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Auch wenn kaum eine andere Branche in Deutschland durch die weltweite Finanzkrise so stark getroffen wurde wie der Maschinenbau, gehört dieser nach wie vor zu den erfolgreichsten Branchen (vgl. VDMA 2010). In vielen Produktsegmenten sind deutsche Maschinenbauer Weltmarktführer. Jedoch stehen sie seit einigen Jahren Herausforderungen gegenüber, die zu einem Umdenken und einer Neuausrichtung führen. Insbesondere das nach wie vor existente Problem der Produktpiraterie sowie die zumeist aus den asiatischen Räumen eingetretenen Wettbewerber, die für einen enormen Preisdruck sorgen, haben in den letzten Jahren dazu geführt, dass Standardmaschinen nur noch eine geringe Profitabilität aufweisen. Mit produktbegleitenden Dienstleistungen (Services) hingegen lasst sich mit durchschnittlich 21 % eine rund viermal so hohe operative Marge realisieren wie mit Maschinen (vgl. Schmiedeberg/Strahle/Bendig 2010, S. 3). Annahmen gehen davon aus, dass Services das Potenzial haben, einen Umsatzanteil von bis zu 35 % und damit einen Gewinnanteil von bis zu 60 % zu erreichen.
Massiv- Heiz-/Kühldecken bestehen im wesentlichen aus in der tragenden Deckenkonstruktion eingegossenen Kunststoffrohren, die je nach Jahreszeit von Heiz- bzw. Kühlwasser durchströmt verden. Das instationäre Verhalten wurde mit dem Anlagen und Simulationsprogramm TRNSYS untersucht. Anhand ausgesuchter Ergebnisse können die Anforderungen an die notwendigen Regelkonzepte abgeleitet werden. Es eignen sich für derartige Systeme, insbesondere wegen ihrer großen Speicherfähigkeit und damit Trägheit, modifizierende selbstadaptierende Regler. Aufgrund der großen Trägheit der Massivdecke ist eine direkte außentemperaturgeführte Vorlauftemperaturregelung des Wasserstromes nicht sinnvoll. Es sollte ein selbstadaptierendes Regelsystem verwendet werden, das anhand der vorangegangenen Lastverläufe die Gebäudekonstante und damit das Speicherverhalten der Räume ermittelt. Damit der Regelaufwand reduziert werden kann, sollen mehrere Räume als Gruppe zusammengefaßt werden. Als weitere Größe für das Regelkonzept ist die Speichertemperatur am Ende der Ladezeit zu messen und in das Programm mit einzubinden.
Having 22 GW of nominal power installed Germany is the leading nation in wind energy conversion. While the number of suitable installation sites ashore is limited, and the average windspeed and thus the utilization level offshore is significantly higher, more and more offshore wind farms are planned. In order to reduce the cost of building the foundations and of connecting the wind turbines to the power grid, the single plant is designed as powerful as possible and therefore the components become huge and weighty. For instance: In order to lift the nacelle with around 500 tons of weight up on the tower - which can be up to 120 m above the water level - at the time special ships and cranes are designed and built. But those firstly will be very expensive and secondly will be available only on a limited scale. Hence the installation cost of those huge wind turbines significantly influence the rentability of a wind farm. Against this background a joint research project supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) was started comprising the project partners Ed. Züblin AG, Berg-idl GmbH (an engineering company and a maker of special purpose machines in Altlußheim, Germany), the IPEK (institute for product development) at the university of Karlsruhe and the Hochschule Offenburg, university of applied science. Project target is the conceptual design of a heavy-duty elevator, which can be used to install the tower segments and the nacelle of a wind turbine offshore without a crane. The most relevant challenges in this context result of holding up extreme loads by means of comparatively filigree carrying structures. The paper shows some examples of structural analysis and optimization work accomplished during the project. For the structural analysis of the heavy loaded components ANSYS workbench was used. The development process was also supported by optimization tools like TOSCA and OPTIMUS. The linking of the FE solver and the optimizer provides important hints concerning improvement of the topology and the dimensions of the components. Examples of designs illustrate the development process and the methods applied.
The additive manufacturing processes have developed significantly in recent years. Currently, new generative processes are coming onto the market. Likewise, the number of available materials that can be processed using additive processes is steadily increasing. Therefore, an important task is to integrate these new processes and materials into the university education of engineers. Due to the rapid change and the constant development in the field of additive manufacturing, a pure transfer of knowledge is not expedient, because this obsolete very quickly. Rather, the students should be enabled to use their skills in such a way that they can always handle new technologies and materials independently and meaningfully.
