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Das Ziel dieses Projekts ist die Entwicklung und Charakterisierung einer mikrobiellen Brennstoffzelle (MBZ). Die MBZ unterscheidet sich von einer herkömmlichen Brennstoffzelle darin, dass die an der Anode erzeugten Elektronen nicht vom molekularen Wasserstoff, sondern direkt von der im Anodenkompartiment wachsenden Biomasse aus organischen Verbindungen stammen. Die Funktionsweise einer solchen Zelle ist in Abbildung 3.4-1 dargestellt. Im Gegensatz zur herkömmlichen Brennstoffzelle können in einer MBZ auch Abwasserteilströme z. B. aus der Lebensmittelindustrie als Substrat eingesetzt werden. Der große Vorteil der MBZ besteht somit darin, dass Abwässer biologisch abgebaut und gleichzeitig elektrischer Strom erzeugt werden kann.
A two-dimensional single-phase model is developed for the steady-state and transient analysis of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Based on diluted and concentrated solution theories, viscous flow is introduced into a phenomenological multi-component modeling framework in the membrane. Characteristic variables related to the water uptake are discussed. A Butler–Volmer formulation of the current-overpotential relationship is developed based on an elementary mechanism of electrochemical oxygen reduction. Validated by using published V–I experiments, the model is then used to analyze the effects of operating conditions on current output and water management, especially net water transport coefficient along the channel. For a power PEMFC, the long-channel configuration is helpful for internal humidification and anode water removal, operating in counterflow mode with proper gas flow rate and humidity. In time domain, a typical transient process with closed anode is also investigated.
The state-of-the-art electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) calculations have not yet started from fully multi-dimensional modeling. For a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with long flow channel, the impedance plot shows a multi-arc characteristic and some impedance arcs could merge. By using a step excitation/Fourier transform algorithm, an EIS simulation is implemented for the first time based on the full 2D PEMFC model presented in the first part of this work. All the dominant transient behaviors are able to be captured. A novel methodology called ‘configuration of system dynamics’, which is suitable for any electrochemical system, is then developed to resolve the physical meaning of the impedance spectra. In addition to the high-frequency arc due to charge transfer, the Nyquist plots contain additional medium/low-frequency arcs due to mass transfer in the diffusion layers and along the channel, as well as a low-frequency arc resulting from water transport in the membrane. In some case, the impedance spectra appear partly inductive due to water transport, which demonstrates the complexity of the water management of PEMFCs and the necessity of physics-based calculations.