Refine
Document Type
- Article (reviewed) (4) (remove)
Language
- English (4)
Has Fulltext
- yes (4)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (4)
Keywords
- lithium-ion battery (4) (remove)
Institute
Open Access
- Open Access (4)
- Diamond (1)
A balcony photovoltaic (PV) system, also known as a micro-PV system, is a small PV system consisting of one or two solar modules with an output of 100–600 Wp and a corresponding inverter that uses standard plugs to feed the renewable energy into the house grid. In the present study we demonstrate the integration of a commercial lithium-ion battery into a commercial micro-PV system. We firstly show simulations over one year with one second time resolution which we use to assess the influence of battery and PV size on self-consumption, self-sufficiency and the annual cost savings. We then develop and operate experimental setups using two different architectures for integrating the battery into the micro-PV system. In the passive hybrid architecture, the battery is in parallel electrical connection to the PV module. In the active hybrid architecture, an additional DC-DC converter is used. Both architectures include measures to avoid maximum power point tracking of the battery by the module inverter. Resulting PV/battery/inverter systems with 300 Wp PV and 555 Wh battery were tested in continuous operation over three days under real solar irradiance conditions. Both architectures were able to maintain stable operation and demonstrate the shift of PV energy from the day into the night. System efficiencies were observed comparable to a reference system without battery. This study therefore demonstrates the feasibility of both active and passive coupling architectures.
The significant market growth of stationary electrical energy storage systems both for private and commercial applications has raised the question of battery lifetime under practical operation conditions. Here, we present a study of two 8 kWh lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems, each equipped with 14 lithium iron phosphate/graphite (LFP) single cells in different cell configurations. One system was based on a standard configuration with cells connected in series, including a cell-balancing system and a 48 V inverter. The other system featured a novel configuration of two stacks with a parallel connection of seven cells each, no cell-balancing system, and a 4 V inverter. The two systems were operated as part of a microgrid both in continuous cycling mode between 30% and 100% state of charge, and in solar-storage mode with day–night cycling. The aging characteristics in terms of capacity loss and internal resistance change in the cells were determined by disassembling the systems for regular checkups and characterizing the individual cells under well-defined laboratory conditions. As a main result, the two systems showed cell-averaged capacity losses of 18.6% and 21.4% for the serial and parallel configurations, respectively, after 2.5 years of operation with 810 (serial operation) and 881 (parallel operation) cumulated equivalent full cycles. This is significantly higher than the aging of a reference single cell cycled under laboratory conditions at 20 °C, which showed a capacity loss of only 10% after 1000 continuous full cycles.
This article presents the development, parameterization, and experimental validation of a pseudo-three-dimensional (P3D) multiphysics model of a 350 mAh high-power lithium-ion pouch cell with graphite anode and lithium cobalt oxide/lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LCO/NCA) blend cathode. The model describes transport processes on three different scales: Heat transport on the macroscopic scale (cell), mass and charge transport on the mesoscopic scale (electrode pair), and mass transport on the microscopic scale (active material particles). A generalized description of electrochemistry in blend electrodes is developed, using the open-source software Cantera for calculating species source terms. Very good agreement of model predictions with galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and surface temperature measurements is observed over a wide range of operating conditions (0.05C to 10C charge and discharge, 5°C to 35°C). The behavior of internal states (concentrations, potentials, temperatures) is discussed. The blend materials show a complex behavior with both intra-particle and inter-particle non-equilibria during cycling.
Lithium-ion batteries show a complex thermo-electrochemical performance and aging behavior. This paper presents a modeling and simulation framework that is able to describe both multi-scale heat and mass transport and complex electrochemical reaction mechanisms. The transport model is based on a 1D + 1D + 1D (pseudo-3D or P3D) multi-scale approach for intra-particle lithium diffusion, electrode-pair mass and charge transport, and cell-level heat transport, coupled via boundary conditions and homogenization approaches. The electrochemistry model is based on the use of the open-source chemical kinetics code CANTERA, allowing flexible multi-phase electrochemistry to describe both main and side reactions such as SEI formation. A model of gas-phase pressure buildup inside the cell upon aging is added. We parameterize the model to reflect the performance and aging behavior of a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP)/graphite (LiC6) 26650 battery cell. Performance (0.1–10 C discharge/charge at 25, 40 and 60°C) and calendaric aging experimental data (500 days at 30°C and 45°C and different SOC) from literature can be successfully reproduced. The predicted internal cell states (concentrations, potential, temperature, pressure, internal resistances) are shown and discussed. The model is able to capture the nonlinear feedback between performance, aging, and temperature.