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Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware-based security primitives, which allow for inherent device fingerprinting. Therefore, intrinsic variation of imperfect manufactured systems is exploited to generate device-specific, unique identifiers. With printed electronics (PE) joining the internet of things (IoT), hardware-based security for novel PE-based systems is of increasing importance. Furthermore, PE offers the possibility for split-manufacturing, which mitigates the risk of PUF response readout by third parties, before commissioning. In this paper, we investigate a printed PUF core as intrinsic variation source for the generation of unique identifiers from a crossbar architecture. The printed crossbar PUF is verified by simulation of a 8×8-cells crossbar, which can be utilized to generate 32-bit wide identifiers. Further focus is on limiting factors regarding printed devices, such as increased parasitics, due to novel materials and required control logic specifications. The simulation results highlight, that the printed crossbar PUF is capable to generate close-to-ideal unique identifiers at the investigated feature size. As proof of concept a 2×2-cells printed crossbar PUF core is fabricated and electrically characterized.
Printed electronics, due to its manufacturability using printing technology, allows for fabrication on large areas and the usage of flexible substrates and thus enables novel applications. Non-impact printing technology, such as inkjet-printing, permits for flexible, decentralized manufacturing of electronic devices and systems. This further facilitates split-manufacturing in security-critical electrical components, as well as a maximum in design flexibility in terms of free form factors and non-standardized structures with different geometrical sizes, reaching from a few micrometers up to several millimeters.
Based on the technological benefits printed electronics offers, it provides an interesting counterpart to classical silicon-based electronics, which is usually densely integrated on miniaturized, rigid areas. By utilizing both technologies in a complementary manner, novel systems in the form of hybrid systems can be enabled. Whilst hybrid systems, incorporating passive printed components and electrically conductive wiring concepts, are already commercialized, complex printed systems, which also utilize active components remain rare. To enable more complex (hybrid) systems, various building blocks are required. This includes possibilities for lightweight, printed data storage, the capability to provide sustainable, self-powered printed components and especially circuits for secure, unique identification for holistic printed systems, deployed in the internet of things.
The presented thesis focuses on inkjet-printed electronic devices, circuits and hybrid systems. It investigates solutions for current scientific questions in the area of efficient data storage, sustainable electronics and hardware-based security in printed electronics.
For data storage, an inkjet-printed memristor is developed. The device is fully electrically evaluated with a focus on its data storage capabilities. Furthermore, the printed device is of special interest due to its easy manufacturability and integration capabilities. The experimental analysis reveals that the developed memristor is highly suitable as lightweight non-volatile memory device.
In order to enable sustainable electronic systems, an inkjet-printed full-wave rectifier based on near-zero threshold voltage electrolyte-gated transistors is developed and fully electrically characterized. The circuit is capable for small alternating voltage rectification of low-frequency vibration energy harvesters in the sub-volt region. This provides an important building block in enabling sustainable, self-powered electronic systems. The inkjet-printed full-wave rectifier is evaluated by electrical simulation and experimentally.
To tackle hardware-based security for printed electronics, two implementations for inkjet-printed physically unclonable functions are developed and presented. For unique identification, intrinsic variation in active printed devices are exploited. One implementation is based on a crossbar architecture, incorporating integrable electrolyte-gated transistor cells. The second implementation, the so-called differential circuit physically unclonable function, is based on inverter structures, which provide the basis for unique response generation. Both physically unclonable functions are evaluated using an electrical simulation-based approach and experimentally. The differential circuit approach is furthermore fully integrated within a silicon-based electronic platform environment and serves as intrinsic variation source in a hybrid system. The hybrid system physically unclonable function is fully verified regarding performance metrics and is capable to generate highly unique responses for secure identification.
A Hybrid Optoelectronic Sensor Platform with an Integrated Solution‐Processed Organic Photodiode
(2021)
Hybrid systems, unifying printed electronics with silicon‐based technology, can be seen as a driving force for future sensor development. Especially interesting are sensing elements based on printed devices in combination with silicon‐based high‐performance electronics for data acquisition and communication. In this work, a hybrid system integrating a solution‐processed organic photodiode in a silicon‐based system environment, which enables flexible device measurement and application‐driven development, is presented. For performance evaluation of the integrated organic photodiode, the measurements are compared to a silicon‐based counterpart. Therefore, the steady state response of the hybrid system is presented. Promising application scenarios are described, where a solution‐processed organic photodiode is fully integrated in a silicon system.