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In this paper, the multiaxial formulation of a mechanism-based model for fatigue life prediction is presented whichcan be applied to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) problems in which high-cycle fa-tigue loadings are superimposed. The model assumes that crack growth is the lifetime limiting mechanism and thatthe crack advance in a loading cycleda/dNcorrelates with the cyclic crack-tip opening displacement ΔCTOD.The multiaxial formulation makes use of fracture mechanics solutions and thus, does not need additional modelparameters quantifying the effect of the multiaxiality. Furthermore, the model includes contributions of HCF on ΔCTODand assesses the effect of the direction of the HCF loadings with respect to LCF or TMF loadings inthe life prediction. The model is implemented into the finite-element program ABAQUS. It is applied to predictthe fatigue life of a thermomechanically loaded notched specimen that should represent the situation between theinlet and outlet bore holes of cylinder heads. A good correlation of the predicted and the measured fatigue lives isobtained.
In this paper, the correlation of the cyclic J-integral, ΔJ, and the cyclic crack-tip opening displacement, ΔCTOD, is studied in the presence of crack closure to assess the question if ΔJ describes the crack-tip opening displacement in this case. To this end, a method is developed to evaluate ΔJ numerically within finite-element calculations. The method is validated for an elastic–plastic material that exhibits Masing behavior. Different strain ranges and strain ratios are considered under fully plastic cyclic conditions including crack closure. It is shown that the cyclic J-integral is the parameter to determine the cyclic crack-tip opening displacement even in cases where crack closure is present.
Das Probearbeitsverhältnis
(2006)
Immer mehr internationale Unternehmen stellen mit Hilfe von Ethikregeln („Codes of Ethics” oder „Codes of Conduct”) konzernweite Verhaltensstandards für die Belegschaft auf. Diese Regeln sollen weltweit einheitlich sein und werden deshalb oft von den Konzernmuttergesellschaften für die jeweiligen nationalen Tochtergesellschaften zwingend vorgegeben. Da die Zulässigkeit solcher Regeln aber auf der Grundlage der jeweiligen nationalen Rechtsordnungen zu prüfen ist, kommt es wegen der hier anzutreffenden Unterschiede häufig zu Kollisionen. Im Folgenden sollen deshalb zunächst Hintergrund und Inhalt solcher Ethikregeln in internationalen Unternehmen dargestellt und sodann die arbeitsrechtlichen Voraussetzungen für wirksame Verhaltensanforderungen in Deutschland aufgezeigt werden.
Due to the pandemic of 2020, many teaching and research institutions are confronted with extraordinary working conditions. In order to enable empirical data collection under these special circumstances, teachers and scientists need to respond flexibly and new concepts need to be developed. This paper deals with the challenges that arise in day-to-day teaching and provides different approaches to meet these challenges. It covers quantitative surveys, remote UX-testing methods as an alternative to eye tracking studies in the lab, as well as face-to-face user experience testings under strict hygiene measures.