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The use of biochar is an important tool to improve soil fertility, reduce the negative environmental impacts of agriculture, and build up terrestrial carbon sinks. However, crop yield increases by biochar amendment were not shown consistently for fertile soils under temperate climate. Recent studies show that biochar is more likely to increase crop yields when applied in combination with nutrients to prepare biochar-based fertilizers. Here, we focused on the root-zone amendment of biochar combined with mineral fertilizers in a greenhouse trial with white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. Capitata var. Alba) cultivated in a nutrient-rich silt loam soil originating from the temperate climate zone (Bavaria, Germany). Biochar was applied at a low dosage (1.3 t ha−1). The biochar was placed either as a concentrated hotspot below the seedling or it was mixed into the soil in the root zone representing a mixture of biochar and soil in the planting basin. The nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium nitrate or urea) was either applied on the soil surface or loaded onto the biochar representing a nitrogen-enhanced biochar. On average, a 12% yield increase in dry cabbage heads was achieved with biochar plus fertilizer compared to the fertilized control without biochar. Most consistent positive yield responses were observed with a hotspot root-zone application of nitrogen-enhanced biochar, showing a maximum 21% dry cabbage-head yield increase. Belowground biomass and root-architecture suggested a decrease in the fine root content in these treatments compared to treatments without biochar and with soil-mixed biochar. We conclude that the hotspot amendment of a nitrogen-enhanced biochar in the root zone can optimize the growth of white cabbage by providing a nutrient depot in close proximity to the plant, enabling efficient nutrient supply. The amendment of low doses in the root zone of annual crops could become an economically interesting application option for biochar in the temperate climate zone.
Introduction The use of scaffolds in tissue engineering is becoming increasingly important as solutions need to be found for the problem of preserving human tissue, such as bone or cartilage. In this work, scaffolds were printed from the biomaterial known as polycaprolactone (PCL) on a 3D Bioplotter. Both the external and internal geometry were varied to investigate their influence on mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Materials and Methods: An Envisiontec 3D Bioplotter was used to fabricate the scaffolds. First, square scaffolds were printed with variations in the strand width and strand spacing. Then, the filling structure was varied: either lines, waves, and honeycombs were used. This was followed by variation in the outer shape, produced as either a square, hexagon, octagon, or circle. Finally, the internal and external geometry was varied. To improve interaction with the cells, the printed PCL scaffolds were coated with type-I collagen. MG-63 cells were then cultured on the scaffolds and various tests were performed to investigate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Results: With increasing strand thickness and strand spacing, the compressive strengths decreased from 86.18 + 2.34 MPa (200 µm) to 46.38 + 0.52 MPa (600 µm). The circle was the outer shape with the highest compressive strength of 76.07 + 1.49 MPa, compared to the octagon, which had the lowest value of 52.96 ± 0.98 MPa. Varying the external shape (toward roundness) geometry, as well as the filling configuration, resulted in the highest values of compressive strength for the round specimens with honeycomb filling, which had a value of 91.4 + 1.4 MPa. In the biocompatibility tests, the round specimens with honeycomb filling also showed the highest cell count per mm2, with 1591 ± 239 live cells/mm2 after 10 days and the highest value in cell proliferation, but with minimal cytotoxic effects (9.19 ± 2.47% after 3 days).
Lithium-ion batteries exhibit a dynamic voltage behaviour depending nonlinearly on current and state of charge. The modelling of lithium-ion batteries is therefore complicated and model parametrisation is often time demanding. Grey-box models combine physical and data-driven modelling to benefit from their respective advantages. Neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) offer new possibilities for grey-box modelling. Differential equations given by physical laws and NODEs can be combined in a single modelling framework. Here we demonstrate the use of NODEs for grey-box modelling of lithium-ion batteries. A simple equivalent circuit model serves as a basis and represents the physical part of the model. The voltage drop over the resistor–capacitor circuit, including its dependency on current and state of charge, is implemented as a NODE. After training, the grey-box model shows good agreement with experimental full-cycle data and pulse tests on a lithium iron phosphate cell. We test the model against two dynamic load profiles: one consisting of half cycles and one dynamic load profile representing a home-storage system. The dynamic response of the battery is well captured by the model.
Lithium-ion batteries exhibit a well-known trade-off between energy and power, which is problematic for electric vehicles which require both high energy during discharge (high driving range) and high power during charge (fast-charge capability). We use two commercial lithium-ion cells (high-energy [HE] and high-power) to parameterize and validate physicochemical pseudo-two-dimensional models. In a systematic virtual design study, we vary electrode thicknesses, cell temperature, and the type of charging protocol. We are able to show that low anode potentials during charge, inducing lithium plating and cell aging, can be effectively avoided either by using high temperatures or by using a constant-current/constant-potential/constant-voltage charge protocol which includes a constant anode potential phase. We introduce and quantify a specific charging power as the ratio of discharged energy (at slow discharge) and required charging time (at a fast charge). This value is shown to exhibit a distinct optimum with respect to electrode thickness. At 35°C, the optimum was achieved using an HE electrode design, yielding 23.8 Wh/(min L) volumetric charging power at 15.2 min charging time (10% to 80% state of charge) and 517 Wh/L discharge energy density. By analyzing the various overpotential contributions, we were able to show that electrolyte transport losses are dominantly responsible for the insufficient charge and discharge performance of cells with very thick electrodes.
