different times/parallel by the same user which are not predictable and have to be recognized by the system in order to identify device capabilities. Not only the devices but also Content and User Interfaces are big issues because they could include different kinds of data format like text, image, audio, video, 3D Virtual Reality data and other upcoming formats. A very suitable and useful example of the use of such a system is mobile learning because of the large amount of varying devices with significantly different features and functionalities. This is true not only to support different learners, e.g. all learners within one learning community, but also to support the same learner using different equipment parallel and/or at different times. Those applications may be significantly enhanced by including virtual reality content presentation. Whatever the purposes are, it is impossible to develop and adapt content for all kind of devices including mobiles individually due to different capabilities of the devices, cost issues and author‘s requirement. A solution should be found to enable the automation of the content adaptation process.
Semi-invasive electromechanical target interval to guide left ventricular electrode placement
(2011)
Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with left ventricular (LV) pacing is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients (P) with ventricular desynchronisation and reduced LV ejection fraction (EF). The aim of this study was to test the utilization of the transesophageal approach to measure arterial pulse pressure (PP) during LV pacing and electrical interventricular conduction delay (IVCD), to better select patients for CRT.
Methods: 32 HF patients (age 64 ± 10 years; 5 females, 27 males) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 2.8 ± 0.6, 27 ± 11 % LV EF and 155 ± 35 ms QRS duration were analysed with semi-invasive left cardiac pacing and electrocardiography. Esophageal TO8 Osypka catheter of 10.5 F diameter was perorally applied to the esophagus and placed in the position of maximum left atrial (LA) deflection and maximum LV deflection to measure PP with VAT or D00 pacing modes.
Results: Temporary transesophageal LV pacing was possible with VAT mode (n=16) and D00 mode (n=16) in all patients. In 15 Δ-PP-responders, PP was higher during LV pacing on than LV pacing off (78.3 ± 26.6 versus 65.9 ± 23.7 mmHg, P < 0.001) and NYHA class improved from 3.1 ± 0.35 to 2.1 ± 0.35 (P < 0.001) during 29 ± 26 month biventricular (BV) pacing follow-up (6 Medtronic and 9 Boston BV pacing devices). In 17 Δ-PP-non-responders, PP was not higher during LV pacing on than LV pacing off (61.5 ± 23.9 versus 60.9 ± 23.5 mmHg, P = 0.066). IVCD was significant longer in Δ-PP-responders than in Δ-PP-non-responders (87 ± 33 ms versus 37± 29 ms, P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Semi-invasive transesophageale LA and LV pacing with D00 and VAT mode and LV electrogram recording may be useful techniques to predict CRT improvement.
We present a video-densitometric quantification method for the pain killer known as diclofenac and ibuprofen. These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were separated on cyanopropyl bonded plates using CH2Cl2, methanol, cyclohexane (95 + 5 + 40, v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification is based on a bio-effective-linked analysis using Vibrio fisheri bacteria. Within 10 min a CCD-camera registered the white light of the light-emitting bacteria. Diclofenac and ibuprofen effectively suppressed the bacterial light emission which can be used for quantification within a linear range of 10 to 2000 ng. The detection limit for ibuprofen is 20 ng and the limit of quantification 26 ng per zone. Measurements were carried out using a 16-bit ST-1603ME CCD camera with 1.56 megapixels (from Santa Barbara Instrument Group, Inc., Santa Barbara, USA). The range of linearity covers more than two magnitudes because the extended Kubelka-Munk expression is used for data transformation. The separation method is inexpensive, fast, and reliable.
Significance of new electrocardiographic parameters to improve cardiac resynchronization therapy
(2011)
Introduction: Oesophageal left heart electrogram (LHE) is a valuable tool providing electrocardiographic parameters for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). It can be utilized to measure left ventricular (LVCD) and intra-leftventricular conduction delays (ILVCD) in heart failure patients to justify implantation of CRT systems. In the follow-up, LHE enables measurement of implant-related interatrial conduction times (IACT) which are the key intervals defining the hemodynamically optimal AV delay (AVD).
Methods: By TOSlim oesophageal electrode and Rostockfilter (Osypka AG, Rheinfelden, Germany), LHE was recorded in 39 heart failure patients (10f, 29m, 65±8yrs., QRS=163±21ms) after implantation of CRT systems according to guidelines. In position of maximal left ventricular deflection, LVCD and ILVCD were measured and compared with QRS width. In position of maximal left atrial deflection (LA), IACT was determined in VDD and DDD operation as interval As-LA and Ap-LA between atrial sense event (As) or stimulus (Ap), resp., and onset of LA. AVD was individualized using SAV =As-LA + 50ms for VDD and PAV=Ap-LA + 50ms for DDD operation.
Results: The CRT patients were characterized by minimal transoesophageal LVCD of 40ms but 73±20ms, at mean, ILVCD of 90±24ms and QRS/LVCD ratio of 2.4±0.6. The measured As-LA of 39±24ms and Ap-LA of 124±26ms resulted into SAV of 89±24ms and PAV of 174±26ms. In case of empirical AVD programming using 120ms for SAV and 180ms for PAV, the LHE revealed inverse sequences of LA and Vp in 4 patients (10%) during VDD and 13 patients (33%) in DDD pacing. In these patients, Vp preceded LA as IACT exceeded the programmed AVD.
