Fakultät Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik (M+V)
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In 4D printing, an additively manufactured component is given the ability to change its shape or function in an intended and useful manner over time. The technology of 4D printing is still in an early stage of development. Nevertheless, interesting research and initial applications exist in the literature. In this work, a novel methodical approach is presented that helps transfer existing 4D printing research results and knowledge into solving application tasks systematically. Moreover, two different smart materials are analyzed, used, and combined following the presented methodical approach to solving the given task in the form of recovering an object from a poorly accessible space. This is implemented by self-positioning, grabbing, and extracting the target object. The first smart material used to realize these tasks is a shape-memory polymer, while the second is a polymer-based magnetic composite. In addition to the presentation and detailed implementation of the methodical approach, the potentials and behavior of the two smart materials are further examined and narrowed down as a result of the investigation. The results show that the developed methodical approach contributes to moving 4D printing closer toward a viable alternative to existing technologies due to its problem-oriented nature.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Beantwortung der Frage, wie sich eine individuelle Fußbettung auf die Druckverteilung im Fuß und das körperliche Wohlbefinden im Allgemeinen auswirkt. Zu Anfang stehen die Nullhypothesen, dass durch eine solche Einlage keine Veränderungen in der Druckverteilung zu erwarten sind.
Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wurde eine experimentelle interventionelle Pilotstudie mit einer Kohorte von neun Probanden ohne orthopädische Probleme durchgeführt, die alle eine individuelle Schuheinlage erhielten. Die plantare Druckverteilung im Schuh wurde einmal ohne und einmal mit der Einlage sowohl statisch als auch dynamisch erfasst. Die Ergebnisse wurden anschließend verglichen. Die dynamische Datenerfassung beinhaltete die folgenden Konditionen: geradeaus Gehen, Gehen im Kreis (links- und rechtsherum), Stehen und der Transfer einer Kiste mit sich drehendem Oberkörper. Gleichzeitig wurde das Wohlbefinden der Probanden mit verschiedenen Fragebögen erfasst.
Die Anwendung einer individuellen Einlage zeigte im Bereich des medialen Mittelfußes einen Druckanstieg von über 100%, der Rückfuß wurde während des Stehens und Gehens entlastet. Der Vorfuß wurde während des Stehens teilweise mehr belastet. Diese Veränderungen können unter Umständen auf das Einführen der Längsgewölbestütze in der Einlage zurückgeführt werden. Die Auswertung der Fragebögen zu dieser Studie ergab, dass sich speziell für die Füße das Wohlbefinden leicht zum Schlechteren änderte, andere Bereiche, welche in den Fragebögen eruiert wurden, zeigten keine nennenswerten Veränderungen auf.
Daraus wird geschlossen, dass eine Schuheinlage die Druckverteilung in der Fußsohle stark verändern kann. Weiterführende Studien könnten den Einfluss der Einlage im Allgemeinen und der Wirkungsweise einer Längsgewölbestütze im Besonderen mit kinematischen Daten weiter belegen. Längerfristige Studien könnten die Langzeitwirkung von Einlagen auf das Wohlbefinden genauer erforschen.
In recent years, the demand for reliable power, driven by sensitive electronic equipment, has surged. Even minor deviations from the nominal supply can lead to malfunctions or failure. Despite technological advancements, power quality issues persist due to various factors like short circuits, overloads, voltage fluctuations, unbalanced loads, and non-linear loads.
This thesis extensively explores power quality anomalies in industrial and commercial sectors, using power system data as the primary analytical resource. It addresses the critical need for power supply reliability in today's evolving power grid industry, affected by non-linear loads, renewable energy integration, and electric vehicles. This field of study is paramount for ensuring power supply reliability and stability in the evolving power grid industry.
The core of this thesis involves a comprehensive investigation of power quality, with a focus on frequency, power, and harmonics in voltage and current signals. The research employs Python programming for advanced data analysis, utilizing techniques such as advanced Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis. The primary objective is to provide valuable insights aimed at elevating power supply quality and enhancing reliability in both industrial and commercial environments.
