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In this paper, a new method is demonstrated for online remote simulation of photovoltaic systems. The required communication technology for the data exchange is introduced and the methods of PV generator parameter extraction for the simulation models are analysed. The method shown for parameter extraction from the manufacturer data is especially useful for the commissioning procedure, where the measured installed power is transferred to standard test conditions using the simulation model and can then be easily compared with the design power. At a simulation accuracy of 2% using the software environment INSEL ® any problems with the PV generator can reliably be detected. Online simulation of a grid connected PV generator is then carried out during the operation of the photovoltaic plant. The visualisation includes both the monitored and the simulated online data sets, so that a very efficient fault detection scheme is available. The method is implemented and validated on several grid connected photovoltaic power plants in Germany. It is excellently suited to provide automatic and real time fault detection and significantly improve the commissioning procedure for photovoltaic plants of all sizes.
Sustainable Aspects force a building manager to continuous observation of actual states and developments concerning building use, energy and media flows.In the presented approach a communication structure was built up to use different software applications and tools in order to optimize the operation of the building.
Im Rahmen einer Master Thesis wurde ausgehend von einem vorhandenen System On Chip Design, welches eingehende EKG-Datensignale verarbeitet, das bestehende System so erweitert dass es komplett über den standardisierten SPI-Bus steuerbar und auslesbar ist.
Melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine or cyanuramide, C3H6N6) is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton (Figure 3.5-1). The molecule contains 66% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred. The word melamine (from German) is a combination of the word melam (which is a distillation derivative of ammonium thiocyanate) and amine [1]. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, an insecticide in which the proton of an NH2-group is substituted by a cyclopropyl group.
After approximately 200 years, a comprehensive access to the texts of Humboldt’s extraordinary exploration of the Americans is within sight. To open the legacy to the public for free access the Humboldt Digital Library (HDL) project has been developing a dynamic amount of data related to studies of Alexander von Humboldt. The library includes a range of texts, tables and images, as well as many tools that assist mining the data and navigating the system.
Hybrid drives for automotive application are extensively discussed. In contrast, the company HEINZMANN, the University of Karlsruhe and the University of Applied Sciences Offenburg concentrate on hybrid drives for industrial, offroad purposes in a joint project. These applications promise a much higher fuel saving potential, particularly if highly frequent load cycles are present. Hybrid drive systems offer additional advantages including reduced exhaust aftertreatment requirements due to engine downsizing, better engine dynamics, emissions and noise reduction.
A simple Method for quantifying Triazine Herbicides using Thin-Layer Chromatography and a CCD-Camera
(2010)
We present a video-densitometric quantification method for the triazine herbicides atraton, terbumeton, simazine, atrazine, and terbutylazine. Triazine herbicides were separated on silica gel using methyl-t-butyl ether, cyclohexane (1 + 1, v/v) as mobile phase. The quantification is based on a derivation reaction using chlorine and starch-iodine which forms red-brown triazine zones. Measurements were carried out using a 16 bit ST-1603ME CCD camera with 1.56 megapixel from Santa Barbara Instrument Group, Inc., Santa Barbara, USA. A white LED was used for illumination purposes. The range of linearity covers two magnitudes using the (1/R-1) expression data transformation. The signal-to-noise ratio increases directly linearly with the measurement time. The separation method is cheap, fast and reliable.
This study focuses on the experimental and numerical investigations on a commercial Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube. Ranque-Hilsch vortex tubes have many applications in industry and production as they can generate a very cold flow just from pressurized air .e.g. machine tool cooling. Main objective of this study is the energy separation in the flow field which results in a temperature drop on the cold exit of the tube. This was investigated experimentally by measuring the outlet temperature on the cold exit and the pressure drop on the flow restrictor valve on the hot exit. At a pressure drop of 0.5 bar the vortex tube showed the best performance by reaching a cold exit temperature of –16.7 °C. The Inlet flow was pressurised air at 20 °C and 6 bar.<br /> The numerical analysis was carried out by full 3D steady state CFD-simulation using the commercial software ANSYS CFX 11.0. The three dimensional model represented a 120° sector of the tube using periodic boundary conditions. A comparison between different turbulence models (k – å, RNG k – å, k – ù, SST) was carried out. The classic k – å two layer turbulence model showed the best results compared to the experiment. The energy separation and the drop in cold exit temperature are highest when the viscous work term is included into the energy equation. These effects of including the viscous work term into the energy separation have also been investigated.