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Knight Götz von Berlichingen (1480–1562) lost his right hand distal to the wrist due to a cannon ball splinter injury in 1504 in the Landshut War of Succession at the age of 24. Early on, Götz commissioned a gunsmith to build the first “Iron Hand,” in which the artificial thumb and two finger blocks could be moved in their basic joints by a spring mechanism and released by a push button. Some years later, probably around 1530, a second “Iron Hand” was built, in which the fingers could be moved passively in all joints. In this review, the 3D computer-aided design (CAD) reconstructions and 3D multi-material polymer replica printings of the first “Iron hand“, which were developed in the last few years at Offenburg University, are presented. Even by today’s standards, the first “Iron Hand”—as could be shown in the replicas—demonstrates sophisticated mechanics and well thought-out functionality and still offers inspiration and food for discussion when it comes to the question of an artificial prosthetic replacement for a hand. It is also outlined how some of the ideas of this mechanical passive prosthesis can be translated into a modern motorized active prosthetic hand by using simple, commercially available electronic components.
Kommentar zu "Intracortical microstimulation of human somatosensory cortex" von Sharlene N. Flesher et al., veröffentlicht in Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 361, Seite 361ra141 (DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8083)
In the field of neuroprosthetics, the current state-of-the-art method involves controlling the prosthesis with electromyography (EMG) or electrooculography/electroencephalography (EOG/EEG). However, these systems are both expensive and time consuming to calibrate, susceptible to interference, and require a lengthy learning phase by the patient. Therefore, it is an open challenge to design more robust systems that are suitable for everyday use and meet the needs of patients. In this paper, we present a new concept of complete visual control for a prosthesis, an exoskeleton or another end effector using augmented reality (AR) glasses presented for the first time in a proof-of-concept study. By using AR glasses equipped with a monocular camera, a marker attached to the prosthesis is tracked. Minimal relative movements of the head with respect to the prosthesis are registered by tracking and used for control. Two possible control mechanisms including visual feedback are presented and implemented for both a motorized hand orthosis and a motorized hand prosthesis. Since the grasping process is mainly controlled by vision, the proposed approach appears to be natural and intuitive.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden fotografische Aufnahmen zweier verschiedener Abgüsse von Paganinis rechter Hand vorgestellt und näher beschrieben. Es handelt sich um einen mutmaßlich originalen Bronzeabguss, der vermutlich kurz nach Paganinis Tod auf dessen Totenbett abgenommen wurde, und eine in heutiger Zeit angefertigte Kopie aus Fiberplastik mit goldfarbenem Anstrich. Die Hand ist im proximalen Handgelenk stark abgewinkelt, was dafür spricht, dass die Hand des Toten auf einem Kissen gelegen haben könnte, um den Abguss vorzunehmen. Überdies zeigt sich eine verkrampfte Stellung der Finger und Hand, am ehesten infolge Totenstarre. Man findet zudem arthrotische Veränderungen sowie hervortretende Sehnen und atrophierte Muskulatur. Beim Bronzeabguss sind die beschriebenen Auffälligkeiten deutlicher zu erkennen. Ein 3D-Scan des Bronzeabgusses der rechten Hand Paganinis mit einem Strukturlichtscanner würde die Möglichkeit eröffnen, Messdaten der Hand zu erhalten.
eLetter zum Artikel "Plague Through History" von Nils Chr. Stenseth, veröffentlicht in Science, Vol. 321, Issue 5890, Seite 773-774 (doi.org/10.1126/science.1161496)