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Dieser Beitrag stellt die Möglichkeiten des 3D-Druckes unter der Berücksichtigung von Mensch-Roboter-Kollaborations-Anforderungen dar. Dabei werden die Vorteile mit besonderem Fokus auf die zusätzliche Gestaltungsfreiheit erläutert. Anhand von Beispielen wird der Stand der Technik bereits eingesetzter Sensorik sowie deren Notwendigkeit in Greifsystemen erläutert. Im weiteren Verlauf dieses Beitrags werden allgemeine Verfahren für die additive Verarbeitung von leitfähigen Materialien vorgestellt. Daran angeknüpft sind Beispiele speziell zur 3D-gedruckten Sensorik. Abgerundet wird der Beitrag mit einem Ausblick bezüglich 3D-gedruckter Sensorik in MRK-Greifsystemen.
The visualization of heart rhythm disturbance and atrial fibrillation therapy allow the optimization of new cardiac catheter ablations. With the simulation software CST (Computer Simulation Technology, Darmstadt) electromagnetic and thermal simulations can be carried out to analyze and optimize different heart rhythm disturbance and cardiac catheters for pulmonary vein isolation. Another form of visualization is provided by haptic, three-dimensional print models. These models can be produced using an additive manufacturing method, such as a 3D printer. The aim of the study was to produce a 3D print of the Offenburg heart rhythm model with a representation of an atrial fibrillation ablation procedure to improve the visualization of simulation of cardiac catheter ablation.
The basis of 3D printing was the Offenburg heart rhythm model and the associated simulation of cryoablation of the pulmonary vein. The thermal simulation shows the pulmonary vein isolation of the left inferior pulmonary vein with the cryoballoon catheter Arctic Front AdvanceTM from Medtronic. After running through the simulation, the thermal propagation during the procedure was shown in the form of different colors. The three-dimensional print models were constructed on the base of the described simulation in a CAD program. Four different 3D printers are available for this purpose in a rapid prototyping laboratory at the University of Applied Science Offenburg. Two different printing processes were used: 1. a binder jetting printer with polymer gypsum and 2. a multi-material printer with photopolymer. A final print model with additional representation of the esophagus and internal esophagus catheter was also prepared for printing.
With the help of the thermal simulation results and the subsequent evaluation, it was possible to make a conclusion about the propagation of the cold emanating from the catheter in the myocardium and the surrounding tissue. It could be measured that already 3 mm from the balloon surface into the myocardium the temperature drops to 25 °C. The simulation model was printed using two 3D printing methods. Both methods as well as the different printing materials offer different advantages and disadvantages. While the first model made of polymer gypsum can be produced quickly and cheaply, the second model made of photopolymer takes five times longer and was twice as expensive. On the other hand, the second model offers significantly better properties and was more durable overall. All relevant parts, especially the balloon catheter and the conduction, are realistically represented. Only the thermal propagation in the form of different colors is not shown on this model.
Three-dimensional heart rhythm models as well as virtual simulations allow a very good visualization of complex cardiac rhythm therapy and atrial fibrillation treatment methods. The printed models can be used for optimization and demonstration of cryoballoon catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Um medizinische Behandlungsverfahren in der Praxis besser verstehen und anwenden zu können, gewinnt die Visualisierung der Prozesse an immer größerer Bedeutung. Durch Anwendung der Computer-Simulationssoftware CST können elektromagnetische und thermische Simulationen zur Analyse verschiedener Herzrhythmusstörungen durchgeführt werden. Eine weitere Form der Visualisierung erfolgt durch haptische, dreidimensionale Druckmodelle. Diese Modelle können mit einem generativen Herstellungsverfahren, wie z. B. einem 3D-Drucker, in kürzester Zeit hergestellt werden.
