Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Working Paper (14)
- Article (reviewed) (13)
- Article (unreviewed) (13)
- Study Thesis (13)
- Part of a Book (5)
- Book (2)
Keywords
- Export (25)
- COVID-19 (17)
- Government Measures (13)
- Trade (11)
- Corona (9)
- Crisis (8)
- Finance (8)
- ECA (5)
- Innovation (3)
- Insurance (3)
Institute
- IfTI - Institute for Trade and Innovation (60) (remove)
Open Access
- Open Access (40)
- Closed (8)
- Closed Access (5)
- Bronze (3)
- Diamond (2)
- Gold (1)
- Hybrid (1)
This essay is about Estonia’s measures to help its exporters responding to COVID-19. The purpose is to analyse the companies’ need for help measures and the governmental objectives behind the measures and finally to analyse the possible effects. We used the two latest surveys dealing with the entrepreneurship situation and conducted two inter-views with governmental representatives exposing their objectives. The outcomes show that more than half of Estonian companies are asking for governmental help mainly as a consequence of a drop of demand. Limiting the increase of unemployment and bankrupt-cies as well as strengthening the economic recovery were identified as the main govern-mental objectives while restraining fiscal costs is a subordinated objective but becomes more important the more money will be spent. The help measures offered by KredEx are in line with these objectives. After the crisis the implications of the established measures should be analysed so that others can learn from the Estonian Government’s approach.
British Government long-term Measures for Exporters in the Manufacturing Sector in Times of COVID-19
(2020)
The authors of this paper have addressed the question of what measures have been taken by the British government to support exporters in the manufacturing sector in the era of COVID-19. A classification of the manufacturing export industry in the British economy as a whole and the impending economic impact of COVID-19 were also examined. It should be noted that the United Kingdom is facing major structural changes as a result of the Corona pandemic and its withdrawal from the European Union, which are examined more in detail in this paper. The UKEF, in cooperation with other institutions, provides a number of finance facilities for exporters already before Corona crisis. The access to get this support has been facilitated for the COVID-19 affected exporters, but no additional measures were made available.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading rapidly across the globe and has seriously affected global trade. In order to reduce the pandemic’s impact on their economy, the French government released a support plan referring to the COVID-19 crisis. Since mid-tier companies play a leading role in France’s export, this paper deals with the measures taken by the French government to support especially French mid-tier export companies. Based on empirical literature and recent publications, the research question is analyzed by conducting interviews with experts, such as market participants, governmental institutions and an expert for trade and innovation. As a result of the research, the emergency measures taken by the French government, such as the CAP Francexport reinsurance scheme, the extension of cover for export guarantees, additional information and assistance, and the deferral of tax and social security contributions have mitigated the effects at first instance.
This essay deals with the Spanish economy and especially with the Spanish governmental measures for SME exporters in times of COVID-19. The focus was set on SMEs, as they are an essential part of trade for the government and are particularly affected by the pandemic. Since the financial crisis, the Spanish economy has become highly diversified, with a greater focus on exports. Competitiveness, productivity and efficiency have increased significantly. The Spanish government measures largely affect the areas liquidity and financing, taxes and protection of the employment. One of the most important measures is the 100-billion-euro credit line and the policies on unemployment. The Spanish government is dependent on further aid packages and is criticized for the measures.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an economic downturn in the Slovak Republic. To bridge corporate liquidity problems the Slovakian Government has introduced several support measures. The investigation discusses the effectiveness of the measures imposed. Based on theoretical foundations, the research question is empirically examined by using a qualitative expert survey. As the automotive industry plays a leading role in Slovakia, the research conducted is oriented towards the financing phases, a typical automotive exporter is undergoing. As a result of the research, bridging loans and government grants were identified as the most important measures. Additionally, tendencies towards political recommendations for action were identified. The research explored, that the Slovakian Government should focus on meeting the short-term liquidity needs, boosting exports and promoting innovation as well as considering a support package for the automotive industry.
