IfTI Working Paper
Working Paper aus dem Institute for Trade and Innovation
Refine
Document Type
- Study Thesis (13)
- Working Paper (11)
Language
- English (24)
Has Fulltext
- yes (24)
Keywords
- COVID-19 (16)
- Government Measures (13)
- Export (11)
- Corona (9)
- Crisis (8)
- Außenhandel (2)
- Credit Agency (2)
- ECA (2)
- Exportfinanzierung (2)
- Finance (2)
Institute
Open Access
- Open Access (23)
- Closed Access (1)
24 (2021)
The global pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 requires governments to implement and strengthen climate policies as global emissions are reaching record level. Climate finance plays a crucial role in the net zero transition. It refers to local, national or transnational financing seeking to support mitigation and adaptation actions that address climate change. Public export-import banks (EXIMs) and government export credit agencies (ECAs) are highly influential actors for climate action. Although there is no consensus among EXIMs and ECAs on how to define climate finance, 20 institutions assessed in this report give evidence that they significantly support climate action related transactions: EXIM and ECA financing and insurance amounted to EUR 6.7-8.4 billion in 2020, much more than estimated by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI). However, the results also show that EXIM and ECA lending and insurance activities must rise substantially in order to contribute to the climate finance volumes required by 2030 as estimated by CPI. To retain their current proportion relative to other climate finance flows, assessed institutions would need to increase their climate financing 6.8 times to between EUR 45.3 billion and EUR 57.4 billion by 2030.
23 (2021)
The aim of the essay is to identify current trends in infrastructure financing in times of net zero, crucial challenges, and solutions to overcome these issues. To gain information, a fundamental literal research, and interviews with infrastructure financing specialists of development banks were conducted. The growing importance of climate aspects for financing decisions, the changing sources of infrastructure funding and the increased role of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) can be listed as the most important trends. The main challenges are the financing gap for infrastructure, the high investment risks and a lack of standards, and policies regarding climate neutrality. To overcome these challenges, innovative financing solutions and the merging of public and private funding have been identified as potential solutions.
22 (2021)
This paper examines and evaluates the challenges and opportunities of export credit agencies (ECA) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Political risks, unrest and instability made exports in the MENA region arduous. Further challenges are demonetization, the lack of reliable information and the acquisition of skilled employees. Access to financial resources can be quite challenging and several ECAs in the MENA region struggle from having no economies of scale. The global trend of globalisation and digitalisation has proved to be both a challenge and an opportunity. Nevertheless, the ECAs are becoming progressively important and needed in the MENA region. ECAs can benefit from this by working closely with financial institutions, banks and stakeholders. Other opportunities are infrastructure, renewable energies, international events and the diversification of the product portfolio. Through research on the ECAs EGE, ECI, Credit Oman and ICIEC, differences of multilateral and national export credit agencies have been analysed as well.
21 (2021)
The aim of this essay is to point out the challenges and opportunities of government export credits and insurance in Europe. The Covid-19 pandemic confronted the entire world with new challenges. This also applied to the export financing and insurance market. Furthermore, there are also challenges that play a major role for ECAs regardless of the pandemic. However, the risks are also offset by opportunities that may enable European export credit agencies to prevail against international competition.
The focus of this essay is on the export credit agencies from Finland (Finnvera), Sweden (EKN) and Portugal (COSEC). As part of the European Union (EU) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) the three ECAs share many fundamental similarities but in some points they may also distinguish from each other.
20 (2021)
The aim of this essay is to give an overview about recent developments of the government innovation funds of Sweden and Finland. In order to discover recent developments basic knowledge regarding innovation funds, funding structures and information about the two big funding agencies Vinnova Sweden and Business Finland is presented. Building on this information, the developments of the two funding agencies are compared and examined for similarities and differences. Both countries have a very similar structure in terms of the R&D sector and are striving with the same issues. Just as sustainability is a leading issue, the collaboration between the different shareholders is another main challenge. Both topics were negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both Sweden and Finland had to really push forward innovation with financial support and political, strategic goals. Even though there are strong recent developments, the countries are facing the same challenges, do have similar funding structures and therefore have no big comparative strengths or weaknesses to each other.
