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High-tech running shoes and spikes ("super-footwear") are currently being debated in sports. There is direct evidence that distance running super shoes improve running economy; however, it is not well established to which extent world-class performances are affected over the range of track and road running events.
This study examined publicly available performance datasets of annual best track and road performances for evidence of potential systematic performance effects following the introduction of super footwear. The analysis was based on the 100 best performances per year for men and women in outdoor events from 2010 to 2022, provided by the world governing body of athletics (World Athletics).
We found evidence of progressing improvements in track and road running performances after the introduction of super distance running shoes in 2016 and super spike technology in 2019. This evidence is more pronounced for distances longer than 1500 m in women and longer than 5000 m in men. Women seem to benefit more from super footwear in distance running events than men.
While the observational study design limits causal inference, this study provides a database on potential systematic performance effects following the introduction of super shoes/spikes in track and road running events in world-class athletes. Further research is needed to examine the underlying mechanisms and, in particular, potential sex differences in the performance effects of super footwear.
Landing heel first has been associated with elevated external knee abduction moments (KAM), thereby potentially increasing the risk of sustaining a non-contact ACL injury. Apart from the foot strike angle, knee valgus angle (VAL) and vertical center of mass velocity at initial ground contact (IC) have been associated with increased KAM in females across different sidestep cuts. While real-time biofeedback training has been proven effective for gait retraining [4], the highly dynamic, non-cyclical nature of cutting maneuvers makes real-time feedback unsuitable and alternative approaches necessary. This study aimed at assessing the efficacy of immediate software-aided feedback on cutting technique in reducing KAM during handball-specific cutting maneuvers.
Bewegungsanalysesysteme in der Forschung und für niedergelassene Orthopädinnen und Orthopäden
(2023)
Hintergrund
Komplexe biomechanische Bewegungsanalysen können für eine Vielzahl orthopädischer Fragestellungen wichtige Informationen liefern. Bei der Beschaffung von Bewegungsanalysesystemen sind neben den klassischen Messgütekriterien (Validität, Reliabilität, Objektivität) auch räumliche und zeitliche Rahmenbedingungen sowie Anforderungen an die Qualifikation des Messpersonals zu berücksichtigen.
Anwendung
In der komplexen Bewegungsanalyse werden Systeme zur Bestimmung der Kinematik, der Kinetik und der Muskelaktivität (Elektromyographie) eingesetzt. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über Methoden der komplexen biomechanischen Bewegungsanalyse für den Einsatz in der orthopädischen Forschung oder in der individuellen Patientenversorgung. Neben dem Einsatz zur reinen Bewegungsanalyse wird auch der Einsatz von Bewegungsanalyseverfahren im Bereich des Biofeedbacktrainings diskutiert.
Beschaffung
Für die konkrete Anschaffung von Bewegungsanalysesystemen empfiehlt sich die Kontaktaufnahme mit Fachgesellschaften (z. B. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Biomechanik), Hochschulen und Universitäten mit vorhandenen Bewegungsanalyseeinrichtungen oder Vertriebsfirmen im Bereich der Biomechanik.
Background
Internal tibial loading is influenced by modifiable factors with implications for the risk of stress injury. Runners encounter varied surface steepness (gradients) when running outdoors and may adapt their speed according to the gradient. This study aimed to quantify tibial bending moments and stress at the anterior and posterior peripheries when running at different speeds on surfaces of different gradients.
Methods
Twenty recreational runners ran on a treadmill at 3 different speeds (2.5 m/s, 3.0 m/s, and 3.5 m/s) and gradients (level: 0%; uphill: +5%, +10%, and +15%; downhill: –5%, –10%, and –15%). Force and marker data were collected synchronously throughout. Bending moments were estimated at the distal third centroid of the tibia about the medial–lateral axis by ensuring static equilibrium at each 1% of stance. Stress was derived from bending moments at the anterior and posterior peripheries by modeling the tibia as a hollow ellipse. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were conducted using both functional and discrete statistical analyses.
Results
There were significant main effects for running speed and gradient on peak bending moments and peak anterior and posterior stress. Higher running speeds resulted in greater tibial loading. Running uphill at +10% and +15% resulted in greater tibial loading than level running. Running downhill at –10% and –15% resulted in reduced tibial loading compared to level running. There was no difference between +5% or –5% and level running.
Conclusion
Running at faster speeds and uphill on gradients ≥+10% increased internal tibial loading, whereas slower running and downhill running on gradients ≥–10% reduced internal loading. Adapting running speed according to the gradient could be a protective mechanism, providing runners with a strategy to minimize the risk of tibial stress injuries.
Injury prevention is essential in running due to the risk of overuse injury development. Tailoring running shoes to individual needs may be a promising strategy to reduce this risk. Novel manufacturing processes allow the production of individualised running shoes that incorporate features that meet individual biomechanical and experiential needs. However, specific ways to individualise footwear to reduce injury risk are poorly understood. Therefore, this scoping review provides an overview of (1) footwear design features that have the potential for individualisation; and (2) the literature on the differential responses to footwear design features between selected groups of individuals. These purposes focus exclusively on reducing the risk of overuse injuries. We included studies in the English language on adults that analysed: (1) potential interaction effects between footwear design features and subgroups of runners or covariates (e.g., age, sex) for running-related biomechanical risk factors or injury incidences; (2) footwear comfort perception for a systematically modified footwear design feature. Most of the included articles (n = 107) analysed male runners. Female runners may be more susceptible to footwear-induced changes and overuse injury development; future research should target more heterogonous sampling. Several footwear design features (e.g., midsole characteristics, upper, outsole profile) show potential for individualisation. However, the literature addressing individualised footwear solutions and the potential to reduce biomechanical risk factors is limited. Future studies should leverage more extensive data collections considering relevant covariates and subgroups while systematically modifying isolated footwear design features to inform footwear individualisation.