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol (PEG) raw precipitates, from which virions were selectively re-solubilized in reverse PEG concentration gradients. This procedure improved the integrity of both TVCVPA and the wild-type subgroup 3 tobamovirus. TVCVPA could be loaded with more than 500 IgGs per virion, which mediated the immunocapture of fluorescent dyes, GFP, and active enzymes. Bi-enzyme ensembles of cooperating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were tethered together on the TVCVPA carriers via a single antibody type, with one enzyme conjugated chemically to its Fc region, and the other one bound as a target, yielding synthetic multi-enzyme complexes. In microtiter plates, the TVCVPA-displayed sugar-sensing system possessed a considerably increased reusability upon repeated testing, compared to the IgG-bound enzyme pair in the absence of the virus. A high coverage of the viral adapters was also achieved on Ta2O5 sensor chip surfaces coated with a polyelectrolyte interlayer, as a prerequisite for durable TVCVPA-assisted electrochemical biosensing via modularly IgG-assembled sensor enzymes.
Turbocharger housings in internal combustion engines are subjected to severe mechanical and thermal cyclic loads throughout their life-time or during engine testing. The combination of thermal transients and mechanical load cycling results in a complex evolution of damage, leading to thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) of the material. For the computational TMF life assessment of high temperature components, the DTMF model can provide reliable TMF life predictions. The model is based on a short fatigue crack growth law and uses local finite-element (FE) results to predict the number of cycles to failure for a technical crack. In engine applications, it is nowadays often acceptable to have short cracks as long as they do not propagate and cause loss of function of the component. Thus, it is necessary to predict not only potential crack locations and the corresponding number of cycles for a technical crack, but also to determine subsequent crack growth or even a possible crack arrest. In this work, a method is proposed that allows the simulation of TMF crack growth in high temperature components using FE simulations and non-linear fracture mechanics (NLFM).
A NLFM based crack growth simulation method is described. This method starts with the FE analysis of a component. In this paper, the method is demonstrated for an automotive turbocharger housing subjected to TMF loading. A transient elastic-viscoplastic FE analysis is used to simulate four heating and cooling cycles of an engine test. The stresses, inelastic strains, and temperature histories from the FEA are then used to perform TMF life predictions using the standard DTMF model. The crack position and the crack plane of critical hotspots are then identified. Simulated cracks are inserted at the hotspots. For the model demonstrated, cracks were inserted at two hotspot locations. The ΔJ integral is computed as a fracture mechanics parameter at each point along the crack-front, and the crack extension of each point is then evaluated, allowing the crack to grow iteratively. The paper concludes with a comparison of the crack growth curves for both hotspots with experimental results.
Cast aluminum cylinder blocks are frequently used in gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines because of their light-weight advantage. However, the disadvantage of aluminum alloys is their relatively low strength and fatigue resistance which make aluminum blocks prone to fatigue cracking. Engine blocks must withstand a combination of low-cycle fatigue (LCF) thermal loads and high-cycle fatigue (HCF) combustion and dynamic loads. Reliable computational methods are needed that allow for accurate fatigue assessment of cylinder blocks under this combined loading. In several publications, the mechanism-based thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) damage model DTMF describing the growth of short fatigue cracks has been extended to include the effect of both LCF thermal loads and superimposed HCF loadings. This approach is applied to the finite life fatigue assessment of an aluminum cylinder block. The required material properties related to LCF are determined from uniaxial LCF tests. The additional material properties required for the assessment of superimposed HCF are obtained from the literature for similar materials. The predictions of the model agree well with engine dyno test results. Finally, some improvements to the current process are discussed.
The cellulase-producing Trichoderma reesei strain RL-P37 exhibits significant potential, yielding 7.3 g/L of cellulase in 241 hours. Microscopic investigations reveal a link between spore formation and enzyme production, suggesting the need for research into the intricate relationship between enzyme production, stress responses, and the nutritional prerequisites of fungi. Comparatively, the use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment, as opposed to water treatment, results in the reduction of micronutrient content and carbon source extraction as filtrate. Despite these challenges, research by He et al. (2021) highlights NaOH's efficiency in cellulose extraction from plant-based sources. Using NaOH pretreatment can be proven as effective by designing a proper cultivation method. The selection of inducers for enzyme induction gains importance, with soluble inducers, as emphasized by Zhang et al. (2022), exhibiting superior effectiveness. Hence, adopting soluble inducers in designing cultivation methods for improved enzyme production in shaking flasks is recommended. Enzymatic treatment of bio-waste, as outlined by Hu et al. (2021), shows promise in augmenting essential component content by breaking down plant cell walls and intercellular compartments. However, the feasibility of using an artificial bio-waste medium for cultivating Trichoderma reesei is questioned. Investigating the impact of micronutrient levels, particularly the inhibitory role of zinc, on fungal growth becomes essential. These findings underscore the necessity for ongoing research and optimization in cellulase production, emphasizing both strain productivity and cultivation methodologies.