The research paper provides important findings about the development, difficulties and perception of the support measures for exporters introduced by the Austrian government in times of COVID-19 crisis. Based on a literature review using secondary data, eight qualitative interviews were conducted with experts from the Austrian economy and government, among them the Austrian ECA ‘Oesterreichische Kontrollbank AG’. To balance the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Austrian economy, a broad coverage with financing instruments for a wide range of target groups was established. Although the support measures have been well received by companies, insolvencies cannot completely be prevented. Nevertheless, the actual effects are not yet predictable and need to be assessed in further research at a later point in time.
In this work, the authors have dealt with the question of what measures have been taken by the Danish government to support exporters during the time of COVID-19. The analysis first looks at Denmark's general economic situation. In the following, Denmark's governmental and financial measures to support exporters are briefly explained. In addition to the economic and financial effects, the issue of green energy has also become a major focus of political attention in times of crisis. Denmark is a pioneer in the wind energy sector and accounts for a large share of exports. For this reason, the impact and possible future developments for the wind sector in connection with the pandemic are also being investigated.
The Future of FDI: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 through Impact Investment
(2019)
Publicized as a global call for action in 2015, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution on the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs). Before issuing the SDGs in 2015, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has already identified in 2014, as part of their World Investment Report, that especially developing countries are facing an estimated USD 2.5 trillion funding gap annually in the efforts to achieve the SDGs. Yet, the investment opportunities and challenges for investors, when contributing to the closure of this funding gap while benefiting from its economic potential have not been widely discussed. Despite that Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) are a key driver to sustainable economic growth and prosperity of a nation, policies and a holistic framework linking the 2030 Agenda to actionable investment opportunities for private investors are missing. Furthermore, a global platform capturing, channeling and promoting investment projects aiming to achieve the SDGs through impact investment has not been established. Utilizing global financial resources more effectively while developing new approaches and tools to promote impact investments, which demonstrate the benefits for investors to tap into the funding gap of the 2030 Agenda, will have the potential to significantly shape and influence the future of FDI.
Provides a state-of-the-art overview of international trade policy research
The Handbook of Global Trade Policy offers readers a comprehensive resource for the study of international trade policy, governance, and financing. This timely and authoritative work presents contributions from a team of prominent experts that assess the policy implications of recent academic research on the subject. Discussions of contemporary research in fields such as economics, international business, international relations, law, and global politics help readers develop an expansive, interdisciplinary knowledge of 21st century foreign trade.
Accessible for students, yet relevant for practitioners and researchers, this book expertly guides readers through essential literature in the field while highlighting new connections between social science research and global policy-making. Authoritative chapters address new realities of the global trade environment, global governance and international institutions, multilateral trade agreements, regional trade in developing countries, value chains in the Pacific Rim, and more. Designed to provide a well-rounded survey of the subject, this book covers financing trade such as export credit arrangements in developing economies, export insurance markets, climate finance, and recent initiatives of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This state-of-the-art overview:
• Integrates new data and up-to-date research in the field
• Offers an interdisciplinary approach to examining global trade policy
• Introduces fundamental concepts of global trade in an understandable style
• Combines contemporary economic, legal, financial, and policy topics
• Presents a wide range of perspectives on current issues surrounding trade practices and policies
The Handbook of Global Trade Policy is a valuable resource for students, professionals, academics, researchers, and policy-makers in all areas of international trade, economics, business, and finance.
Open markets, international trade and foreign direct investments are a source of prosperity in challenging times. This Special Section looks at developed economies and emerging markets, also taking into account the role of trade for impactful capacity-building in least developed countries (LDCs). Specific emphasis is placed on financing economic development and trade, analysing what roles trade and development finance should play in the quest for an efficient mobilisation of private capital for growth, trade and development.
Excellent organisations require targeted strategies to implement their vision and mission, deploying a stakeholder-focused approach. As part of evidence-based policy making, it is a common approach to measure government financing vehicles’ results. A state-of-the-art method in quantitative benchmarking to overcome the challenge of considering multiple inputs and outputs is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Descriptive statistics and explorative-qualitative approaches are also applied in a modern ECA benchmarking model to substantiate DEA results and put them into perspective. This enabler-result model provides a holistic view and allows to identify top performing ECAs and Exim-Banks, providing the opportunity for inefficient institutions to learn from their most productive peers. This best practice approach for strategic benchmarking enables the senior management to develop and implement a cutting-edge strategy, and increase value for key stakeholders.