The visualization of heart rhythm disturbance and atrial fibrillation therapy allows the optimization of new cardiac catheter ablations. With the simulation software CST (Computer Simulation Technology, Darmstadt) electromagnetic and thermal simulations can be carried out to analyze and optimize different heart rhythm disturbance and cardiac catheters for pulmonary vein isolation. Another form of visualization is provided by haptic, three-dimensional print models. These models can be produced using an additive manufacturing method, such as a 3d printer. The aim of the study was to produce a 3d print of the Offenburg heart rhythm model with a representation of an atrial fibrillation ablation procedure to improve the visualization of simulation of cardiac catheter ablation. The basis of 3d printing was the Offenburg heart rhythm model and the associated simulation of cryoablation of the pulmonary vein. The thermal simulation shows the pulmonary vein isolation of the left inferior pulmonary vein with the cryoballoon catheter Arctic Front Advance™ from Medtronic. After running through the simulation, the thermal propagation during the procedure was shown in the form of different colors. The three-dimensional print models were constructed on the base of the described simulation in a CAD program. Four different 3d printers are available for this purpose in a rapid prototyping laboratory at the University of Applied Science Offenburg. Two different printing processes were used and a final print model with additional representation of the esophagus and internal esophagus catheter was also prepared for printing. With the help of the thermal simulation results and the subsequent evaluation, it was possible to draw a conclusion about the propagation of the cold emanating from the catheter in the myocardium and the surrounding tissue. It was measured that just 3 mm from the balloon surface into the myocardium the temperature dropped to 25 °C. The simulation model was printed using two 3d printing methods. Both methods, as well as the different printing materials offer different advantages and disadvantages. All relevant parts, especially the balloon catheter and the conduction, are realistically represented. Only the thermal propagation in the form of different colors is not shown on this model. Three-dimensional heart rhythm models as well as virtual simulations allow very clear visualization of complex cardiac rhythm therapy and atrial fibrillation treatment methods. The printed models can be used for optimization and demonstration of cryoballoon catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Systematische Erfassung von Einflussfaktoren für das Additive Tooling von Spritzgusswerkzeugen
(2021)
Additive tooling is a quick and cost-effective way of producing injection molded products and high fidelity prototypes using the injection molding process. As part of product development, additive tooling is integrated into a complex process. A lack of design and application knowledge represents a barrier in its use. The present work shows how a Design-Structure-Matrix (DSM) can be used to systematically record and analyze influencing factors and their interrelationships. A systematic literature search is carried out to identify the factors and relationships.
Purpose
This study aims to investigate a systematic approach to the production and use of additively manufactured injection mould inserts in product development (PD) processes. For this purpose, an evaluation of the additive tooling design method (ATDM) is performed.
Design/methodology/approach
The evaluation of the ATDM is conducted within student workshops, where students develop products and validate them using AT-prototypes. The evaluation process includes the analysis of work results as well as the use of questionnaires and participant observation.
Findings
This study shows that the ATDM can be successfully used to assist in producing and using AT mould inserts to produce valid AT prototypes. As a reference for the implementation of AT in industrial PD, extracts from the work of the student project groups and suitable process parameters for prototype production are presented.
Originality/value
This paper presents the application and evaluation of a method to support AT in PD that has not yet been scientifically evaluated.
This paper presents a method for supporting the application of Additive Tooling (AT)-based validation environments in integrated product development. Based on a case study, relevant process steps, activities and possible barriers in the realisation of an injection-moulded product are identified and analysed. The aim of the method is to support the target-oriented application of Additive Tooling to obtain physical prototypes at an early stage and to shorten validation cycles.
In this study, we tested the function of a replica of the over 500-year-old original of the
famous Franconian Imperial Knight Götz von Berlichingen’s first “iron hand”, which we
reconstructed by computer-aided design (CAD) and recently printed using a multi-material
3D printer. In different everyday tasks, the artificial hand prosthesis proved to be remarkably
helpful. Thus, the hand could hold a wine glass, some grapes, or a smartphone. With a
suitable pencil, even writing was possible without any problem. Although for all these
functions the healthy other hand was necessary to assist at the beginning, the artificial hand
is an astonishing mechanical aid with many possibilities. Therefore, in certain cases, the
non-invasive approach of a passive mechanical hand replacement, which is an individual,
quick and cheap solution due to modern 3D printing, may always be worth considering
also for today’s requirements.