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Linux and Linux-based operating systems have been gaining more popularity among the general users and among developers. Many big enterprises and large companies are using Linux for servers that host their websites, some even require their developers to have knowledge about Linux OS. Even in embedded systems one can find many Linux-based OS that run them. With its increasing popularity, one can deduce the need to secure such a system that many personnel rely on, be it to protect the data that it stores or to protect the integrity of the system itself, or even to protect the availability of the services it offers. Many researchers and Linux enthusiasts have been coming up with various ways to secure Linux OS, however new vulnerabilities and new bugs are always found, by malicious attackers, with every update or change, which calls for the need of more ways to secure these systems.
This Thesis explores the possibility and feasibility of another way to secure Linux OS, specifically securing the terminal of such OS, by altering the commands of the terminal, getting in the way of attackers that have gained terminal access and delaying, giving more time for the response teams and for forensics to stop the attack, minimize the damage, restore operations, and to identify collect and store evidence of the cyber-attack. This research will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various security measures and compare and contrast with the method suggested in this research.
This research is significant because it paints a better picture of what the state of the art of Linux and Linux-based operating systems security looks like, and it addresses the concerns of security enthusiasts, while exploring new uncharted area of security that have been looked at as a not so significant part of protecting the OSes out of concern of the various limitations and problems it entails. This research will address these concerns while exploring few ways to solve them, as well as addressing the ideal areas and situations in which the proposed method can be used, and when would such method be more of a burden than help if used.
Diese Thesis beschäftigt sich mit den Techniken von Code Injection und API Hooking, die von Malware verwendet werden, um sich in laufende Prozesse einzuschleusen und deren Verhalten zu manipulieren. Darüber hinaus erklärt sie die Grundlagen der Betriebssystemarchitektur, der DLLs, der Win32 API und der PE-Dateien, die für das Verständnis dieser Techniken notwendig sind. Die Thesis stellt verschiedene Methoden von Code Injection und API Hooking vor, wie z.B. DLL Injection, PE Injection, Process Hollowing, Inline Hooking und IAT Hooking, und zeigt anhand von Codebeispielen, wie sie funktionieren. Des Weiteren wird auch beschrieben, wie man Code Injection und API Hooking mithilfe verschiedene Tools und Techniken wie VADs, Speicherforensik und maschinelles Lernen erkennen und verhindern kann. Die Thesis diskutiert außerdem mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen, die das Betriebssystem oder die Anwendungen anwenden können, um sich vor Code Injection und API Hooking zu schützen, wie z.B. ASLR, DEP, ACG, IAF und andere. Zuletzt wird mit einer Zusammenfassung und einem Ausblick auf die zukünftigen Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten in diesem Bereich abgeschlossen.
Künstliche Intelligenzen, Deep Learning und Machine-Learning-Algorithmen sind im digitalen Zeitalter zu einem Punkt gekommen, in dem es schwer ist zu unterscheiden, welche Informationen und Quellen echt sind und welche nicht. Der Begriff „Deepfakes“ wurde erstmals 2017 genutzt und hat bereits 2018 mit einer App bewiesen, wie einfach es ist, diese Technologie zu verwenden um mit Videos, Bildern oder Ton Desinformationen zu verbreiten, politische Staatsoberhäupter nachzuahmen oder unschuldige Personen zu deformieren. In der Zwischenzeit haben sich Deepfakes bedeutend weiterentwickelt und stellen somit eine große Gefahr dar.
Diese Arbeit bietet eine Einführung in das Themengebiet Deepfakes. Zudem behandelt sie die Erstellung, Verwendung und Erkennung von Deepfakes, sowie mögliche Abwehrmaßnahmen und Auswirkungen, welche Deepfakes mit sich bringen.
Privacy is the capacity to keep some things private despite their social repercussions. It relates to a person’s capacity to control the amount, time, and circumstances under which they disclose sensitive personal information, such as a person’s physiology, psychology, or intelligence. In the age of data exploitation, privacy has become even more crucial. Our privacy is now more threatened than it was 20 years ago, outside of science and technology, due to the way data and technology highly used. Both the kinds and amounts of information about us and the methods for tracking and identifying us have grown a lot in recent years. It is a known security concern that human and machine systems face privacy threats. There are various disagreements over privacy and security; every person and group has a unique perspective on how the two are related. Even though 79% of the study’s results showed that legal or compliance issues were more important, 53% of the survey team thought that privacy and security were two separate things. Data security and privacy are interconnected, despite their distinctions. Data security and data privacy are linked with each other; both are necessary for the other to exist. Data may be physically kept anywhere, on our computers or in the cloud, but only humans have authority over it. Machine learning has been used to solve the problem for our easy solution. We are linked to our data. Protect against attackers by protecting data, which also protects privacy. Attackers commonly utilize both mechanical systems and social engineering techniques to enter a target network. The vulnerability of this form of attack rests not only in the technology but also in the human users, making it extremely difficult to fight against. The best option to secure privacy is to combine humans and machines in the form of a Human Firewall and a Machine Firewall. A cryptographic route like Tor is a superior choice for discouraging attackers from trying to access our system and protecting the privacy of our data There is a case study of privacy and security issues in this thesis. The problems and different kinds of attacks on people and machines will then be briefly talked about. We will explain how Human Firewalls and machine learning on the Tor network protect our privacy from attacks such as social engineering and attacks on mechanical systems. As a real-world test, we will use genomic data to try out a privacy attack called the Membership Inference Attack (MIA). We’ll show Machine Firewall as a way to protect ourselves, and then we’ll use Differential Privacy (DP), which has already been done. We applied the method of Lasso and convolutional neural networks (CNN), which are both popular machine learning models, as the target models. Our findings demonstrate a logarithmic link between the desired model accuracy and the privacy budget.