In this paper, therefore, a new course is developed in which the students largely independently work with additive manufacturing processes. For this purpose, teams of four to five students from different technical programs are formed. The teams have the task of developing and manufacturing a product using additive processes. The goal is to create a powerful product by taking into account the optimization of costs and use of resources.
As an example, the development and additive manufacturing of an ornithopter (aircraft that flies by flapping its wings) will be presented in this contribution. The students have to analyze and optimize the mechanics and aerodynamics of the aircraft. In addition, the rules for production-oriented design must be determined and applied. Further more, they should assess the costs and material consumption during development and production.
This contribution shows how the students have achieved the different learning outcomes. In addition, it becomes clear how the students independently acquired and applied their knowledge in development, design and additive manufacturing. Also, it will be demonstrated how much time the students spent on learning the different technologies.
Printed electronics (PE) is a fast growing technology with promising applications in wearables, smart sensors and smart cards since it provides mechanical flexibility, low-cost, on-demand and customizable fabrication. To secure the operation of these applications, True Random Number Generators (TRNGs) are required to generate unpredictable bits for cryptographic functions and padding. However, since the additive fabrication process of PE circuits results in high intrinsic variation due to the random dispersion of the printed inks on the substrate, constructing a printed TRNG is challenging. In this paper, we exploit the additive customizable fabrication feature of inkjet printing to design a TRNG based on electrolyte-gated field effect transistors (EGFETs). The proposed memory-based TRNG circuit can operate at low voltages (≤ 1 V ), it is hence suitable for low-power applications. We also propose a flow which tunes the printed resistors of the TRNG circuit to mitigate the overall process variation of the TRNG so that the generated bits are mostly based on the random noise in the circuit, providing a true random behaviour. The results show that the overall process variation of the TRNGs is mitigated by 110 times, and the simulated TRNGs pass the National Institute of Standards and Technology Statistical Test Suite.
The ability to detect a target signal masked by noise is improved in normal-hearing listeners when interaural phase differences (IPDs) between the ear signals exist either in the masker or in the signal. To improve binaural hearing in bilaterally implanted cochlear implant (BiCI) users, a coding strategy providing the best possible access to IPDs is highly desirable. Outcomes of a previous study (Zirn, Arndt et al. 2016) revealed that a subset of BiCI users showed improved IPD detection thresholds with the fine structure processing strategy FS4 compared to the constant rate strategy HDCIS using narrowband stimuli. In contrast, little differences between the coding strategies were found for broadband stimuli with regard to binaural speech intelligibility level differences (BILD) as an estimate of binaural unmasking. Compared to normalhearing listeners (7.5 ± 1.2 dB) BILD were small in BiCI users (around 0.5 dB with both coding strategies).
In the present work, we investigated the influence of binaural fitting parameters on BILD. In our cohort of BiCI users many were implanted with electrode arrays differing in length left versus right. Because this length difference typically corresponded to the distance of two electrode contacts the first modification of bilateral fitting was a tonotopic adjustment by deactivation of the most apical electrode contact on the side with the deeper inserted array (tonotopic approach).
The second modification was the isolation of the residual, most apical electrode contacts by deactivation of the basally adjacent electrode contact on each side (tonotopic sparse approach). Applying these modifications, BILD improved by up to 1.5 dB.
This paper is discussing the development of a wireless Indoor Smart Gardening System with the focus on energy autonomous working. The Smart Gardening System, which is presented in this paper consists of a network of energy autonomous wireless sensor nodes which are used for monitoring important plant parameters like air temperature, soil moisture, pressure or humidity and in future to control an actuator for the plant irrigation and to measure further parameter as light and fertilizer level. Solar energy harvesting is used for powering the wireless nodes without the usage of a battery. Comparable Smart Gardening Systems are usually battery-powered. Furthermore, the overall Smart Gardening System consists of a battery powered gateway based on a Raspberry Pi 3 system, which controls the wireless nodes and collects their sensor data. The gateway is able to send the information to an internet server application and via Wi-Fi to mobile devices. Particularly the architecture of the energy autonomous wireless nodes will be considered because fully energy autonomous wireless networks could not be implemented without special concepts for the energy supply and architecture of the wireless nodes.