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Steroid hormones (SHs) are a rising concern due to their high bioactivity, ubiquitous nature, and prolonged existence as a micropollutants in water, they pose a potential risk to both human health and the environment, even at low concentrations. Estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone are the three important types of steroids essential for human development and maintaining multiorgan balance, are focus to this concern. These steroid hormones originate
from various sources, including human and livestock excretions, veterinary medications, agricultural runoff, and pharmaceuticals, contributing to their presence in the environment. According to the recommendation of WHO, the guidance value for estradiol (E2) is 1 ng/L. There are several methods been attempted to remove the SH micropollutant by conventional water and wastewater technologies which are still under research. Among the various methods, electrochemical membrane reactor (EMR) is one of the emerging technologies that can address the challenge of insufficient SHs removal from the aquatic environment by conventional treatment. The degradation of SHs can be significantly influenced by various factors when treated with EMR.
In this project, the removal of SH and the important mechanism for the removal using carbon nanotube CNT-EMR is studied and the efficiency of CNT-EMR in treating the SH micropollutant is identified. By varying different parameters this experiment is carried out with the (PES-CNTs) ultrafiltration membrane. The study is carried out depending upon the SH removal based on the limiting factor such as cell voltage, flux, temperature, concentration, and type of the SH.
Globale Ereignisse politischen, wirtschaftlichen oder kulturellen Ursprungs führen dazu, dass Unternehmen sich gezwungen sehen zu handeln, um wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben. In vielen Fällen wird dabei so vorgegangen, dass versteckte Preiserhöhungen vollzogen werden. Auch Unternehmen, die mit ihrem Angebot einen gesellschaftlichen Zusatznutzen erbringen, erhöhen die Preise, da nur so der verfolgte ökologische oder soziale Purpose erhalten werden kann, kommunizieren dies jedoch offen und erhöhen dadurch ihre Kundenloyalität. Dieses Vorgehen ist bislang jedoch überwiegend in den USA zu beobachten. Da das Thema Purpose auch in Deutschland immer höhere Relevanz erfährt, stellt sich die Frage der Übertragbarkeit. Die Forschungsfrage lautet deshalb: Inwiefern beeinflusst die Kommunikation von purpose-getriebenen Preissteigerungen das Markenimage von B2C-Unternehmen in Deutschland? Um der Forschungsfrage nachzugehen, wurde ein empirischer Forschungsansatz gewählt, der in Form einer quantitativen Studie umgesetzt wurde, die die Meinung der Studierendenschaft der Gen Z und Y der Hochschule Offenburg abbildet. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage zeigten, dass die Glaubwürdigkeit und Akzeptanz von purpose-getriebenen Preiserhöhungen vom gegenwärtigen Markenimage bzw. dem übergeordneten Image einer Branche abhängen. Purpose wird eine hohe Bedeutung zugesprochen, die sich jedoch aufgrund der Preissensibilität der Zielgruppe nicht immer in der Markenwahl widerspiegelt. Dies verdeutlicht, dass Purpose das Potenzial besitzt, das Markenimage nachhaltig zu beeinflussen und zu prägen und die Zielgruppe der Gen Z und Y zukünftig an sich zu binden. Ferner wurde deutlich, dass bei der Umsetzung von Purpose bestimmte Kriterien verfolgt werden sollten, die bei der Kommunikation zu berücksichtigen sind, um eine authentische Wirkung zu erzielen.
The growing threat posed by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), represents a significant challenge in modern medicine. Traditional antibiotic therapies are often ineffective against these pathogens, leading to high mortality rates. MDR Kp infections pose a novel challenge in military medical contexts, particularly in Medical Biodefense, as they can be deliberately spread, leading to resource-intensive care in military centres. Recognizing this issue, the European Defence Agency initiated a prioritised research project in 2023 (EDF Resilience PHAGE- SGA 2023). To address this challenge, the Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB) leads BMBF- (Federal Ministry of Education and Research) and EU-funded projects on the use of bacteriophages as adjuvant therapy alongside antibiotics. Since 2017, the IMB has isolated and characterised Kp phages, collecting over 600 isolates and optimizing their production for therapy, in compliance with the EMA (European Medicine Agency) guidelines. This involves in vitro phage genome packaging to minimize endotoxin load, reduce manufacturing costs, and shorten production times. The goal of this work was to establish MinION sequencing (Oxford Nanopore Technology) as a quick and reliable way for initial identification and characterisation of phage genomes. Especially as a quick screening method for isolated on Kp, prior to more precise but also more expensive and time consuming sequencing methods like Illumina. This characterisation is crucial for developing a personalized pipeline aimed at producing magistral or Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) quality medicinal phage solutions tailored individually for each patient. DNA extraction methods were compared to identify suitable input DNA for sequencing purposes. Additionally, the quality of this DNA was as- sessed to determine its suitability for in vitro phage packaging, which was successfully done achieving a phage titer of 103, confirming that the DNA used for MinION sequencing could indeed be used for acellular packaging. The created genomes were annotated and compared with Illumina sequencing, revealing high similarity in all five individually tested cases. Between the generated sequences only a 4% maximal percentual difference in genome size was observed, while simultaneously showing high similarity in the actual sequence. Throughout the course of this study, a total of 645.15 GB of sequencing data were generated. In total, 38 phages were successfully characterised, with 21 phage genomes assembled and annotated, and saved in the IMB database.
