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A diode array HPTLC method for dequalinium chloride in pharmaceutical preparations is presented. For separation a Nano TLC silica gel plate (Merck) is used with the mobile phase methanol-7.8% aqueous NH(4)(+)CH(3)COO(-) (17:3, v/v) over a distance of 6 cm. Dequalinium chloride shows an R(F) value of 0.58. Pure dequalinium chloride is measured in the wavelength range from 200 to 500 nm and shows several by-products, contour plot visualized in absorption, fluorescence and using the Kubelka-Munk transformation. Scanning of a single track in absorption and fluorescence measuring 600 spectra in the range from 200 to 1100 nm takes 30s. As a sample pre-treatment of an ointment it is simply dissolved in methanol and can be quantified in absorption from 315 to 340 nm. The same separation can also be quantified using fluorescence spectrometry in the range from 355 to 370 nm. A new staining method for dequalinium chloride, using sodium tetraphenyl borate/HCl in water allows a fluorescence quantification in the range from 445 to 485 nm. The linearity range of absorption and fluorescence measurements is from 10 to 2000 ng. Sugar-containing preparations like liquids or lozenges with a reduced sample pre-treatment can be reliably quantified only in fluorescence. The total for the quantification of an ointment sample (measuring four standards and five samples), including all sample pre-treatment steps takes less than 45 min!
Various Rapid Prototyping methods have been available for the production of physical architectural models for a few years. This paper highlights in particular the advantages of 3D printing for the production of detailed architectural models. In addition, the current challenges for the creation and transfer of data are explained. Furthermore, new methods are being developed in order to improve both the technical and economic boundary conditions for the application of 3DP. This makes the production of models with very detailed interior rooms possible. The internal details are made visible by dividing the complex overall model into individual models connected by means of an innovative plug-in system. Finally, two case studies are shown in which the developed methods are applied in order to implement detailed architectural models. Additional information about manufacturing time and costs of the architectural models in the two case studies is given.
Colored glass products with various printing technologies are becoming more important in industry. The aim is to achieve individual solution in a very short delivery time. Conventional thermal treatment of burning glasses in oven for tempered color printing has predominant issues with high time consumption, energy consumption and manufacturing cost. It requires alternative process development.
This paper proposes laser process to overcome issues in conventional treatment with the latest results of tempering colored glass. Samples have been analyzed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two different laser systems have been applied and the glass has been printed with black paste.
We generalize the fluid flow problem of an oscillating flat plate (II. Stokes problem) in two directions. We discuss first the oscillating porous flat plate with superimposed blowing or suction. The second generalization is concerned with an increasing or decreasing velocity amplitude of the oscillating flat plate. Finally we show that a combination of both effects is possible as well.
Two solvent mixtures for high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) separation of some compounds showing estrogenic activity in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay are presented. The new method, planar yeast estrogen screen (pYES) combines the YES assay and a chromatographic separation on silica gel HPTLC plates with the performance of the YES assay. For separation, the analytes were applied bandwise to HPTLC plates (10 × 20 cm) with fluorescent dye (Merck, Germany). The plates were developed in a vertical developing chamber after 30 min of chamber saturation over a separation distance of 70 mm, using cyclohexane‒methyl-ethyl ketone (2:1, V/V) or cyclohexane‒CPME (3:2, V/V) as solvents. Both solvents allow separation of estriol, daidzein, genistein, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, estrone, 4-nonylphenol and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.
The flow field-flow fractionation (FIFFF) technique is a promising method for separating and analysing particles and large size macromolecules from a few nanometers to approximately 50 μm. A new fractionation channel is described featuring well defined flow conditions even for low channel heights with convenient assembling and operations features. The application of the new flow field-flow fractionation channel is proved by the analysis of pigments and other small particles of technical interest in the submicrometer range. The experimental results including multimodal size distributions are presented and discussed.
NEXCODE is a project promoted by the European Space Agency aimed at research design development and demonstration of a receiver chain for telecomm and links in space missions including the presence of new short low-density parity-check codes for error correction. These codes have excellent performance from the error rate viewpoint but also put new challenges as regards synchronization issues and implementation. In this paper after a short review of the results obtained through numerical simulations we present an overview of the breadboard designed for practical testing and the test-plan proposed for the verification of the breadboard and the validation of the new codes and novel synchronization techniques under relevant operation conditions.