In der genossenschaftlichen FinanzGruppe werden neben Verbundunternehmen wie zum Beispiel der DZ Bank rund 45 bis 50 Genossenschaftsbanken von der künftigen Berichtspflicht nach der sogenannten CSR-Richtlinie betroffen sein. Dieser Artikel gibt Hinweise zu Auswirkungen der neuen Gesetzeslage, aber auch zu Chancen und Potenzialen. Diskutiert wird insbesondere, was das neue Gesetz bzw. der Regierungsentwurf von 2016 besagt, und was die Vorgaben konkret für Genossenschaftsbanken bedeuten. Der Beitrag diskutiert zudem Synergien, Chancen und Potenziale: Das Thema Nachhaltigkeit kann wertvolle Impulse für eine zielgerichtete Weiterentwicklung des eigenen Geschäftsmodells bieten, beispielsweise wie neue Kundengruppen und/oder neue Ertragspotenziale mit Hilfe von neuen Produkten beziehungsweise Geschäftsfeldern erschlossen werden können.
Comparing anomalies and exceptions to multilateral dysfunction across a number of spheres of world politics, the book chapter explores pathways through and beyond gridlock in trade. It provides a vital new perspective on world politics as well as a practical guide for positive change in global policy.
Risk aversion, financing and real servicThe Global CEO Survey was launched in 2015 by researchers from Offenburg University, the University of Westminster and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) to better understand and discover what factors influence exporters’ demand for credit insurance. Although some scholars discussed aspects of corporate insurance demand with regard to exporters, there is limited research concerning the demand for export credit insurance associated with firm-specific factors. Only few empirical studies support existing theories on corporate insurance demand and export credits. This project investigates and fills the relevant gap of official export credit insurance demand.es
Economic growth is usually driven by improvements in productivity, economic efficiency, trade and innovation. Increasing efficiency means to produce larger output using the same amount of factors for production such as raw materials, labour, and capital. However, regardless of the driver, growth is often investment-hungry and it is not rare to find an economy with potential for growth but lacking locally available investment. In this scenario, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can fill the gap between investment needed to promote economic growth and locally available investments.
Creating growth through trade is an important part of the policy approach of many economies. For decades, many member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have cooperated in a fair competition for the benefit of their national exporters. The countries’ official export credit agencies (ECAs) have established and jointly improved rules and regulations for export credit and political risk insurance. However, new players such as China, Russia or other fast developing countries have now joined the list of top exporting nations. As these countries have established their own ECAs, there is a need to introduce rules and regulations on global standards for financial terms as well as truly international norms ensuring ‘ethical’ trading behaviour.
But how will government support for foreign trade look like in the future? Will global standards for export credit and political risk insurance become reality by 2020? And how will strict rules and regulations for officially supported export credits and FDI regarding ethics, human rights and the environment impact growth through trade in general, or exporters in particular? These are questions addressed by the thirty eight contributions to Global Policy’s third eBook entitled ‘The Future of Foreign Trade Support – Setting Global Standards for Export Credit and Political Risk Insurance’, guest edited by Andreas Klasen and Fiona Bannert.
To successfully support private sector development in Africa by the use of trade and export promotion instruments, a comprehensive policy framework is crucial. Different institutional setups for development support show different levels of resilience and effectiveness in coping with the economic conditions they are exposed to. However, there is strong evidence that managing the interplay of three fundamental building blocks – public policy, focus areas, strategic objectives and critical success factors as well as institutions, is the key to crafting sustainable and responsive economies. Export plays a significant role in the national economy, and innovative and integrated government financing instruments have to successfully support the competitiveness of national companies in the global economy. Financing and supporting foreign trade with private businesses in Africa occupies a pivotal role, impacting from new product development and job creation in developed countries through economic growth and human development in African countries.