Das automatisierte Erkennen von Schwachstellen wird immer wichtiger. Gerade bei der Softwareentwicklung werden immer häufiger Schwachstellenscanner eingesetzt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es einen Überblick zu erhalten, welche Schwachstellenscanner für Webanwendungen existieren und wie sinnvoll deren Einsatz ist. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden vier auf dem Markt verfügbare Schwachstellenscanner getestet. Aus der bisherigen Infrastruktur von M und M Software werden Anforderungen und Selektionskriterien abgeleitet. In zwei Testphasen werden verschiedene Schwachstellenscanner analysiert und bewertet wie gut sie die Kriterien erfüllen. Am Ende wird bewertet, ob der Einsatz eines Schwachstellenscanners in der Infrastruktur sinnvoll ist. Neben dieser Analyse wird außerdem untersucht welche Chancen die AI-Technologie für Schwachstellenscanner bietet.
The Internet of Things is spreading significantly in every sector, including the household, a variety of industries, healthcare, and emergency services, with the goal of assisting all of those infrastructures by providing intelligent means of service delivery. An Internet of Vulnerabilities (IoV) has emerged as a result of the pervasiveness of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has led to a rise in the use of applications and devices connected to the IoT in our day-to-day lives. The manufacture of IoT devices are growing at a rapid pace, but security and privacy concerns are not being taken into consideration. These intelligent Internet of Things devices are especially vulnerable to a variety of attacks, both on the hardware and software levels, which leaves them exposed to the possibility of use cases. This master’s thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with regard to security and privacy in the area of applications, security architecture frameworks, a taxonomy of various cyberattacks based on various architecture models, such as three-layer, four-layer, and five-layer. The fundamental purpose of this thesis is to provide recommendations for alternate mitigation strategies and corrective actions by using a holistic rather than a layer-by-layer approach. We discussed the most effective solutions to the problems of privacy and safety that are associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) and presented them in the form of research questions. In addition to that, we investigated a number of further possible directions for the development of this research.
Diese Bachelorthesis behandelt die Entwicklung eines Prototyps zur Identifizierung und Verhinderung von Angriffen mithilfe von KI- und ML-Modellen. Untersucht werden die Leistungsfähigkeit verschiedener theoretischer Modelle im Kontext der Intrusion Detection, wobei Machine-Learning-Modelle wie Entscheidungsbäume, Random Forests und Naive Bayes analysiert werden. Die Arbeit betont die Relevanz der Datensatzauswahl, die Vorbereitung der Daten und bietet einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen in der Angriffserkennung.
Die folgende Arbeit thematisiert ein Konzept zur Automatisierung von Firewall-Audits und die Implementierung eines Tools zur Durchführung. Für das Audit relevante Aspekte von NGFWs werden ausgewählt und näher erläutert. Diese bestehen aus der Objektdatenbank, Firewall-Regelwerken und VPN-Konfigurationen. Die Analyse der Daten basiert auf einerseits eigens erstellten Kriterien, andererseits auf Empfehlungen des BSI und des NIST. Zusätzlich wird auf Basis von NIST Recommended Practices und dem CVSS der „Awareness Score“ eingeführt, der auf Fehlkonfigurationen innerhalb des Firewall-Regelwerks aufmerksam machen soll. Das Konzept für das Tool sieht vor, Firewalls mehrerer Hersteller, darunter Cisco, Checkpoint und Sophos, auditieren zu können. Die Implementierung wurde aus zeitlichen Gründen nur für Firewalls des Herstellers Cisco durchgeführt. Für die Analyse wird ein einheitliches Firewall-Modell erzeugt. So sollen auch Firewalls anderer Hersteller zu dem Tool hinzugefügt werden können. Die Ergebnisse des Audits werden in einem Bericht dargestellt.
As information technology continues to advance at a rapid speed around the world, new difficulties emerge. The growing number of organizational vulnerabilities is among the most important issues. Finding and mitigating vulnerabilities is critical in order to protect an organization’s environment from multiple attack vectors.
The study investigates and comprehends the complete vulnerability management process from the standpoint of the security officer job role, as well as potential improvements. Few strategies are used to achieve efficient mitigation and the de- velopment of a process for tracking and mitigating vulnerabilities. As a result, a qualitative study is conducted in which the objective is to create a proposed vulner- ability and risk management process, as well as to develop a system for analyzing and tracking vulnerabilities and presenting the vulnerabilities in a graphical dash- board format. This thesis’s data was gathered through an organized literature study as well as through the use of various web resources. We explored numerous ap- proaches to analyze the data, such as categorizing the vulnerabilities every 30, 60, and 90 days to see whether the vulnerabilities were reoccurring or new. According to our findings, tracking vulnerabilities can be advantageous for a security officer.
We come to the conclusion that if an organization has a proper vulnerability tracking system and vulnerability management process, it can aid security officers in having a better understanding of and making plans for reducing vulnerabilities. In terms of system patching and vulnerability remediation, it will also assist the security officer in identifying areas of weakness in the process. As a result, the suggested ways provide an alternate approach to managing and tracking vulnerabilities in an effective manner, although there is still a small area that needs additional analysis and research to make it even better.