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(2005)
Die Beschäftigung eines Mitarbeiters ist mit drei Kostengruppen verbunden: Beschaffungs- und Einstellkosten, Lohn- und laufende Verwaltungskosten sowie Beendigungskosten. Oft wird bei der Berechnung der Personalkosten oder bei Vergleichen nur der Hauptkostenblock in Form der Lohn- und Verwaltungskosten herangezogen. Bei einer Gesamtbetrachtung des Arbeitsverhältnisses sind aber auch die Kosten für Suche, Auswahl, Einstellung und Beendigung zu berücksichtigen. Die folgende Rechnung quantifiziert modellhaft alle drei Gruppen. Es werden die Gesamtkosten des Einsatzes von Zeitarbeitnehmern (Leiharbeitnehmern) mit den Gesamtkosten der Beschäftigung direkt eingestellter Mitarbeiter verglichen.
Der straßengebundene öffentliche Personennahverkehr wurde bislang von Liberalisierungsbestrebungen ausgenommen. Im Personenbeförderungsgesetz sind objektive Marktzugangsbeschränkungen verankert, die lediglich im Fernverkehr, nicht aber im Nahverkehr abgebaut werden sollen. Der Autor untersucht, ob diese Marktzugangsbeschränkungen aus ökonomischer Sicht gerechtfertigt sind.
With economic weight shifting toward net zero, now is the time for ECAs, Exim-Banks, and PRIs to lead. Despite previous success, aligning global economic governance to climate goals requires additional activities across export finance and investment insurance institutions. The new research project initiated by Oxford University, ClimateWorks Foundation, and Mission 2020 including other practitioners and academics from institutions such as Atradius DSB, Columbia University, EDC, FMO and Offenburg University focuses on reshaping future trade and investment governance in light of climate action. The idea of a ‘Berne Union Net Zero Club’ is an important item in a potential package of reforms. This can include realigning mandates and corporate strategies, principles of intervention, as well as ECA, Exim-Bank and PRI operating models in order to accelerate net zero transformation. Full transparency regarding Berne Union members’ activities would be an excellent starting point. We invite all interested parties in the sector to come together to chart our own path to net zero
Projektmanagement und mit ihm die PM-Prozesse, Methoden und Werkzeuge entwickeln sich stetig weiter, in kleinen, kaum spürbaren Schritten oder in großen unübersehbaren Veränderungen. In den letzten Jahren war der Diskurs über das Pro & Contra agiler Vorgehensweisen so allgegenwärtig, dass andere Aspekte nicht immer die notwendige Aufmerksamkeit bekamen. Erkannte Notwendigkeiten der PM-Entwicklung konnten noch nicht in spürbare Fortschritte umgewandelt werden. Einflüsse der Globalisierung und der IT, aber auch die aus der zunehmenden Forderung nach Nachhaltigkeit resultierenden Veränderungen in der Projektarbeit sollen daher genauer betrachtet werden. Ist erst einmal die Sensibilität für relevante Trends beim Projektpersonal geschaffen, rücken ein aktualisiertes Kompetenzprofil und ein erweiterter Methodenkanon in greifbare Nähe.
What would you do if?
(1995)
Was ist eine Theorie?
(2015)
The COVID19 pandemic, a unique and devastating respiratory disease outbreak, has affected global populations as the disease spreads rapidly. Recent Deep Learning breakthroughs may improve COVID19 prediction and forecasting as a tool of precise and fast detection, however, current methods are still being examined to achieve higher accuracy and precision. This study analyzed the collection contained 8055 CT image samples, 5427 of which were COVID cases and 2628 non COVID. The 9544 Xray samples included 4044 COVID patients and 5500 non COVID cases. The most accurate models are MobileNet V3 (97.872 percent), DenseNet201 (97.567 percent), and GoogleNet Inception V1 (97.643 percent). High accuracy indicates that these models can make many accurate predictions, as well as others, are also high for MobileNetV3 and DenseNet201. An extensive evaluation using accuracy, precision, and recall allows a comprehensive comparison to improve predictive models by combining loss optimization with scalable batch normalization in this study. Our analysis shows that these tactics improve model performance and resilience for advancing COVID19 prediction and detection and shows how Deep Learning can improve disease handling. The methods we suggest would strengthen healthcare systems, policymakers, and researchers to make educated decisions to reduce COVID19 and other contagious diseases.
Creating growth through trade is an important part of the policy approach of many economies. For decades, many member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have cooperated in a fair competition for the benefit of their national exporters. The countries’ official export credit agencies (ECAs) have established and jointly improved rules and regulations for export credit and political risk insurance. However, new players such as China, Russia or other fast developing countries have now joined the list of top exporting nations. As these countries have established their own ECAs, there is a need to introduce rules and regulations on global standards for financial terms as well as truly international norms ensuring ‘ethical’ trading behaviour.
But how will government support for foreign trade look like in the future? Will global standards for export credit and political risk insurance become reality by 2020? And how will strict rules and regulations for officially supported export credits and FDI regarding ethics, human rights and the environment impact growth through trade in general, or exporters in particular? These are questions addressed by the thirty eight contributions to Global Policy’s third eBook entitled ‘The Future of Foreign Trade Support – Setting Global Standards for Export Credit and Political Risk Insurance’, guest edited by Andreas Klasen and Fiona Bannert.
The paper conceptualizes the systemic approach for enhancing innovative and competitive capacity of industrial companies (named as Advanced Innovation Design Approach – AIDA) including analysis, optimizations and further development of the innovation process and promoting the innovation climate in industrial companies. The innovation process is understood as a holistic stage-gate system comprising following typical phases with feedback loops and simultaneous auxiliary or follow-up processes: uncovering of solution-neutral customer needs, technology and market trends, identification of the needs and problems with high market potential and formulation of the innovation tasks and strategy, idea generation and problem solving, evaluation and enhancement of solution ideas, creation of innovation concepts based on solution ideas, evaluation of the innovation concepts as well as implementation, validation and market launch of chosen innovation concepts. The article presents the current state of innovation research and discusses the actual status of innovation process in the industrial environment. It defines the future research tasks for amplification of the innovation process with self-configuration, self-optimization, self-diagnostics and intelligent information processing and communication.
Excellent organisations require targeted strategies to implement their vision and mission, deploying a stakeholder-focused approach. As part of evidence-based policy making, it is a common approach to measure government financing vehicles’ results. A state-of-the-art method in quantitative benchmarking to overcome the challenge of considering multiple inputs and outputs is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Descriptive statistics and explorative-qualitative approaches are also applied in a modern ECA benchmarking model to substantiate DEA results and put them into perspective. This enabler-result model provides a holistic view and allows to identify top performing ECAs and Exim-Banks, providing the opportunity for inefficient institutions to learn from their most productive peers. This best practice approach for strategic benchmarking enables the senior management to develop and implement a cutting-edge strategy, and increase value for key stakeholders.