Dieses Buch gibt einen fundierten Überblick über Krisen- und Transformationsszenarien im Rahmen der Corona-Pandemie in Wirtschaft, Kultur und Bildung. Den Schwerpunkt bilden konkrete Schilderungen erfolgreicher Maßnahmen und Lösungen in der Krise. Zahlreiche Expert*innen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis erläutern den Umgang mit der Pandemie in Institutionen und Unternehmen, die wirksame Entwicklung von Zukunftsperspektiven sowie ihre Umsetzung in den Alltag.
Die Corona-Pandemie hat in vielen Bereichen eine Krise ausgelöst und durch die zwingende Notwendigkeit zum Handeln einen katalytischen Effekt bewirkt. Entwicklungen wurden verstärkt oder beschleunigt und Transformationsprozesse, beispielsweise die Digitalisierung vieler Branchen und Lebensbereiche, in ihrer Richtung und Dynamik beeinflusst.
Anhand von Good Practises bieten die Autoren Lösungsvorschläge, wie die Krise als Chance weiterentwickelt werden kann: von neuen Omnichannel-Lösungen im Vertrieb über innovative New-Work-Ansätze bis hin zu Beispielen aus den besonders schwer getroffenen Branchen Luftfahrt und Tourismus. Weitere Kernbereiche sind die Sektoren Kultur und Bildung mit Beispielen zu konkreten Überlebensstrategien von Künstler*innen sowie innovativen Digitalkonzepten in Lehre und Forschung. Das Buch richtet sich gleichermaßen an wirtschaftlich und gesellschaftlich Interessierte, Studierende und Praktiker*innen.
This mature textbook brings the fundamentals of fluid mechanics in a concise and mathematically understandable presentation. In the current edition, a section on dissipation and viscous potential flows has been added. Exercises with solutions help to apply the material correctly and promote understanding.
Jürgen Zierep passed away on July 29, 2021, at the age of 92. To him, science and education was not only a profession, but an affair of the heart. His impressive contributions in fluid mechanics comprise about 200 scientific publications in the fields of gas dynamics, similarity laws, flow instabilities, flows with energy transfer, and non-Newtonian fluids. In addition, he wrote eleven textbooks with great dedication. Those books by the “scientist who loves to teach” are nowadays available in different languages and regularly appear in new editions.
Intelligentes Data Governance und Data Management – Neue Chancen für die Kundendatenbewirtschaftung
(2022)
Mit der Digitalisierung haben sich für Marketing und Vertrieb vielzählige unterschiedliche neue Kanäle, Werbeformate und Zielgruppen eröffnet. Expertinnen und Experten schätzen, dass ca. 4.000 bis 10.000 Werbe- und Markenbotschaften täglich auf jede und jeden von uns einprasseln. Mögen diese Zahlen umstritten und eine Zahl zwischen 300 bis 500 Botschaften pro Tag realistischer sein, so ist dies noch immer eine Menge, die kaum noch verarbeitet und wahrgenommen werden kann. Als Reaktion auf diese Werbemasse und Reizüberflutung haben Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten zum Teil eine Art „Werbeblindheit“ entwickelt.
Für Unternehmen wird daher zunehmend herausfordernder, ihre Zielgruppe aktiv zu erreichen. Was können Unternehmen nun tun, um dennoch nachhaltig Aufmerksamkeit zu gewinnen, und wie kann Künstliche-Intelligenz-gestütztes Kundendatenmanagement dabei helfen?
Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Welt verändert. Alle Wirtschaftszweige wie etwa der Handel sahen sich von heute auf morgen mit einer veränderten Realität konfrontiert. Diese Entwicklung hat einerseits den schon vor der Pandemie wahrnehmbaren Digitalisierungsdruck, vor allem auf den stationären Handel, massiv erhöht. Und andererseits die Daten von Kundinnen und Kunden in das Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit gerückt, da in der digitalen Welt der persönliche Kontakt zur Kundschaft fehlt. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Bedeutung von Kundendaten, Datenqualität und Datenmanagement als wesentliche Erfolgsfaktoren für den Handel in dieser herausfordernden Situation. Er zeigt auf, wie Datenverantwortliche im Handel aus dem Wissen um die Daten mittels Identity Resolution klare Profile von Kundinnen und Kunden entwickeln und diese plattformbasiert ausrollen können. Hierzu wird das neue Konzept des Customer Digital Twins eingeführt. Die abschließenden Handlungsempfehlungen bieten eine ‚Arbeitsanweisung in fünf Schritten‘ für eine aktuelle, vollständige und verlässliche Datenbasis, als Grundlage für den datenorientierten stationären und Onlinehandel.