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In an extensive research project, we have assessed the application of different service models by export credit agencies (ECAs) and export-import banks (EXIMs). We conducted interviews with 35 representatives of ECAs and EXIMs from 27 countries. The question guiding this study is: How do ECAs and EXIMs adopt public service models for supporting exporters? We conducted a holistic multiple case study, investigating if and how these organisations apply public service models developed by Schedler and Guenduez, and which roles of the state are relevant. We find that there is a variety of different service models used by ECAs and EXIMs, and that the service model approaches have great potential to learn from each other and innovate existing services.
Public export credits and trade insurance require a global framework of institutions, rules and regulations to avoid subsidies and a race to the bottom. The extensive modernisation of the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (Arrangement) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development intends to re-level the playing field. This Practitioner Commentary describes the demand for adequate government interventions, considers the need for the reform and discusses key aspects of the new Arrangement. We argue that there is a breakthrough in several important areas such as tenors, repayment terms and green finance. However, we also find that the modernisation falls short in areas such as the interplay between different rulebooks, pre-shipment instruments' regulations and climate action.
This paper examines and evaluates the challenges and opportunities of export credit agencies (ECA) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Political risks, unrest and instability made exports in the MENA region arduous. Further challenges are demonetization, the lack of reliable information and the acquisition of skilled employees. Access to financial resources can be quite challenging and several ECAs in the MENA region struggle from having no economies of scale. The global trend of globalisation and digitalisation has proved to be both a challenge and an opportunity. Nevertheless, the ECAs are becoming progressively important and needed in the MENA region. ECAs can benefit from this by working closely with financial institutions, banks and stakeholders. Other opportunities are infrastructure, renewable energies, international events and the diversification of the product portfolio. Through research on the ECAs EGE, ECI, Credit Oman and ICIEC, differences of multilateral and national export credit agencies have been analysed as well.