Conclusion: Guideline indication of CRT systems is associated with LVCD of 40ms or more. Therefore, individual LVCD offers the minimal target interval that should be reached during left ventricular electrode placement to increase responder rate. Postoperatively, AV delay optimization respecting implant-related IACTs excludes adverse hemodynamic effects.
Der Fall ist gar nicht so selten: Ein Verbraucher bucht oder kauft grenzüberschreitend, man streitet sich – und schon steht die Frage nach dem richtigen internationalen Gerichtsstand im Raum. Der EuGH hat hierzu nun grundlegend Stellung genommen (EuGH, Urt. v. 7.12.2010 – Rs. C-585/08, Rs. C-144/09 – Pammer ./. Reederei Schlüter und Hotel Alpenhof ./. Heller, CR 2011, 108).
This paper describes the magmaOffenburg 3D simulation team trying to qualify for RoboCup 2011. While last year’s TDP focused on the tool set created for 3D simulation in this year we describe the further improvement in this tools as well as some new features we implemented focusing on heterogeneous robot models which seem to be used in RoboCup 2012.
An additional tool was written to simply generate situation-dependent strategies. Furthermore some tools, described last year, are now integrated in one single GUI to easy things up.
Routine nuclear cardiology examinations indicate heart rate, cardiac rhythm, the height of cardiac pulse and respiration rhythm. It would be of interest to study whether these data, especially if the same tests are repeated, can indicate patients’ well being in the future and perhaps patients’ life span, other factors being equal. Related old theories and suggestions are mentioned. Furthermore, some drugs like I-f channel antagonists and stress tests testing cardiac reserves could support such a study.
The series of conferences on Environmental Best Practices (EBP) was inaugurated at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland in 2006 and continued at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland in 2009. This year the University of Applied Sciences Offenburg produly hosted the third event (EPB3).
Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacing is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients with sinus rhythm and ventricular desynchronisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate interventricular conduction delay (IVCD) and interatrial conduction delay (IACD) before and after premature ventricular contractions (PVC) in HF patients.
Methods: 13 HF patients (age 68 ± 10 years; 2 females, 11 males) with New York Heart Association functional class 2,8 ± 0.5, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 28,6 ± 12,6 %, 154 ± 25 ms QRS duration and PVC were analysed with bipolar transesophageal LV and left atrial electrogram recording and National Instruments LabView 2009 software. The level of significance of the t-test is 0,005.
Results: QRS duration increases during PVC (188 ± 32 ms) in comparison to the beat before (154 ± 25 ms, P = ) and after PVC (152 ± 25 ms,). IVCD increases during PVC up to 65 ± 33 ms (51 ± 19 ms in the beat before PVC, P=0.18, 49 ± 19 ms after PVC, P = 0.12). Intra-LV delay of 90 ± 16 ms is not different in the beat before PVC, 90 ± 14 ms during PVC (P = 0.99) and 94 ± 16 ms in the beat after PVC (P = 0.38). IACD is not significantly PVC influenced (67 ± 12 ms before PVC and 65 ± 13 ms after PVC, P = 0.71). Intra-left atrial conduction delay is not significant longer during PVC (57 ± 28 ms) than in the beat before PVC (54 ± 13 ms, P = 0.51) or after PVC (54 ± 8 ms, P = 0.45). PQ duration increases significantly after PVC (224 ± 95 ms) in comparison to the beat before PVC (176± 29 ms, P =...).
Conclusion: Transesophageal left cardiac electrocardiography with LabView 2009 software can improve evaluation of IVCD and IACD before, during and after PVC in HF patient selection for CRT.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacing (BV) is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients with inter- and intraventricular conduction delay. The aim of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of both transesophageal measurement of left ventricular (LV) electrical delay and transesophageal LV pacing prior to implantation, to better select patients for CRT.
Introduction: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacing (BV) is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients (P) with ventricular desynchronisation, but not all patients improved clinically. Aim of this study was to evaluate electrical intra-left ventricular conduction delay (LVCD) and interventricular conduction delay (IVCD), to better select patients for CRT.
Methods: 65 HF patients (age 63.4 ± 10.6 years; 7 females, 58 males) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3 ± 0.2, 24.4 ± 6.7 % left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and 167.4 ± 35.6 ms QRSD were included. Esophageal TO Osypka focused hemispherical electrodes catheter was perorally applied in position of maximum LV deflection to measure LVCD between onset and offset of LV deflection and IVCD between earliest onset of QRS in the 12-channel surface ECG and onset of LV deflection in the focused bipolar transesophageal LV electrogram.
Results: There were 50 responders with LVCD of 76.5 ± 20.4 ms, IVCD of 80.5 ± 26.1 ms (P=0.34) and QRSD of 171 ± 37.7 ms. 15 non-responders had longer LVCD of 90 ± 28.5 ms (P = 0.045), shorter IVCD of 50.1 ± 29.1 ms (P < 0.001) and QRSD of 155.3 ± 25 ms (P=0.14). During 21.3 ± 20.3 month BV pacing follow-up, the responder`s NYHA classes improved from 3 ± 0.2 to 2. ± 0.3 (P < 0.001) whereas the non-responders NYHA classes did not improve from 3 ± 0.2 to 2.9 ± 0.3 (P = 0.43) during 15.7 ± 13.9 month BV pacing follow-up (53 Boston, 10 Medtronic and 2 St. Jude CRT devices).
Conclusion: Determination of electrical LVCD and IVCD by focused bipolar transesophageal LV electrogram recording may be an additional useful technique to improve patient selection for CRT.