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The importance of obtaining simultaneous particle size and concentration values has grown up with continuing discussion of the health effects, of internal combustion engine generated particulate emissions and in particular of Diesel soot emissions. In the present work an aerosol measurement system is described that delivers information about particle size and concentration directly from the undiluted exhaust gas.
Using three laser diodes of different wavelengths which form one parallel light beam, each spectral attenuation is analysed by a single detector and the particle diameter and concentration is evaluated by the use of the Mie theory and shown on-line at a frequency of 1 Hz. The system includes an optical long-path-cell (White principle) with an adjustable path length from 2.5 to 15 m, which allows the analysis within a broad concentration range.
On-line measurements of the particulate emissions in the hot, undiluted exhaust of Diesel engines are presented under stationary and transient engine’s load conditions. Mean particle diameters well below 100 nm are detected for modern Diesel engines. The measured particle concentration corresponds excellently with the traditional gravimetrical measurements of the diluted exhaust. Additionally, measurements of particle emissions (mostly condensed hydricarbons) from a two-stroke engine are presented and discussed.
Die Bestimmung von Emissionen aus Abgaskaminen mit grossen Querschnitten ist ein Problem, da dort Inhomogenitaeten sowohl der Konzentration als auch der linearen Abgasgeschwindigkeit vorliegen. Die VDI 2066, Bl. 1, schreibt vor, welche Punkte zu waehlen sind, und wenn man dann noch isokinetisch die Abgasproben entnimmt, sollte man zum richtigen Ergebnis kommen. Anm. d.Ref.: Die Hessische Landesanstalt fuer Umwelt ist da schon frueher auf recht komplizierte Loesungen gekommen. Und diese Linie wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit konsequent eingehalten. - Es mag sein, dass der angekuendigte Ergebnisbericht mehr Licht in die Angelegenheit bringt. Aus den hier gemachten Angaben kann man eigentlich nur entnehmen, dass bisher alles falsch gemacht worden ist. (H. -D. Papendick).
Soot particles emitted from a light duty (LD) Volkswagen diesel engine running at different operating points (speed and torque levels) are analyzed for mean size determination using a laser‐based three Wavelength Extinction Method (3‐WEM). For this reason, collected soot samples are suspended using an appropriate sample preparation technique with optimized conditions of sonication as it revealed its effect on the soot mean particle size measured by 3‐WEM.
An online Scanning Mobility Particle Analyzer (SMPS) is also used to measure soot emission at identical engine operating points. Size values obtained from SMPS are lower than those of suspended soot samples obtained from 3‐WEM. The size discrepancies are mainly related to the required sample preparation procedure employed for 3‐WEM measurements. The engine operating points affect, differently, the size measurements obtained from SMPS and 3‐WEM.
Sedimentation Field‐Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) is used for density determination of soot samples based on size measurements of fractions collected at peak maxima of fractograms using the off‐line hyphenation with 3‐WEM. It is assumed that a size dependent separation of soot particles occurred with a uniform particle density over the whole size distribution. An average density value is used for the conversion of soot fractograms to size distributions. Discrepancies are also found with size distribution profiles obtained from SMPS for the same engine operating points, due to the sample preparation procedure employed for SdFFF measurements.