This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of a Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) communication framework within the ns-3 network simulator, specifically targeting the LoRaWAN model network. The primary aim is to analyse the behaviour and performance of DTLS protocols across different network conditions within a LoRaWAN context. The key aspects of this work include the following.
Utilization of ns-3: This thesis leverages ns-3’s capabilities as a powerful discrete event network simulator. This platform enables the emulation of diverse network environments, characterized by varying levels of latency, packet loss, and bandwidth constraints.
Emulation of Network Challenges: The framework specifically addresses unique challenges posed by certain network configurations, such as duty cycle limitations. These constraints, which limit the time allocated for data transmission by each device, are crucial in understanding the real-world performance of DTLS protocols.
Testing in Multi-client-server Scenarios: A significant feature of this framework is its ability to test DTLS performance in complex scenarios involving multiple clients and servers. This is vital for assessing the behaviour of a protocol under realistic network conditions.
Realistic Environment Simulation: By simulating challenging network conditions, such as congestion, limited bandwidth, and resource constraints, the framework provides a realistic environment for thorough evaluation. This allows for a comprehensive analysis of DTLS in terms of security, performance, and scalability.
Overall, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of DTLS protocols by providing a robust tool for their evaluation under various and challenging network conditions.
Increasing global energy demand and the need to transition to sustainable energy sources to mitigate climate change, highlights the need for innovative approaches to improve the resilience and sustainability of power grids. This study focuses on addressing these challenges in the context of Morocco's evolving energy landscape, where increasing energy demand and efforts to integrate renewable energy require grid reinforcement strategies. Using renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems and energy storage technologies, this study aims to develop a methodology for strengthening rural community grids in Morocco.
Traditional reinforcement measures such as line and transformer upgrades will be investigated as well as the integration of power generation from photovoltaic systems, which offer a promising way to utilise Morocco's abundant solar resources. In addition, energy storage systems will be analysed as potential solutions to the challenges of grid stability and resilience. Using comprehensive data analysis, scenario planning and simulation methods with the open-source simulation software Panda Power, this study aims to assess the impact of different grid reinforcement measures, including conventional methods, photovoltaic integration, and the use of energy storage, on grid performance and sustainability. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities of transitioning to a more resilient and sustainable energy future in Morocco.
Based on a rural medium-voltage grid in Souihla, Morocco, three scenarios were carried out to assess the impact of demand growth in 2030 and 2040. The first scenario focuses on conventional grid reinforcement measures, while the second scenario incorporates energy from residential photovoltaic systems. The third scenario analyses the integration of storage systems and their impact on grid reinforcement in 2030.
The simulations with energy from photovoltaic systems show a reduction in grid reinforcement measures compared to the scenario without solar energy. In addition, the introduction of a storage system in 2030 led to a significant reduction in the required installed transformer capacity and fewer congested lines. Furthermore, the results emphasized the role of storage in stabilizing grid voltage levels.
In summary, the results highlighted the potential benefits of integrating energy from photovoltaics and storage into the grid. This integration not only reduces the need for transformers and overall grid infrastructure but also promotes a more efficient and sustainable energy system.
Endress+Hauser Liquid Analysis ist ein erfolgreiches Entwicklungsunternehmen im Bereich der Flüssigkeitsanalyse für Prozesse und Labore. Mit voranschreitender Digitalisierung soll auch das Produktportfolio weiter digitalisiert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es den Entwicklungsprozess von Endress+Hauser Liquid Analysis auf die Eignung zur Entwicklung digitaler Produkte zu untersuchen. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellung werden sowohl Literatur als auch mehrere Experten aus dem Fachgebiet zur Rate gezogen. In der Auswertung wird der aktuelle Prozess bewertet und ein geeignetes Prozessmodell für das Unternehmen dargestellt. Das empfohlene Modell wird exemplarisch anhand eines Beispielprojekts aufgezeigt. In einem abschließenden Fazit werden Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse zusammengetragen.