19 (2021)
Innovation Policies and Government Instruments – An illustration of Israel’s innovation system
(2021)
The aim of this paper is to introduce innovation policy measures, government instruments and conceptual approaches to promote innovation growth. Since Israel is increasingly establishing itself as a pioneer for innovation, this paper mainly refers to their innovation policy. This paper will explain why Israel's innovation policy is successful and which actors play a particularly important role in it. Using semi-structured interviews, government experts like the Israel Innovation Authority as well as companies like Bosch were asked about Israel’s national innovation system and its success which allowed diverse perspectives on the topic.
18 (2021)
The aim of this essay is to give a systematic review of the literature. Climate change is omnipresent and manifests itself in a steady increase in global warming. This trend was triggered as a reaction to increasing emissions in the course of industrialization. Climate finance is generally understood to be the provision of public, private, and alternative sources of finance that represent measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Significant commitments to support developing countries by developed countries have been manifested in the UNFCC climate framework and the Paris Climate Agreement. Funding from public and private sources increased to a total of $540 billion in 2019. Whether multilateral or bilateral, the largest share is provided in the form of loans to the target countries.
17 (2021)
Germany was considered the world's export champion for a long time, until it was overtaken by China in 2009. Both nations provide officially supported export credits to national exporting organizations, but the two systems operate differently. German export credit guarantees serve as a substitute when the private market is unable to assume the risks of exporting companies. The German Export Credit Agency Euler Hermes is responsible for processing applications on behalf of the Federal Government. China belongs to the largest providers of export finance with the institutions China EXIM and Sinosure. While Germany is bound by the OECD consensus, which defines the level playing field, Chinese export credit agencies have greater flexibility not being bound by international rules or agreements.
16 (2021)
Disruptive innovations can solve major global challenges. However, the system in Germany does not sufficiently favor the development of such innovations. The disruptive output of leading nations like the United States puts increasing pressure on Germany’s innovation leadership. The German innovation agency SPRIND was founded in 2019 and is a suitable instrument to promote disruptive innovations. The SPRIND itself cites the American innovation agency DARPA, which has been promoting disruptive innovations since 1958, a role model. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of DARPA and SPRIND. To answer the research question, secondary sources were used. In addition, two expert interviews were conducted with employees of SPRIND. The result of this paper is a systematic comparison that identifies the key differences and similarities between the two agencies. SPRIND is based on DARPA in key success factors, such as the person-centered approach, funding instruments or risk management. However, compared to DARPA, SPRIND has a major disadvantage; namely several administrative hurdles which inhibit agile action.
15 (2020)
Supporting the COVID-19 response in Asia and the Pacific—The role of the Asian Development Bank.
(2020)
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all countries of the Asia Pacific region over the last few months with far reaching economic, health and social consequences. To counter the impact, governments have accelerated their health spending and announced large macroeconomic stabilization and stimulus policy packages. As with past disasters and crises in the region, the Asian Development Bank has reacted with a number of targeted support interventions since the very early stages of the outbreak. In mid- April 2020, the Bank then put forward a comprehensive COVID-19 Response Package totalling $20 billion to support its member countries which rests on four pillars.
The last few months have proven that multilateral development banks like the Asian Development Bank have the ability to respond quickly and to mobilize significant resources for a global emergency like COVID-19. Whilst this financial supported is urgently needed at this point, attention will need to be paid on how debt sustainability for low- and middle-income countries can be ensured in the coming years. Given the unprecedented scale of and uncertainty around the COVID-19 pandemic, it may offer a window of opportunity to redesign the way developmental finance is coordinated and the way it is delivered. This also includes a chance to “build back better” and to focus on a sustainable, resilient and green recovery.