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A smart energy concept was designed and implemented for a cluster of 5 existing multi-family houses, which combines heat pumps, photovoltaic (PV) modules and combined heat and power units (CHP) to achieve energy- and cost-efficient operation. Measurement results of the first year of operation show that the local power generation by PV modules and CHP unit has a positive effect on the electrical self-sufficiency by reducing electricity import from the grid. In winter, when the CHP unit operates continuously for long periods, the entire electricity for the heat pump and 91 % of the total electricity demand of the neighborhood are supplied locally. In summer, only 53 % is generated within the neighborhood. The use of a specifically developed energy management system EMS is intended to further increase this share. CO2 emissions for heating and electricity of the neighborhood are evaluated and amount to 18.4 kg/(m2a). Compared to the previous energy system consisting of gas boilers (29.1 kg/(m2a)), savings of 37 % are achieved with electricity consumption from the grid being reduced by 65 %. In the second construction stage, an additional heat pump, CHP unit and PV modules will be added. The measurement results indicate that the final district energy system is likely to achieve the ambitious CO2 reduction goal of -50% and further increase the self-sufficiency of the district.
Heat pumps play a central role in decarbonizing the heat supply of buildings. However, in this article, implementing heat pumps in existing buildings, a significant challenge is still presented due to high temperature requirements. In this article, a systematic analysis of the effects of heat source temperatures, maximum heat pump condenser temperatures, and system temperatures on the seasonal performance of heat pump (HP) systems is presented. The quantitative performance analysis encompasses over 50 heat pumps installed in residential buildings, revealing correlations between the building characteristics, observed temperatures, and heat pump type. The performance of an HP system retrofitted to a 30-dwelling multifamily building is presented in more detail. The bivalent HP system combines air and ground as heat sources and achieves a seasonal performance factor of 3.25 with a share of the gas boiler of 27% in its first year of operation. In these findings, the technical feasibility of retrofitting heat pumps is demonstrated in existing buildings and insights are provided into overcoming the challenges associated with high temperature requirements.
Optimization of energetic refurbishment roadmaps for multi-family buildings utilizing heat pumps
(2023)
A novel methodology for calculating optimized refurbishment roadmaps is developed in this paper. The aim of the roadmaps is to determine when and how should which component of the building envelope and heat generation system be refurbished to achieve the lowest net present value. The integrated optimization approach couples a particle swarm optimization algorithm with a dynamic building simulation of the building envelope and the heat supply system. Due to a free selection of implementation times and refurbishment depth, the optimization method achieves the lowest net present value and high CO2 reduction and is therefore an important contribution to achieve climate neutrality in the building stock.
The method is exemplarily applied to a multi-family house built in 1970. In comparison to a standard refurbishment roadmap, cost savings of 6–16 % and CO2 savings of 6–59 % are possible. The sensitivity of the refurbishment roadmap measures is analyzed on the basis of a parametric analysis. Robust optimization results are obtained with a mean refurbishment level of approx. 50 kWh/m2/a of the building envelope. The preferred heat generation system is a bivalent brine-heat pump system with a share of 70 % of the heat load being covered by the electric heat pump.
Elektrische Wärmepumpen sind eine Schlüsseltechnologie für klimafreundliche Gebäude. In Mehrfamilienhäusern ist ihr Einsatz noch eine Herausforderung und entsprechend wenig verbreitet. Im Rahmen des Verbundprojekts "HEAVEN" haben Forschende nun ein Mehrquellen-Wärmepumpensystem entwickelt, das an die Anforderungen größerer Wohngebäude angepasst ist. Getestet wurde es im Rahmen des Verbundprojekts "Smartes Quartier Durlach" in einem Karlsruher Gebäude. Daten zum ersten Betriebsjahr liegen nun vor.
Diese Metadaten wurden zur Verfügung gestellt von der Literaturdatenbank RSWB®plus
Der vorliegende Leitfaden entstand im Rahmen der wissenschaftlichen Querspange »LowEx-Bestand Analyse« des thematischen Projektverbunds »LowEx-Konzepte für die Wärmeversorgung von Mehrfamilien-Bestandsgebäuden (LowEx-Bestand)« zusammen. In diesem Verbund arbeiteten die drei Forschungsinstitute Fraunhofer ISE, KIT und Universität Freiburg (INATECH) mit Herstellern von Heizungs- und Lüftungstechnik und mit Unternehmen der Wohnungswirtschaft zusammen. Gemeinsam wurden Lösungen entwickelt, analysiert und demonstriert, die den effizienten Einsatz von Wärmepumpen, Wärmeübergabesystemen und Lüftungssystemen bei der energetischen Modernisierung von Mehrfamiliengebäuden zum Ziel haben.
Wärmepumpen sind eine Schlüsseltechnologie der Wärmewende. Durch die Nutzbarmachung von Umweltwärme und den Antrieb mit Elektrizität, die zunehmend aus erneuerbaren Energien gewonnen wird, kann die CO2-Intensität der Wärmeversorgung gesenkt werden. Eine Herausforderung besteht in der Anwendung in größeren Mehrfamilienbestandsgebäuden. Lösungsansätze und beispielhafte Umsetzungen werden hierzu vorgestellt.