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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Biomechanik der Halswirbelsäule (HWS) beim Umgang mit dem Smartphone. Die Kräfte, die auf Wirbelkörper, Wirbelgelenke, Bandscheiben, Muskeln und Bänder wirken, werden mit steigendem Flexionswinkel der HWS größer. Die Beschwerden hingegen, welche der Smartphone-Nacken hervorruft, sind meist akut und mit regelmäßiger Bewegung und der Stärkung der Nackenmuskulatur gut zu behandeln. Eine Therapie ist somit auch zur Vorbeugung geeignet. Doch die Langzeitauswirkungen sind nicht außer Acht zu lassen, denn durch die steigenden Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der Smartphones steigt auch der durchschnittliche tägliche Gebrauch stärker an. So wird vor allem die tägliche Bildschirmzeit bei Jugendlichen immer länger. Das aktuell noch akute Krankheitsbild des Smartphone-Nackens, das nur selten einen chronischen Verlauf nimmt und Langzeitschäden verursacht, könnte sich durch fehlende oder zu späte Maßnahmen zu einem größeren chronischen Krankheitsbild entwickeln.
Background: This paper presents a conceptual design for an anthropomorphic replacement hand made of silicone that integrates a sensory feedback system. In combination with a motorized orthosis, it allows performing movements and registering information on the flexion and the pressure of the fingers.
Methods: To create the replacement hand, a three-dimensional (3D) scanner was used to scan the hand of the test person. With computer-aided design (CAD), a mold was created from the hand, then 3D-printed. Bending and force sensors were attached to the mold before silicone casting to implement the sensory feedback system. To achieve a functional and anthropomorphic appearance of the replacement hand, a material analysis was carried out. In two different test series, the properties of the used silicones were analyzed regarding their mechanical properties and the manufacturing process.
Results: Individual fingers and an entire hand with integrated sensors were realized, which demonstrated in several tests that sensory feedback in such an anthropomorphic replacement hand can be realized. Nevertheless, the choice of silicone material remains an open challenge, as there is a trade-off between the hardness of the material and the maximum mechanical force of the orthosis.
Conclusion: Apart from manufacturing-related issues, it is possible to cost-effectively create a personalized, anthropomorphic replacement hand, including sensory feedback, by using 3D scanning and 3D printing techniques.
In the field of neuroprosthetics, the current state-of-the-art method involves controlling the prosthesis with electromyography (EMG) or electrooculography/electroencephalography (EOG/EEG). However, these systems are both expensive and time consuming to calibrate, susceptible to interference, and require a lengthy learning phase by the patient. Therefore, it is an open challenge to design more robust systems that are suitable for everyday use and meet the needs of patients. In this paper, we present a new concept of complete visual control for a prosthesis, an exoskeleton or another end effector using augmented reality (AR) glasses presented for the first time in a proof-of-concept study. By using AR glasses equipped with a monocular camera, a marker attached to the prosthesis is tracked. Minimal relative movements of the head with respect to the prosthesis are registered by tracking and used for control. Two possible control mechanisms including visual feedback are presented and implemented for both a motorized hand orthosis and a motorized hand prosthesis. Since the grasping process is mainly controlled by vision, the proposed approach appears to be natural and intuitive.
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Steuerung eines Geräts, insbesondere einer Handprothese oder eines Roboterarms, wobei wenigstens ein an oder im Bezug zu dem Gerät positionierter Marker von einer an einer Bedienperson angeordneten Kamera erkannt wird, wobei ab dem Erkennen des wenigstens einen Markers eine vordefinierte Bewegung der Bedienperson zusammen mit der Kamera erkannt wird und zum Auslösen einer entsprechenden Aktion des Geräts verwendet wird, wobei die vordefinierte Bewegung einer Bedienperson in Form eines Sehstrahls mittels Kamera-Tracking erkannt wird. Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung eine Anordnung aus einem Gerät, insbesondere einer Handprothese oder eines Roboterarms, und einer AR-Brille zur Durchführung eines derartigen Verfahrens.
Restoring hand motion to people experiencing amputation, paralysis, and stroke is a critical area of research and development. While electrode-based systems that use input from the brain or muscle have proven successful, these systems tend to be expensive and di¨cult to learn. One group of researchers is exploring the use of augmented reality (AR) as a new way of controlling hand prostheses. A camera mounted on eyeglasses tracks LEDs on a prosthetic to execute opening and closing commands using one of two different AR systems. One system uses a rectangular command window to control motion: crossing horizontally signals “open” along one direction and “close” in the opposite direction. The second system uses a circular command window: once control is enabled, gripping strength can be controlled by the direction of head motion. While the visual system remains to be tested with patients, its low cost, ease of use, and lack of electrodes make the device a promising solution for restoring hand motion.
A new concept for robust non-invasive optical activation of motorized hand prostheses by simple and non-contactcommands is presented. In addition, a novel approach for aiding hand amputees is shown, outlining significantprogress in thinking worth testing. In this, personalized 3D-printed artificial flexible hands are combined withcommercially available motorized exoskeletons, as they are used e.g. in tetraplegics.