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The Metering Bus, also known as M-Bus, is a European standard EN13757-3 for reading out metering devices, like electricity, water, gas, or heat meters. Although real-life M-Bus networks can reach a significant size and complexity, only very simple protocol analyzers are available to observe and maintain such networks. In order to provide developers and installers with the ability to analyze the real bus signals easily, a web-based monitoring tool for the M-Bus has been designed and implemented. Combined with a physical bus interface it allows for measuring and recording the bus signals. For this at first a circuit has been developed, which transforms the voltage and current-modulated M-Bus signals to a voltage signal that can be read by a standard ADC and processed by an MCU. The bus signals and packets are displayed using a web server, which analyzes and classifies the frame fragments. As an additional feature an oscilloscope functionality is included in order to visualize the physical signal on the bus. This paper describes the development of the read-out circuit for the Wired M-Bus and the data recovery.
Hybrid low-voltage physical unclonable function based on inkjet-printed metal-oxide transistors
(2020)
Modern society is striving for digital connectivity that demands information security. As an emerging technology, printed electronics is a key enabler for novel device types with free form factors, customizability, and the potential for large-area fabrication while being seamlessly integrated into our everyday environment. At present, information security is mainly based on software algorithms that use pseudo random numbers. In this regard, hardware-intrinsic security primitives, such as physical unclonable functions, are very promising to provide inherent security features comparable to biometrical data. Device-specific, random intrinsic variations are exploited to generate unique secure identifiers. Here, we introduce a hybrid physical unclonable function, combining silicon and printed electronics technologies, based on metal oxide thin film devices. Our system exploits the inherent randomness of printed materials due to surface roughness, film morphology and the resulting electrical characteristics. The security primitive provides high intrinsic variation, is non-volatile, scalable and exhibits nearly ideal uniqueness.
In dem Maße, in dem sich die industrielle Automatisierung verändert, verändern sich auch die Anforderungen an die Sicherheit. Neben der funktionalen Sicherheit rückt dabei immer mehr die Datensicherheit in den Mittelpunkt. Als „best practice“ bietet es sich an, bewährte Sicherungstechniken aus der IT auch in der industriellen Kommunikation einzusetzen.
Security in IT systems, particularly in embedded devices like Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs), has become an important matter of concern as it is the prerequisite for ensuring privacy and safety. Among a multitude of existing security measures, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol family offers mature and standardized means for establishing secure communication channels over insecure transport media. In the context of classical IT infrastructure, its security with regard to protocol and implementation attacks has been subject to extensive research. As TLS protocols find their way into embedded environments, we consider the security and robustness of implementations of these protocols specifically in the light of the peculiarities of embedded systems. We present an approach for systematically checking the security and robustness of such implementations using fuzzing techniques and differential testing. In spite of its origin in testing TLS implementations we expect our approach to likewise be applicable to implementations of other cryptographic protocols with moderate efforts.
Während neue Komponenten für „Short Range Wireless Networks“ längere Zeit eher moderate technische Fortschritte gebracht haben, sind in jüngerer Zeit einige außerordentlich interessante strategische Entwicklungslinien deutlich geworden, die in diesem Beitrag an Hand von konkreten Produktbeispielen vorgestellt werden.
Machine-to-machine communication is continuously extending to new application fields. Especially smart metering has the potential to become the first really large-scale M2M application. Although in the future distributed meter devices will be mainly connected via dedicated primary communication protocols, like ZigBee, Wireless
M-Bus or alike, a major percentage of all meters will be connected via point to point communication using GPRS or UMTS platforms. Thus, such meter devices have to be extremely cost and energy efficient, especially if the devices are battery based and powered several years by a single battery. This paper presents the development of an automated measurement unit for power and time, thus energy characteristics can be recorded. The measurement unit includes a hardware platform for the device
under test (DUT) and a database based software environment for a smooth execution and analysis of the measurements.
The research project Ko-TAG [2], as part of the research initiative Ko-FAS [1], funded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technologies (BMWi), deals with the development of a wireless cooperative sensor system that shall pro-vide a benefit to current driver assistance systems (DAS) and traffic safety applications (TSA). The system’s primary function is the localization of vulnerable road users (VRU) e.g. pedestrians and powered two-wheelers, using communication signals, but can also serve as pre-crash (surround) safety system among vehicles. The main difference of this project, compared to previous ones that dealt with this topic, e.g. the AMULETT project, is an underlying FPGA based Hardware-Software co-design. The platform drives a real-time capable communication protocol that enables highly scalable network topologies fulfilling the hard real-time requirements of the single localization processes. Additionally it allows the exchange of further data (e.g. sensor data) to support the accident pre-diction process and the channel arbitration, and thus supports true cooperative sensing. This paper gives an overview of the project’s current system design as well as of the implementations of the key HDL entities supporting the software parts of the communication protocol. Furthermore, an approach for the dynamic reconfiguration of the devices is described, which provides several topology setups using a single PCB design.
The efficient support of Hardwae-In-theLoop (HIL) in the design process of hardwaresoftware-co-designed systems is an ongoing challenge. This paper presents a network-based integration of hardware elements into the softwarebased image processing tool „ADTF“, based on a high-performance Gigabit Ethernet MAC and a highly-efficient TCP/IP-stack. The MAC has been designed in VHDL. It was verified in a SystemCsimulation environment and tested on several Altera FPGAs.
The communication technologies for automatic me-ter reading (smart metering) and for energy production and distribution networks (smart grid) have the potential to be one of the first really highly scaled machine-to-machine-(M2M)-applications. During the last years two very promising devel-opments around the wireless part of smart grid communication were initialized, which possibly have an impact on the markets far beyond Europe and far beyond energy automation. Besides the specifications of the Open Metering System (OMS) Group, the German Federal Office for Information Security (Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BSI) has designed a protection profile (PP) and a technical directive (TR) for the communication unit of an intelligent measurement sys-tem (smart meter gateway), which were released in March 2013. This design uses state-of-the-art technologies and prescribes their implementation in real-life systems. At first sight the expenditures for the prescribed solutions seem to be significant. But in the long run, this path is inevitable and comes with strategic advantages.
Bluetooth Low Energy extends the Bluetooth standard in version 4.0 for ultra-low energy applications through the extensive usage of low-power sleeping periods, which inherently difficult in frequency hopping technologies. This paper gives an introduction into the specifics of the Bluetooth Low Energy protocol, shows a sample implementation, where an embedded device is controlled by an Android smart phone, and shows the results of timing and current consumption measurements.