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Background: Increasing awareness of the importance of evidence-based medicine is demonstrated not only by an increasing number of articles addressing it but also by a specialty-wide evidence-based medicine initiative. The authors critically analyzed the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials published in this Journal over a 21-year period (1990 to 2010).
Methods: A hand search was conducted, including all issues of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery from January of 1990 to December of 2010. All randomized controlled trials published during this time period were identified with the Cochrane decision tree for identification of randomized controlled trials. To assess the quality of reporting, a modification of the checklist of the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials Statement was used.
Results: Of 7121 original articles published from 1990 to 2010 in the Journal, 159 (2.23 percent) met the Cochrane criteria. A significant increase in the absolute number of randomized controlled trials was seen over the study period (p < 0.0001). The median quality of these trials from 1990 to 2010 was "fair," with a trend toward improved quality of reporting over time (p = 0.127).
Conclusions: A favorable trend is seen with respect to an increased number of published randomized controlled trials in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Adherence to standard reporting guidelines is recommended, however, to further improve the quality of reporting. Consideration may be given to providing information regarding the quality of reporting in addition to the "level of evidence pyramid," thus facilitating critical appraisal.
To successfully support private sector development in Africa by the use of trade and export promotion instruments, a comprehensive policy framework is crucial. Different institutional setups for development support show different levels of resilience and effectiveness in coping with the economic conditions they are exposed to. However, there is strong evidence that managing the interplay of three fundamental building blocks – public policy, focus areas, strategic objectives and critical success factors as well as institutions, is the key to crafting sustainable and responsive economies. Export plays a significant role in the national economy, and innovative and integrated government financing instruments have to successfully support the competitiveness of national companies in the global economy. Financing and supporting foreign trade with private businesses in Africa occupies a pivotal role, impacting from new product development and job creation in developed countries through economic growth and human development in African countries.
Die traditionellen Geschäftsmodelle der Zeitungsverlage beruhen auf der Werbevermarktung von Anzeigen und Beilagen und dem direkten Erlösmodell für journalistische Inhalte durch Abonnement, bzw. Einzelverkaufserlöse. Diese Geschäftsmodelle verändern sich zugunsten neuer nicht-journalistischer digitaler Geschäftsmodelle, deren Zukunftsfähigkeit jedoch in vielen Fällen noch nicht bewiesen ist.
Dieses Kapitel beschreibt den technologischen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Hintergrund, vor dem die derzeitigen Veränderungen der deutschen Zeitungslandschaft zu bewerten sind. Das Phänomen der Konvergenz, d. h. unterschiedliche Entwicklungslinien bewegen sich aufeinander zu, können wir in ganz unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen immer wieder feststellen. Positionen politischer Parteien konvergieren, Hochschulgattungen nähern sich einander an und ebenso die Mediengattungen in Form der „Medienkonvergenz“.