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In this article we outline the model development planned within the joint projectModel-based city planningand application in climate change (MOSAIK). The MOSAIK project is funded by the German FederalMinistry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the frameworkUrban Climate Under Change ([UC]2)since 2016. The aim of MOSAIK is to develop a highly-efficient, modern, and high-resolution urban climatemodel that allows to be applied for building-resolving simulations of large cities such as Berlin (Germany).The new urban climate model will be based on the well-established large-eddy simulation code PALM, whichalready has numerous features related to this goal, such as an option for prescribing Cartesian obstacles. Inthis article we will outline those components that will be added or modified in the framework of MOSAIK.Moreover, we will discuss the everlasting issue of acquisition of suitable geographical information as inputdata and the underlying requirements from the model's perspective.
There is a strong interaction between the urban atmospheric canopy layer and the building energy balance. The urban atmospheric conditions affect the heat transfer through exterior walls, the long-wave heat transfer between the building surfaces and the surroundings, the short-wave solar heat gains, and the heat transport by ventilation. Considering also the internal heat gains and the heat capacity of the building structure, the energy demand for heating and cooling and the indoor thermal environment can be calculated based on the urban microclimatic conditions. According to the building energy concept, the energy demand results in an (anthropogenic) waste heat; this is directly transferred to the urban environment. Furthermore, the indoor temperature is re-coupled via the building envelope to the urban environment and affects indirectly the urban microclimate with a temporally lagged and damped temperature fluctuation. We developed a holistic building model for the combined calculation of indoor climate and energy demand based on an analytic solution of Fourier's equation and implemented this model into the PALM model.
In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. This is a follow-up paper to the PALM 4.0 model description in Maronga et al. (2015). During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components. In particular, much effort was made to enhance the model with components needed for applications in urban environments, like fully interactive land surface and radiation schemes, chemistry, and an indoor model. This paper serves as an overview paper of the PALM 6.0 model system and we describe its current model core. The individual components for urban applications, case studies, validation runs, and issues with suitable input data are presented and discussed in a series of companion papers in this special issue.