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The design of control systems in large-scale CPV power plants will be more challenging in the future. Reasons are the increasing size of power plants, the requirements of grid operators, new functions, and new technological trends in industrial automation or communication technology. Concepts and products from fixed-mounted PV can only partly be adopted since control systems for sun-tracking installations are considerable more complex due to the higher quantity of controllable entities. The objective of this paper is to deliver design considerations for next generation control systems. Therefore, the work identifies new applications of future control systems categorized into operation, monitoring and maintenance domains. The key-requirements of the technical system and the application layer are identified. In the resulting section, new strategies such as a more decentralized architecture are proposed and design criteria are derived. The contribution of this paper should allow manufacturers and research institutes to consider the design criteria in current development and to place further research on new functions and control strategies precisely.
Mathematik aus Gütersloh
(2013)
Die “Selbstbetrachtungen” des Marc Aurel – medizinisch-ethische Betrachtungen des Menschseins
(2013)
The aim of the paper was to investigate the energy saved in the shift from separate generation of thermal and electrical energy to trigeneration at the energy facility in Offenburg University of Applied Sciences (HS OG). The energy facility at HS OG used a traditional heating system and electricity from grid until 2007 afterwhich they installed a trigeneration system to meet its continuously changing dynamic thermal and electrical demands. This paper highlights the methodology that had been derived to analyze and study the effect of this shift based on the energy consumption data available from 2004 to 2011, which were scarce due to the limited monitoring. From the energy analysis, we concluded that 8 % primary energy was saved in this shift at the energy facility of HS OG. And from economical perspective 5 % useful thermal energy and 39 % useful electrical energy was saved in this shift at the energy facility of HS OG. Nevertheless, the term energy saving, in general, is very relative and complex to define in such a changeover.
Innovative combined heat, cold and power (Trigeneration) at Offenburg University of Applied Sciences
(2013)
In the brain-cell microenvironment, diffusion plays an important role: apart from delivering glucose and oxygen from the vascular system to brain cells, it also moves informational substances between cells. The brain is an extremely complex structure of interwoven, intercommunicating cells, but recent theoretical and experimental works showed that the classical laws of diffusion, cast in the framework of porous media theory, can deliver an accurate quantitative description of the way molecules are transported through this tissue. The mathematical modeling and the numerical simulations are successfully applied in the investigation of diffusion processes in tissues, replacing the costly laboratory investigations. Nevertheless, modeling must rely on highly accurate information regarding the main parameters (tortuosity, volume fraction) which characterize the tissue, obtained by structural and functional imaging. The usual techniques to measure the diffusion mechanism in brain tissue are the radiotracer method, the real time iontophoretic method and integrative optical imaging using fluorescence microscopy. A promising technique for obtaining the values for characteristic parameters of the transport equation is the direct optical investigation using optical fibers. The analysis of these parameters also reveals how the local geometry of the brain changes with time or under pathological conditions. This paper presents a set of computations concerning the mass transport inside the brain tissue, for different types of cells. By measuring the time evolution of the concentration profile of an injected substance and using suitable fitting procedures, the main parameters characterizing the tissue can be determined. This type of analysis could be an important tool in understanding the functional mechanisms of effective drug delivery in complex structures such as the brain tissue. It also offers possibilities to realize optical imaging methods for in vitro and in vivo measurements using optical fibers. The model also may help in radiotracer biomarker models for the understanding of the mechanism of action of new chemical entities.
After Image
(2013)