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The M-Bus protocol (EN13757) is in widespread use for metering applications within home area and neighborhood area networks, but lacks a strict specification. This may lead to incompatibilities in real-life installations and to problems in the deployment of new M-Bus networks. This paper presents the development of a novel testbed to emulate physical Metering Bus (M-Bus) networks with different topologies and to allow the flexible verification of real M-Bus devices in real-world scenarios. The testbed is designed to support device manufacturers and service technicians in test and analysis of their devices within a specific network before their installation. The testbed is fully programmable, allowing flexible changes of network topologies, cable lengths and types. Itis easy to use, as only the master and the slaves devices have to be physically connected. This allows to autonomously perform multiple tests, including automated regression tests. The testbed is available to other researchers and developers. We invite companies and research institutions to use this M-Bus testbed to increase the common knowledge and real-world experience.
The CAN bus still is an important fieldbus in various domains, e.g. for in-car communication or automation applications. To counter security threats and concerns in such scenarios we design, implement, and evaluate the use of an end-to-end security concept based on the Transport Layer Security protocol. It is used to establish authenticated, integrity-checked, and confidential communication channels between field devices connected via CAN. Our performance measurements show that it is possible to use TLS at least for non time-critical applications, as well as for generic embedded networks.
Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware-based security primitives, which allow for inherent device fingerprinting. Therefore, intrinsic variation of imperfect manufactured systems is exploited to generate device-specific, unique identifiers. With printed electronics (PE) joining the internet of things (IoT), hardware-based security for novel PE-based systems is of increasing importance. Furthermore, PE offers the possibility for split-manufacturing, which mitigates the risk of PUF response readout by third parties, before commissioning. In this paper, we investigate a printed PUF core as intrinsic variation source for the generation of unique identifiers from a crossbar architecture. The printed crossbar PUF is verified by simulation of a 8×8-cells crossbar, which can be utilized to generate 32-bit wide identifiers. Further focus is on limiting factors regarding printed devices, such as increased parasitics, due to novel materials and required control logic specifications. The simulation results highlight, that the printed crossbar PUF is capable to generate close-to-ideal unique identifiers at the investigated feature size. As proof of concept a 2×2-cells printed crossbar PUF core is fabricated and electrically characterized.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Synchronisation eines Netzwerkgeräts für die drahtlose Kommunikation, insbesondere eines Netzwerk-Endgeräts, in einem Drahtlosnetzwerk, wobei das Netzwerkgerät einen integrierten Schaltkreis für die drahtlose Kommunikation (IWC), eine Synchronisationsevent-Detektoreinrichtung (SED) für das Detektieren von Synchronisationsevents, einen steuerbaren Clock-Generator (CCG) für das Erzeugen eines synchronisierten Zeitsignals TCCGund eine Synchronisationssteuereinrichtung (SCD) zur Steuerung des Synchronisationsvorgangs des Netzwerkgeräts umfasst. In dem Netzwerkgerät werden während einer Synchronisationsphase folgende Verfahrensschritte durchgeführt: Zunächst wird ein Synchronisations-Frame empfangen und ein Synchronisations-Timestamp TAPdetektiert. Anschließend wird ein Timestamp TBmittels einer im IWC enthaltenen IWC-Clock erzeugt, der die Empfangszeit des Synchronisations-Frames definiert. In einem weiteren Schritt wird an einem Port des IWC ein Potenzialwechsel erzeugt, der einen Synchronisationsevent darstellt. Weiterhin wird ein Timestamp TSEmittels der IWC-Clock erzeugt, der den Zeitpunkt des Synchronisationsevents definiert. Die SED detektiert den Synchronisationsevent durch Auswerten der zeitlichen Länge des Potenzialwechsels des Ports des IWC und erzeugt einen Timestamp TSunter Verwendung des synchronisierten Zeitsignals TCCG, wobei der Timestamp TSdenselben Zeitpunkt des Synchronisationsevents definiert wie der Timestamp TSE. Die Timestamps TAP, TB, TSEund TS, die mittels Verarbeitung von ein oder mehreren Synchronisationsevent-Frames gemäß den Schritten (a) bis (d) ermittelt wurden, werden dann zur Synchronisierung des vom CCG erzeugten synchronisierten Zeitsignals TCCGauf das Master-Zeitsignal verwendet.
The Bluetooth community is in the process to develop mesh technology. This is highly promising as Bluetooth is widely available in Smart Phones and Tablet PCs, allowing an easy access to the Internet of Things. In this paper work, we investigate the performance of Bluetooth enabled mesh networking that we performed to identify the strengths and weaknesses. A demonstrator for this protocol has been implemented by using the Fruity Mesh protocol implementation. Extensive test cases have been executed to measure the performance, the reliability, the power consumption and the delay. For this, an Automated Physical Testbed (APTB), which emulates the physical channels has been used. The results of these measurements are considered useful for the real implementation of Bluetooth; not only for home and building automation, but also for industrial automation.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have emerged as interesting topic in the research community due to its manifold applications. One of the main challenges of this field is the energy consumption of the nodes, which typically is quite restricted due to the required lifetime of such WSNs. To solve that problem several energy-saving MAC protocols have been developed so far. One of them recently presented by the authors is the so-called SmartMAC as an extension to the IEEE802.15.4 standard. In this paper, we present the implementation details of the porting of the SmartMAC protocol to the discrete event network simulator NS3. We develop this module for NS3 to simulate the performance, multi node execution, and multi node configuration. Along with this model, we also present an energy model for the evaluation of the energy consumption. The current implementation in NS3 is based on the LR-WPAN (Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks) as specified by the IEEE802.15.4 (2006) standard. The simulation results show that the SmartMAC with its sleep and wake-up mechanisms for the transceivers, is significantly more efficient than the current NS3 MAC (Medium Access Control) scheme.
Due to its numerous application fields and benefits, virtualization has become an interesting and attractive topic in computer and mobile systems, as it promises advantages for security and cost efficiency. However, it may bring additional performance overhead. Recently, CPU virtualization has become more popular for embedded platforms, where the performance overhead is especially critical. In this article, we present the measurements of the performance overhead of the two hypervisors Xen and Jailhouse on ARM processors in the context of the heavy load “Cpuburn-a8” application and compare it to a native Linux system running on ARM processors.