In der Dokumentation dieser Masterthesis wird die Produktion eines zweidimensionalen Platformer-Spiels beschrieben, in dem mit mehreren Fähigkeiten und dem Lösen von diversen Rätseln verschiedene Level durchquert werden können. Zudem wird in dieser Dokumentation anhand einer Tabelle alle möglichen Eingaben zur Tastatur- und Controller-Steuerung gezeigt. Des weiteren wird das gestalterische Konzept dargestellt. Dazu gehört die Beschreibung der Synopsis der in dem Spiel erzählten Geschichte, das Darstellen des Designs der vorkommenden Charaktere und das Beschreiben des Aufbaus und der gestalterischen Intention der verschiedenen Level. Der Fokus in dieser Dokumentation liegt im detaillierten Beschreiben der in dem Spiel vorkommenden Elemente und wie diese in der gewählten Spiele-Engine Godot implementiert wurden. Dazu zählen wie der Spieler-Charakter aufgebaut ist und wie dieser mit den einzelnen Objekten oder anderen Charakteren im Spiel interagieren kann. Zudem wird die Implementierung eines umfangreichen Dialog-Systems mit seinen Bausteinen beschrieben. Des weiteren werden alle weiteren wichtigen Elemente, die das Spiel spielbar machen, erklärt.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Nutzung von Reinforcement Learning in der Informationsbeschaffungs-Phase eines Penetration Tests. Es werden Kernprobleme in den bisherigen Ansätzen anderer das Thema betreffender wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten analysiert und praktische Lösungsansätze für diese bisherigen Hindernisse vorgestellt und implementiert. Die Arbeit zeigt damit eine beispielhafte Implementierung eines Reinforcement Learning Agenten zur Automatisierung der Informationsbeschaffungs-Phase eines Penetration Tests und stellt Lösungen für existierende Probleme in diesem Bereich dar.
Eingebettet wird diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit in die Anforderungen der Herrenknecht AG hinsichtlich der Absicherung des Tunnelbohrmaschinen-Netzwerks. Dabei werden praktische Ergebnisse des eigen entwickelten Reinforcement Learning Modells im Tunnelbohrmaschinen-Test-Netzwerk der Herrenknecht AG vorgestellt.
As the Industry 4.0 is evolving, the previously separated Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) is converging. Connecting devices in the industrial setting to the Internet exposes these systems to a broader spectrum of cyber-attacks. The reason is that since OT does not have much security measures as much as IT, it is more vulnerable from the attacker's perspective. Another factor contributing to the vulnerability of OT is that, when it comes to cybersecurity, industries have focused on protecting information technology and less prioritizing the control systems. The consequences of a security breach in an OT system can be more adverse as it can lead to physical damage, industrial accidents and physical harm to human beings. Hence, for the OT networks, certificate-based authentication is implemented. This involves stages of managing credentials in their communication endpoints. In the previous works of ivESK, a solution was developed for managing credentials. This involves a CANopen-based physical demonstrator where the certificate management processes were developed. The extended feature set involving certificate management will be based on the existing solution. The thesis aims to significantly improve such a solution by addressing two key areas that is enhancing functionality and optimizing real-time performance. Regarding the first goal, firstly, an analysis of the existing feature set shall be carried out, where the correct functionality shall be guaranteed. The limitations from the previously implemented system will be addressed and to make sure it can be applied to real world scenarios, it will be implemented and tested in the physical demonstrator. This will lay a concrete foundation that these certificate management processes can be used in the industries in large-scale networks. Implementation of features like revocation mechanism for certificates, automated renewal of the credentials and authorization attribute checks for the certificate management will be implemented. Regarding the second goal, the impact of credential management processes on the ongoing CANopen real-time traffic shall be a studied. Since in real life scenarios, mission-critical applications like Industrial control systems, medical devices, and transportation networks rely on real-time communication for reliable operation, delays or disruptions caused by credential management processes can have severe consequences. Optimizing these processes is crucial for maintaining system integrity and safety. The effect to minimize the disturbance of the credential management processes on the normal operation of the CANopen network shall be characterized. This shall comprise testing real-time parameters in the network such as CPU load, network load and average delay. Results obtained from each of these tests will be studied.