Chitin ist nach Cellulose, das am zweit häufigsten vorkommende Biopolymer auf der Erde und erlangt durch die positiven Eigenschaften seiner Oligomere immer mehr an Aufmerksamkeit in der Industrie. Derzeit werden Chitin-Oligomere rein chemisch mittels starker Säurebehandlung gewonnen. Alternativ können Endo- und Exochitinasen für eine umweltfreundlichere Hydrolyse eingesetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden drei fungale Endochitinasen aus den Ursprungsorganismen Trichoderma harzianum (Chit33-TH), Trichoderma asperellum (Chit36-TA) und Myceliophthora thermophila (Chit46-MT) in Pichia pastoris rekombinant exprimiert, mittels Ni-NTA-Affinitätschromatographie und Dialyse aufgereinigt und biochemisch charakterisiert. Dabei zeigten die Chitinasen maximale spezifische Umsatzgeschwindigkeiten von 16 (Chit33-TH), 50 (Chit36-TA) und 98 nkat/mg (Chit46-MT). Die Endochitinasen hatten nach der Deglykosylierung ein molekulares Gewicht von 33 (Chit33-TH), 36 (Chit36-TA) und 46 kDa (Chit46-MT). Die pH-Optima und Temperaturmaxima lagen für alle drei Enzyme bei einem pH-Wert von 4,5 und 50 °C, zudem waren sie bei 45 bis 50 °C für 15 Minuten temperaturstabil. Detergenzien und Kationen wie Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+ und Zn2+ hatten einen inhibierenden Effekt ab 1 mM. Höhere Ca2+-Konzentrationen ab 10 mM reduzierten die Enzymaktivität um bis zu 30 %. Eine Produktinhibition mit N-Acetylglucosamin konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Bei allen rekombinanten Enzymen konnte mittels DNS-Assay die Freisetzung von reduzierenden Zuckerenden und somit geeignete Eigenschaften kolloidales Chitin zu wasserlösliche ChitinOligomere umzuwandeln, nachgewiesen werden. Insbesondere Chit46-MT erreichte nach 24 h einen Hydrolysegrad bis zu 96 % und bewies, dass eine enzymatische Hydrolyse für die industrielle Chitin-Oligomerproduktion nutzbar ist.
One of the main problematics of the seals tests is the time and money consuming they are. Up to now, there are few tries to do a digitalisation of a test where the seals behaviour can be known.
This work aims to digitally reproduce a seal test to extract their behaviour when working under different operation conditions to see their impact on the pimp’s efficiency. In this thesis, due to the Lomaking effect, the leakage and the forces applied on the stator will be the base of analysis.
First of all, among all the literature available for very different kind of seals and inner patterns, it has been chosen the most appropriate and precise data. The data chosen is “Test results for liquid Damper Seals using a Round-Hole Roughness Pattern for the Stator” from Fayolle, P. and “Static and Rotordynamic Characteristics of Liquid Annular Seals with Circumferentially/Grooved Stator and Smooth Rotor using three levels of circumferential Inlet-Fluid” from Torres J.M.
From the literature, dimensions of the test rig and the seals will be extracted to model them into a 3D CAD software. With the 3D CAD digitalisation, the fluid volumes for a rotor-centred position, meaning without eccentricity, will be extracted, and used. The following components have been modelled:
- Smooth Annular Liquid Seal (Grooved Rotor)
- Grooved Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
- Round-Hole Pattern Annular Liquid Seal (𝐻𝑑=2 𝑚𝑚) (Smooth Rotor)
- Straight Honeycomb Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
- Convergent Honeycomb Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
- Smooth Rotor / Smooth Annular Liquid Seal (Smooth Rotor)
As there is just one test rig, all the components have been adapted to the different dimensions of the seals by referencing some measures. This allows to test any seal with the same test rig.
Afterwards a CFD simulation that will be used to obtain leakage and stator forces. The parameters that will be changed are the rotational velocity of the fluid (2000 rpm, 4000 rpm, and 6000 rpm) and the pressure drop (2,068 bar, 4,137 bar, 6,205 bar, and 8,274 bar).
Those results will be compared to the literature ones, and they will determine if digitalisation can be validated or not. Even though the relative error is higher than 5% but the tendency is the same and it is thought that by changing some parameters the test results can be even closer to the literature ones.